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TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

State Horticultural Society

OF THE

ST^^TE OIF" nVLISSOU_E^I.

___-- ^

LIBRARY
NEW YORK

BO" '"XL

KEPOKT OF THE TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT LEX-
INGTON, DECEMBER 7, 8 AND 9, ISSG ; ALSO, A REPORT OF THE
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT LOUISIANA JUNE 10
AND 11, 1886, AND '-SECRETARY'S BUDGET,"
FOR THE YEAR 1S8(J.

L A. GOODMAN, Secretary, Wesiport. Mo.

JEFFERSON CITY, MO.:

TRIUUNE JPKINTING COMPANY, STATE PKIXTEHS AND BINDERS.

1887.

City of Jeffersox, February 3, 1887.

To the Commissione?'S of Public Printing:

I require for the use of Horticultural Society 3,000 copies of report of State-
Horticultural Society, and which I desire printed as per acconipa«ying sample.^
with two thousand bound copies. LOWELL A. GOODMAN,

Approved : State Secretary.

Mich'l K. McGrath, Secretary of State.
John Walker, State Auditor.
Eob't McCulloch, Register of Lands.

MARSHALL P. WILDER.

OFFICERS ELECTED FOR THE YEAR 1887.

President,
J. C. EVANS, Harlem.

Vice-President,
N. F. MURRAY, Elm Grove.

Secretary,
L. A. GOODilAN, Westport.

Treasurer,
D. S. HOLM AN, Springtield.

LIBRARY

NEW \

botaK

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1886.

President,
J. C. EVANS, Harlem.

Vice - President,
J. A. DURKES, Weston.

Secretary,
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport.

Treasurer,
D. S. HOLMAN, Springrtelcl.

LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS.

George Hussman Napa, Cal.

T. T. Lyon * Grand Haven, Mich.

C. W, Murtfeldt Kirk wood, Mo.

Hon. N.J. Colman St. Louis.

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURffiL SOCIETY,

To His Excellency, John S. Marmaduke, Governor of the State of Missouri:

The following is a report of the work, and of the moneys expended by our
society for the year 1886. All of which is respectfully submitted.

L. A. GOODMAN. Secretary.

STSNDING COMMITTEES,

0)'cJiards,
W. G. GA:N'0, Olden ; CHAS. PATTERSON, Kirksville; HENRY

SPEER, Butler.

Vineyards,

GEO. E. MEISSNER, Bushburg; JACOB ROMMEL, Morrison; C.

TEUBNER, Lexington.

Small Fruits,

S. MILLER, Bluffton ; J. N. MENIFEE, Oregon ; JACOB FAITH,

MONTEVALLO.

Stone Fruits,
W. G. HOPKINS, Springfield; D. F. EMRY, Carthage; JACOB

MADDINGER, St. Joseph.

Vegetables,

Prof. L. R. TAFT, Columbia; W. A. SMILEY, Boonville ; J. A.

DURKES, Weston.

Floicers,

EOBT. S. BROWN, Kansas City; HANS NIELSON, St. Joseph;

MRS. WADE BURDEN, Springfield.

Ornamentals,

Z. S. RAGAN, Independence ; MRS. C. L ROBARDS, Butler; R.

E. BAILEY, Fulton.

Entomology,

MISS M. E. MURTFBLDT, Kirkwood ; DR. A. GOSLIN, Oregon;

H. SHEPLEY, Nevada.

Botany,

Prof. S. M. TRACY, Columbia; G. C. BROADHEAD, Pleasant

Hill ; FRANK BUSH, Independence.

Nomenelature,

T. W. GAUNT, Maryville; J. B. WILD, Sarcoxie; A. AMBROSE,

Nevada.
Neiv Fruits,
F. LIONBERGER, New Florence ; A. H. GILKESON, Warrens-
burg ; W. P. STARK, Louisiana.
Ornithology,
CLARK IRVINE, Oregon; C. W. MURTFELDT, Kirkwood; W.

H. THOMAS, LaGrange.

Injurious Fungi,

B.T.GALLOWAY, Columbia; Prof. W. TRELEASE, St. Louis;

Pacliing and Marlceting Fruits,
E. IIOLLISTER, St. Louis; C. C. BELL, Boonville; C. THORP,

Weston.

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

Missouri State Horticultural Society.

Article I. This association shall be known as the Missouri State
Horticultural Society. Its object shall be the promotion of horticul-
ture in all its branches.

Art. II. Any person may become a member of this society upon
the payment of one dollar, and membership shall continue on the pay-
ment of one dollar annually. The payment of ten dollars at any one
time shall constitute a person a life member, and honorary members-
may be elected at any regular meeting of the society. And any lady
may become a member by giving her name to the Secretary.

Art. III. The officers of this society shall consist of a President,
Vice-President, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall be elected by
ballot at each regular meeting, and whose terms of ofBce shall begin,
on the first day of June following their election.

Art. IA^. The elective officers of the society shall constitute an
Executive Committee, at any meeting of which a majority of the mem-
bers shall have power to transact business. The other duties of the
officers shall be such as usually pertain to the same officers in similar
organizations.

Art. V. The regular meetings of this society shall be held annu-
ally on the first Tuesday of December, except when otherwise ordered
by the Executive Committee. Special meetings of the society may be
called by the Executive Committee, and meetings of the committee, by
the President and Secretary.

Art. VI. As soon after each regular annual meeting as possible,
the President shall appoint the following Standing Committees ; and
they shall be required to give a report in writing, under their respect-

CONSTITUTION OF STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9

ive heads, at the annual and semi-annual meetings of the society of
what transpires during the year of interest to the society : Orchards,
Vineyards, Stone Fruits, Small Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Ornamen-
tals, Entomology, Ornithology, Botany, Xomenclature, New Fruits,
Injurious Fungi, Packing and Marketing Fruits.

Art. VII. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds,
vote of the members present at any regular meeting.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS

GIVEN BY COUNTIES.

ADAIR COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets second Saturday of eacli month . )

R. M. Brashear, President Kirksville.

Charles Patterson, Vice-President "

W . O . Patterson , Secretary "

J. W. Gill, Treasurer "

J. M. Kellogg Bullion.

R . B . Frisbie "

L . Bartholomew Kirksville .

F. M. Harrington

. B . Polley

F. S. Northrup

G. A. Ciller

J.W.Gill

H.J. Bailey

Josiah Wright

Henry J. Otto

J. W. Parker

Jno. Patterson ^.

D . G . Jacobs

Noah Motter

Thos . Dodson

J. S. Erwin

Jno. Cheffey

J. P. Claypool

Jno. Rice

M. B. Foncannon

Wm. Morrow Bullion.

King Collect Kirksville.

G . W. Novinger

Wm. Spencer "

Henry Eckert "

-J . Q.J ohnson Prairie Bird.

L. P. Carman Kirksville.

II. J. Espey "

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 11

1. H. Pidgeon Kirksville.

S. C. Draper

Wm. Orr "

Wesley Leech "•

I. B. Dodson • • •

Jacob Garner ' '

Abel Stuckey Millard.

S. A. Adams Sublette.

G. W. Morrow Kirksville.

Jesse Hardin "

J. S. Kellogg "

N. J. Northrup "

A, H. Burns "

J. W. VVaddill Brashear.

E. H. Knapp Kirksville.

Jacob Wait Laplata,

Jacob Lautz Millard.

D. A. Ely Sublette.

W. E. Newton Kirksville.

Wm. Foncannon "

Columbus Rice Sperry .

ANDREW.

Wm. Ent Savannah.

Gtl. Segessemann Amazonia.

J. Zimmerman "

W. S. King

S. K. Falkner White ville .

T. F. Miller Avenue City,

ATCHISON.

Geo. Steck E.ockport.

AUDRAIN.

B . F. Wild Benton City ,

BARRT.

J . C. Davis Cassviile .

Isaac Stapleton Seligman.

BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets third Saturday of each month.)

C. I . Robards, President Butler.

J . B . Durand, First Vice-President Prairie City.

A. C. Skinner. Second Vice-President Butler.

.flenry Speer, Secretary and Treasurer "

12

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

O. I. Welton, Cliaplain Butler.

S. N . Fredrick

"VV . H, Holloway and wife

A. C. Skiuner and wife

Wm. Wilson

M . Ryan

D. W. Thompson and wife

Squire Innis and wife

W. Riter

J. F. Boyd

L. B. Allison

H. H. Flesher

D. J. McKiffen

J. J. McKee

A. H. Black

J. R. Hartman and wife

W. R. Thomas

Dan McConnell and wife

C. Gumming ...

Pleasant Hill ,

Caleb Richardson

James Smith

J.N. Mifener

T.J.Duncan

W. H . Kelley ,

Mrs. E. P. Henry

Mrs. C. I Robards

Mrs. Henry Speer

Miss Ida Grume

Miss Annie Duncan

J. VV. Brooks and wife , Pleasant Gap.

C. W. Brown "

Wm . Hubbard "

B.P.Boyd

H. B. Francis and wife * Mulberry.

J. W*. Hall

D. R. Braden and wife ,

S. A. Rankin

S. F. McCutchen

J. L. Rankin and wife

S. W. Lorimer

Geo. F. Mitchell

John McKee

J. R. Glark

J. B Durand and wife Prairie City.

Fred Fix and daughters "

W. H. Ballard "

David G. Forbes Vinton.

Thomas Irish and wife Rich Hill. .

Daniel Cresap and wife. "

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 13

Chas. C. Darnell Kich Hill.

N. H. Wieman

J . S. Kogers "

K. H. Eailey "

Ed. F. Henry and wife "

A. Haworth and wife "

Abner Wix "

C. VV. AVilder Lone Oak.

Wm. Stephens and wife

Johnson Hill Virginia.

A . E . Page Reynard .

S . S. Williams "

J. M. Williams "

H. H. Taylor and wife. Hudson.

Joel Pratt and wife ' '

Elias Leonard and w ife , "

L. M. Rich ' ^

James Raybourne "

T. D. Day

Clark Xix "

G. W. Johnston and wife Spragiie.

Leroy Taylor and wife "

C. E. Ferguson and wife "

H. Wright and wife "

L. Hibbs and wife "

S. K. McCoun and wife "

John Hornback and wife..- "

J. P. Allen

J . B. Newberry and wife Spruce .

J. M. Compton * '

Wm. White "

John Kious PapinviHe.

H. O. Haynes and wife Rockville.

Moses Wineland Altona .

Mrs, M. P. Beazell Lacygne, Kas.

BARTON.

C. H. Fink & Son Lamar.

M. M. Spear

S. G. Avery "

C. H . Shepley Nashville.

W. H. Thrapp ililford.

BOONE.

Prof, and Mrs. S. M. Tracy Columbia.

" " " J.W.Sanborn "

" " '• L.R. Taft "

B. T. Galloway

Mrs. Marie Rodenmyer Centralia.

14

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BENTON.

F. Schwettman Lincoln.

W. G. Mathews Fairfield.

BOLLINGER.

David L. Phelps Lutesville.

L. R. Johnson Patton.

BUCHANAN.

Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Madinger St. Joseph.

" '' S.N. Cox

H. T. Kelsy

Mr. and Mrs. N . P. Sommer

J. W. Fleeman

Mr. and Mrs. Hans Nielson

L. Zaigler

W. Haflerlie

L. G. Munger

J. L. McAleer

Hon. Joseph Grubb

Chris. Diegel

J. C. Bender

W. Wiedman

H. Keene

John Hall, box 301

Karl Wiedman

Mr. and Mrs. J. Krischner

Gilbert Blake

VVm. Schott

N. P. Nelson Wallace.

BUTLER.

J. T. Tubb Poplar Bluff.

G. W, Register

CALDWELL.

Wm. McCray Glassvilie.

Robert Pilrel Mirabell.

CALLAWA^.

R. E. Baily Fulton.

D. M. Dunlap "

J. W. Mclntyre "

S. W. Holland ''

LIST OF MEMBERS AND COEHESPONDENTS. 15

CAMDEN.

W. G. Brown Linn Creek.

CAPE GIRARDEAU.
G. G. Kimmel Cape Girardeau..

CARROLL.
W. O. Crouch Carrollton.

CASS.

G. C . Broadhead Pleasant Hill.

W. B . Maody Harrisonville .

Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Schatz Lone Tree.

C. J. Hostetter East Lynne .

Thos. Armstrong Pleasant Hill.

CEDAR.
E. Listen Virgil City.

CHARITOX.

G. W. Dewey Keytesville.

Hon. Lucius Salisbury Salisbury.

CHRISTIAN.
J. K. Weaver Ozark.

CLAY.

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans Harlem.

Dan Carpenter Barry.

Dr. J. M. Atkins "

Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Barnes "

Mr. ahd Mrs. J.B.J ohnson "

Mr. and Mrs. Z. Todd Harlem.

Sam'l Dooley Barry.

Chris. Schroeder "

D. T. Bronaugh .' "

Conrad Aul Smithville.

CLINTON.

Worley Shinn Lathrop.

W. L. Culver Grayson.

16 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETlf.

COLE.
Fred. Yost Jefferson City.

COOPER.

See Central Missouri Horticultural Society.

CRAWFORD.
H. C. Minter Keysville.

DeKALB.

E. A. Sylvester Osborne.

DADE.
Jesse Hiatt Lockwood.

DENT.

E. T. Butler Salem.

DAVIESS.
Woodruff Nursery Gallatin.

DALLAS.

S. A. Latimer Lang Lane.

J. W. Schantz Buffalo

M . L . Reynolds Buffalo.

FRANKLIN.

J . Bagby & Son New Haven.

J. A. Trail "

GASCONADE.

F. Fleischer Gasconade City.

Rommel & Sobbe Morrison.

Stone Hill Wine Co Hermann.

Henry Henze * '

GENTRY.

N. C. Shultz '....King City.

Mrs. E. B. Haven Berlin.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 17

GRUNDY.

E. B . Cooper : Trenton.

Jos . Sibbit Tindall.

R. S. Wynne Edinburg.

Thos . Luke Trenton.

F. M. Cant well Gait.

GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each month.)

W. E . Sheffield , President. . Springfield.

J. Kirchgraber, Vice-President "

D. S. Holman. Secretary "

R. W. Meacham, Treasurer "

Mr. and Mrs. Henry Scholton "

Mr. and Mrs. D. S. Holman "

Mr. and Mrs. J. Kirchgraber, "

Mr, and Mrs. M. J. Roundtree "

Mr- and Mrs. E . H . Lair "

Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Ritter *»

Mr. and Mrs. John Dailey "

Mr. and Mrs. R. W Meachan "

Mr. and Mrs. Barnes "

Mr. and Mrs. J . M . Doling . . "

Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Sheffield "

Mr. and Mrs H. H. Park

Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Parker "

Mr. and Mrs. Prof. E . M . Shepherd ' «

Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Shipley "

Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Russell "

Mr. and Mrs. L. M. Plill , 'i

Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Bell "

Mr. and Mrs. Geo . Anthony , , , ' •

Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Maitland "

■F. F. Fine •. "

Jonathan Moore "

Geo. Sawyer '<

Mr . Christ "

Ed . Quinn » '

J. B. McCuUah ^ "

VV . C . Freeraan Brookline .

John Bradford ^ Springfield.

John Alexander

W. M. Hopkins

G. W. Hopkins

Dr. I. R. Lane

Eddie Holman

H R — 2

18

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J . M . Kelley Springfield.

T. J. Itoundtree "

John Pearce "

R. S. Nash , "

M. L. McClure "

S. H. Epley

Wm. Shultz

W. H. Vaughn

Josiah Zink ' '

Louis Erb ' •

G. F. Tippin "

B. F. Fielder • "

Jas . Duuiars "

C. H. Foote

J. G. Puller "^

W. H. Guyon "

Jos. Quinn "

Fred. Mutz "

C. B. McAfee •'

Mr. McBride "

Mrs. Wade Burden "

Mrs . Chaa . Gotte

Mrs. Al. Denmth "

Mrs. J. M. Adams "

Mrs . Judge Griger * '

Mrs. Underwood "■

Mrs. A. I. Koss "

Mrs . Jennie Prother "

Mrs . Dr. Eoberson ' '

Mrs. Dr. Ross "

Miss Emma Kirchgraber ,. "

Miss Nannie McPherson "

Miss Rosa Holman "

Miss Sudie Holman "

Miss Lizzie Rroundtree "

Miss Julia Swarr ••

Miss Lulu Meacham "

Miss Mollis Hopkins "

Miss Ella Hopkins "

HARRISON.

Isaac M. Nefl" /• Bolton .

HENRY COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

M. J. Condon, President Clinton.

M. L. Bonham, Vice-President •'

J. M. Pretzinger, Secretary "

W. A. Hastin, Treasurer "

W. H. Roberts "

LIST OF ME^IRERS AND CORRESPONDENTS.

19

HICKORY.
Chris. Gerber Wheatland.

HOLT COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

(Meets first Saturday of each quarter.)

N. F. Murry. President Elm Grove.

J. N. Menifee, Vice-President Oregon,

W. R. Laughlin, Secretary Elm Grove.

C. Hoblitzell, Treasurer "

Linville Murry "

George Meyer Oregon.

T. J. Krech

Mr. and Mrs Maple

D. Barbour

John Bond

John Callow

S. Huiatt

D. Huiatt

William Brodbeck

G. F. Linckhardt

H. Holtgreve

T. C. Dugan

W. R. Vining

Ed. Kennedy Forest City.

Dan Shultz Oregon.

S. B. Lukens

Robert Montgomery

Mrs. T. Smith

Mr and Mrs. S . Blanchard

T . B. Curtis

J. M. Howard

Henry Hughs

Mr. and Mrs. Dr. A. Goslin

Mr. and Mrs. Clark Irvine

Mr. and Mrs . H. A . Dankers Corning.

J, W. Davis New Point.

Mr. and Mrs. N. F. Murray Oregon.

Mr. and Mrs. J.N. Menifee *'

MOUND CITY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each month.)

W. F. Drake, President Mound City.

W. Ilerron, Vice-President " ' '

J. M. Hasness, Secretary "

M. Houston, Treasurer. . "

20 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

D. B . Browning Mound City.

C. M. Mosher " "

C. Schultz " "

HOWARD.

R. T. Kingsbury Estill.

A. S. Wolcott Fayette.

A. McCray "

Henry Schnell Glasgow.

HOWELL COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets second Saturday of each month.)

Mr. and Mrs. E. F. Hynes West Plains.

Mr. and Mrs P. P. Dobozy " • '

Mr. and Mrs. Harbor " "

Dr. H.T. Smith..., "

H. M. Crouch " "

G. W. Burrell Brandsville.

R. S . Hogan Willow Springs.

W. E. Norman " "

Mr. and Mrs. A. Harrison Olden .

•G. L. Sessen "

Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Gano "

L. G. Atkins West Plains.

S. P. Connor Willow Springs.

W. R. Graham West Plains.

J. D. Cole "

A. S. Wright " "

A. G. Bascom " "

T.J. Shinkle Burk.

J. L. Eblen West Plains.

T.J. Simpson " "

A . A . Bishop " "

E. McClintoek "

Hayden Bros " "

J. T. Williams " "

J. E. Frazer . Burnham.

Mr. Truax West Plains .

JACKSON.

Mr. and Mrs. Z. S. Ragan , Independence.

G. Pefter..... "

Mr. and Mrs.L. L. Seller "

Mr. and Mrs. L. M. Sea "

Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Head "

George J. Dod Greenwood.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 21

A.J. Baker Westport.

Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Kern "

S. E. Ward "

Mr. and Mrs L. A. GoocJman "

J . B . AVornall "

j\Ir . and Mrs . F . Eslinger ' •

James White "

Mr . and Mrs . J. A . Bayles Lee's Summit .

M . Butterfield " "

G. Threlkald Kansas City.

Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Atkins " "

Mr. and Mrs. William Kidwell " "

Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Brown " "

Mr. and Mrs. J. K. ('ravens " "

Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Lewis Blue Springs.

William Byers Kansas City.

JASPER COUNT V HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each month.)

Bennett Hall, President Carthage.

Jonathan Ames, Vipe-President "

Z . T. Russell, Secretary and Treasurer "

J. E. T witchell Carthage .

J.J. Williams " *

E.J. King

Judge Jno. Hornback "

D. F. Emry "

A. C. Carson "

W. H. Smith "

M. I. Parker "

A. W. St. John • '

P. Jackson "

J. B. Wild Sarcoxie .

H. W. Wild

I. N. Johnson Jasper.

J . K. Glassford Carthage .

H. W. Maxwell "

L. C. Amsden "

C. A. Emry "

D. L. Emry ' '

Mrs. S. A. Livermore » . "■

J. W. Baird ,

D. Jones , "

W. J. Sieber .' , "

A. D. Tucker "

P. Finn , "

John Wampler "

W. C. Downs "^

22 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nicholas Siebert Carthage.

Z. Freeman Joplin.

F. A. Hazen Dudenville.

G. W. J ones Carthage .

V. Kockhold

JEFFERSON.

W. S. Jewett ,. Crystal City.

G. E. Meissner Bushburg.

JOHNSON.

Prof. Geo. L. Osborne Warrensburg.

A. H. Gilkerson "

W. M. Mohler "

J. J. Cockrell

M. G. MuUins , Centerview .

Mohler & Son Cornelia.

KNOX.
Peter Dailing Edina.

LACLEDE.
M. W. Serl Lebanon .

LAFAYETTE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each month.)

Dr. W, A. Gordon, President Lexington.

U. G. Phetzing, Vice-President "

C. Teubner, Secretary "

G. M. Catron, Treasurer "

H. S. Van Anglen , Waverly .

John Anil Lexington .

Phil. Marshall

W. M. Poge

A. A. Leseuer

Ethan Allen , .

Fred Neet

R. T. Russell •

Zack W. Wright ,

James Aull.

C. F. Lane

W. K. McChesney

Robt. H. Smith

Dr. J. B. Alexander

Robt. A. Bicklin

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 23

John S. Blackwell Lexington .

Mrs. Florida Graddy

Mrs. M. V . Gordon

Mrs. Cerelia Thomas

Mrs. Jeannie F. Shultz

J. P. Coen, Jt

T. Green

LAWRENCE.
Alfred Johnson Pierce City.

LEWIS.

W. G. Downing Canton .

E. Burrows "

Frank Harlan "

W. H. Thomas LaG range .

H. C. Kirschbaum , Tolona.

Lewis Schneider , LaGrange .

LINCOLN.
A. M. Shultz Troy .

LINN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each quarter.)

Ralph Smith, President Laclede .

Joseph Gamble, Vice-President Brookfield.

G. W. Martin, Secretary "

R. W. Davis, Treasurer "

. A. P . Crosby "

James Hall

Danforth Chinney "

W. D. Crandall "

^y. L. Laing "

A. P. Wolverton Mead ville .

J. W. Turner "

S. A. Field "

L. D. Walbridge "

A. P. Swan . . .'. Bucklin .

O. S. Fay Boomer.

LIVINGSTON.

J. W. Green Chillicothe.

H. V. Lewis Bedford.

24 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mcdonald.

S. G. VV^elborn Pineville.

MACON.

Green Bros M aeon City.

J. M. Randall Callao.

MARIES.
D. W. Tainter Vienna.

MARION.

Wray Brown Hannibal.

W. S. Hallock "

MERCER.

R. J. Lewis Princeton.

J. A. Kennedy Ravenna.

MILLER.

N. J. Shepherd Eklon.

J. N. Babcock Aurora Springs.

MISSISSIPPI.

W. T. Phoenix Charleston.

MONROE.

J. D. Hawkins Paris..

VV. E. Flanders ' •

Wm. Vincent "-

MONITEAU.
I?. A. Snorgrass Tipton.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each month.)

R. H. Mansfield, President Montgomery City.

W. Loane, Vice-president New Florence.

F. Lionberger, Secretary "

F. Gutmann, Treasurer ' '

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 25

J. S. Drummond New Florence.

D. P. Taylor "

Ch. Laney "

Fred Ut z

J. S. Chapin Montgomery City.

J. Foreman " "

Olivei Loane New Florence.

Geo. H. Logan "

R. F. Ly tie ,

Thos. VVorley "

Karl Smalzried "

John Coffmann High Hill.

Wilson Garrit New Florence.

J. A. Trail New Haven.

Hermann W illi Montgomery City..

W. C. Price Jonesburg.

Geo. W. Otto New Melle.

John Jeffers New Florence.

Henry Kohrmann, Jr Americas.

Christ. Grabenstein , New Florence.

Ed. Loane Mineola.

Mrs. R. H. Manslield New Florence-
Mrs. John Jetfers ' '

Mrs. F. Lionberger "

Mrs. John Coffman High Hill.

Mrs. P. Gill New Florence .

Mrs. J. A. Trail New Haven.

Miss E. J. McMahan Americus.

Miss Ella Lytle New Florence .

Miss Bertha Grabenstein "^

Miss Carolina Utz "

Miss Frederika Gutmann "■

Miss Carolina G utmann "

Miss Minnie Sloeker "

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Judge S. Miller Bluffton.

J. J. Gentry Big Spring...

MOPvGAN.
Caleb Gunn Versailles .-

NEW MADRID.
C . C . Thomas Pt. Pleasant .

NEWTON.
H. Jaeger , Neosho.

2G MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NODAWAY,

rp

T. W. Gaunt Maryville.

J. I. Hill

OREGON.

Ben Gunn Alton.

S . W. Gilbert : Thayer.

OSAGE.

Christ . Heyer Byron .

Jesse Moore Linn.

OZARK.

IV m. Mahan Almartha.

PETTIS.

Mrs. Nellie McVey Sedalia.

Mrs. G. E. Dugan- "

J. H. Monsese Beaman.

Phil. Pfeiffer Sedalia.

J . Laney Green Ridge .

Ed. Brown Sedalia.

G . H . Shepard LaMonte .

F. A. Sampson Sedalia.

PLATTE.

J. A. Bald win Parkville.

D. C. Knighton "

Mr. and Mrs. .T. A. Durkes Weston.

Mr. and Mrs. C. Thorp "

Mr. and Mrs. J.J. Blakely Platte City.

D. S. Johnson Parkville.

W. R. Keller , Weston.

F. Hollied ' •

J. P. Reichard "

PIKE.

T^ev. Mr. and Mrs. E. D. Pearson Louisiana.

Mrs. W. E. Jackson ' '

S. C. Hassler • '

J. R. Fry

Stark & Bros "

T. J. McDonnald Clarksville.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 27

PUTNAM.

J. T, Scott St. John.

J. MxjAnally Mendota.

RALLS.

R. Dalton Saverton.

RAY.

S. B. Beal Vibbard.

Alex. Maitland Richmond.

RIPLEY.

J. G . Hancock Doniphan.

ST. CHARLES.

Chas. Golterman Foristelle

C. T. Mallinckrodt St. Charles.

ST. CLAIR.

Wm. Hook Lowry City.

Mr. & Mrs. G. S. Allison Johnson City.

ST. LOUIS.

P. M . Keily St. Louis.

E. Hollister "

Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt Kirkwood.

Isidor Bush ., St. Louis.

Levi Chubbock ' «

Geo. H. Gill Kirkwood.

S . M. Bayles , St. Louis.

Robt. Brent "

G. B. Bowes Afton.

Adolph Mail "

SALINE.

J. T. Stewart Blackburn.

Wm. Folck Marshall.

C. M. Williams Slater.

SCHUYLER.
G. W. Morton Glennwood.

28 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SHANNON.

Jas. McKinney Eminence.

N. Vandelft "^

SHELBY.

Jas. Hanley Shelbina.

H. G . Bruce "

STODDARD.
Jesse Brown Lakeville.

TANEY.
M. J. Smith Brown Branch.

TEXAS.
J. C. White Houston..

VERNON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Meets first Saturday of each month.)

A. Ambrose , President Nevada.

H. Fuller, Vice-President "

H. Shepley , Recording Secretary "

E. R. Mererord, Corresponding Secretary Schell City,

D. W. Graves, Treasurer Nevada.

W. Scott Montevalio.

Jacob Faith "

F. H. King "

H. B . Cresap Schell City.

A. Ingraham Nevada.

, J. Q. Thompson . . Walker.

Benedick Bros Enoch.

J. H. Logan & Sons Nevada.

H. M. Crouse "

Wesley Wilcox "

J. S. Hatten Sheldon.

J. W. Morton Nevada.

Pat Drummond "

J. W. Plumer Little Osage.

WARREN.

J. E. Yocum. . .. ; Warrenton.

Polster Bros Wright City.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 29.

WASHINGTON.

Phil Rush Mineral Point .

WAYNE.

Henry GrifFing Piedmont.

WEBSTER.

Geo. Lewis Northwiew.

E . Bazley Seymore .

WRIGHT.

A. D. Hanks Mansfield.

S. W . Anderson Mt. Grove .

W. N . Smith Cedar Gap .

J. E. Elliott : "

MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, KANSAS CITY, MO.

(Meets third Saturday of each quarter.)

President, W. G. Gano Parkville, Mo .

Vice-President, L. A. Goodman Westport, l^Io.

Secretary, F. Holsinger Rosedale, Kas.

Treasurer, G. F. Espenlaub ' '

Mr. and Mrs. F. Holsinger '"'

Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Espenlaub , "

Prof, G. E. Rose "

Mr. and Mrs. S. S.Ely

Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Hogue Westport, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Dickinson ' '

Mr. and Mrs. L. A . Goodman "

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans Harlem, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. Z. Todd

I . Orwick ' *

C. Shroeder "

J.F.Howell •'

Mr . and Mrs . C . E . Kern Kansas City, Mo .

Mr . and Mrs . I . D . G regg

Mr. and Mrs. W . A. Gosnell

Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Cravens

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Kidwell .'.

H. Kretchmer

S. C. Palmer

Jesse Ray

J. C. Blair

M. Butterfield Lees Summit, Mo.

30 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

Dan Carpenter Barry, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. VV. G. Gano Parkville, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. Z. S. Kagan Independence, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Bayles Lees Summit, Mo.

Williamson Wyandott, Kas.

T. L. Hogue Glenn, P. O., Kas.

Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Durkes Weston, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. Wni. Lewis Kansas City, Mo.

A. J. Threlkald "

Mr", and Mrs. C. B. Warren "

E . Lindsey Westport, Mo .

Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Hughs Kosedale, Kas.

CENTRAL MiySOURI FRUIT-GROWERS ASSOCIATION, BOONVILLE,.

COOPER COUNTY, MO.

(Meets first Saturday of each quarter.;

President , H . M . Myers Boonville .

First Vice-President, R. T. Kingsbury Estelle.

Second Vice-President, VV. P. Tompkins Boonville.

Secretary, C. C. Bell '•

Treasurer, Fred . J . Boiler "

John Viertei "

C. J. fiddler "

Henry Dimple "

H. Roberts

C. J. iDgersoll "

O . Carville "

L. Gieger, Sr ." •. "

L. Gieger, Jr "

H. Wooldridgc... "

Joe Glahn *'

J . E. Elliott "

Will. Givens "

John Neef "

Frank Neef "

L. Smith "

A . Walter "

W. A. Smiley "

FOREIGN MEMBERS.

P. Underwood N. Lawrence, Kas.

E.J. Holman Leavenworth Kas .

Dr. J. Staymen "

F. Wellhouse Fairmount, Kas.

E. F. Stephens Crete, Neb.

G . S . Do wnend Sibley, Iowa .

E. C. Robinson Portland, Maine.

Thos . Fargher La Porte, Ind .

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 31:

E. Taylor Edwardsville. Kas.

H . M. Hoffman Leavenworth, Kas.

J. W. Preston lihiS Mound, Kas.

Perry Nixon , Cherryvale, Kas.

A . H . Griesa Lawrence , Kas .

Sam'l Grondyke Eugene, Ind.

D.J. Purdy Mason City, Iowa.

Nat. Stephens Forney, Texes.

J. L. Simpson Tongonoxie, Kas.

J. A. Sloan Waketield, Kas.

D. M. Swaar Lancaster, Pa.

L. A. Garrett Humboldt, Kas.-

Erb & Keid Memphis , Tenn .

G. C. Davis Bentonville, Ark.

Ben Davis "

C. J. Warren Black Eock, Ark. .

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT LOUSIANA, MISSOURI, JUNE 8 AND 9,
1886, IN THE CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

According to the programme the members began to arrive in the
forenoon, and the fruits and flowers were arranged. Many new
acquaintances were made and many old friends were met.

After the arranging of fruits and the appointment of delegates to
their homes, the president, J. C. Evans appointed the following com-
mittees. They were requested to do their work at anytime they found
leisure, and report when ready.

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

J. A. Durkes Weston.

Jacob Madiriger St. Joseph.

W. P. Stark Louisiana.

NEEDED LEGISLATION.

Z. S. Eagan Independence.

L. A. Goodman Westport.

The President was added by motion.

FRUITS.

F. Lionberger .: New Florence.

Wm. Kauffman Kansas City.

D. S. Holman Springfield.

sum:mer meeting at Louisiana. 33

FLOWERS.

Miss Jackson Louisiana.

Mrs. Dr. Pearson Louisiana.

Mrs. Mc Vey Sedalia .

FINAL KESOLUTIONS.

L. L. Seller Independence.

S.M. Baylis St. Louis.

.1. B. Durand Prairie City.

TUESDAY, TWO P. M.

The society Tvas called to order by the President, J. C. Evans, and
an earnest prayer was offered for God's blessing upon the meeting- by
Eev. E. D. Pearson.

THE AYELCOME ADDRESS.

BY W. W. ANDERSON, OF LOUISIANA,

was an earnest welcome to each and every one present that they might
enjoy their visit and make it profitable.

Gentlemen of the Horticultural Societi/ ^f Missouri:

I am here this afternoon on behalf of the citizens of Louisiana, at
the request of Mr. Hill, our mayor, who is unavoidable absent, to bid
you welcome to our little city, to extend to you the freedom of our
municipality, to make you feel at home amongst us and ask you with-

H. R.— 3

34 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

out restraint to freely accept tlie profiered hospitality of our citizens.
We assure you, gentlemen, that we ap])reciate your laudable aims as
shown by your prospects and foreshadowed by your prooramme for
this occasion. We recognize the fact that the horticultural interest of
our State has been to a large extent neglected by the most of our citi-
zens, and we hail with gratification your organized effort to bring this
interest prominently before our people that they may be impressed
with the importance of proper attention to the cultivating of llowers,
garden and orchard products.

We are naturally and by education an active, stirring business
people, our determination to excell in business aifairs, like an extra
head of steam propels us with such power that obsticles rear them-
selves in vain before us. We may be temporarily checked, but while
none of this nationality would be bemourning this fate and nursing
their bruises, the American either returns to the attack with renewed
vigor, or his quiet, mental faculties suggest to him a way of avoiding
the obsticles, and still continuing in the path that leads to natural suc-
cess. But while this is true and our achievements stand before the
world as a lasting monument to our energy, industry and intelligence,
the rheumatic tinges, the failing eyesight,'the shattered neives and the
final stroke of appoplexy admonish us that we overtax certain of our
faculties while others are entirely neglected. Would it not be better
for us if after our day of manual labor was over — our shops and offices
closed — if we would give some attention to the cultivation and enjoy-
ment of those beautiful flowers with which nature was so lavish in her
primitive forests and on her broad prairie, and which, since man has
taken possession of these domains can be propogated and grown with
so much more elegance and splendor in cultivated soil? The eye that
has been straining all day over the myriad of figures on the ledger
would be releived by gazing on a bed of beautiful pansys ; the nostril
that has for these hours been enhaling the fumes of the factory would
be delighted by taking in the delicate perfume given out by the frag-
rant tea rose ; the mind that has from early morning been managing
and controling a large business would be relaxed and take great
pleasure in watching the development of green house plants and the
successful propogation of some new spices. Thus would our minds
and muscles obtain needed rest— our aesthetic faculties be cultivated,
our better nature developed and strenghtened and we, though a con-
templation of natures wonders and beauties be led to look through
nature up to nature's God. Again, the importance of fruit and vege-
tables as article of diet is almost entirely overlooked by our people.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 35

AVhen we reflect that the best of flour is made into wholesome bread
by the use of poisonous powders and impure air, that teas are doctored
and cofi'ees adulterated by chemical processes, that disease and death
is conveyed to the human system through unhealthy meats, that butter
is made from tallow and axle grease; we should cast about us for
some source from which to supply our tables with wholesome food.
Whence can we obtain this except from the products of the soil? in
mother's earth their is no deceit, her chemical processes are pure and
thoroughly reliable— there is no poison in a ripe berry, apple or peach,
find nothing obnoxious to the human system in a well matured vege-
table. Other men have furnished us the means of supplying our tables
with pure butter and milk (as well as buter milk with which to make up
pure bread) by the importation of Jersey cows, and when you come
])roposing to furnish us with countless varieties of fruits and vegetables,
calculated to tempt the palate and satisfy the stomachs of the great
variety of our people, as well flowers, we can but appreciate your
efforts and bid you not only welcome but thrice welcome to our midst.

RESPONSE BY 3IAJOR RAGAN TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

We are here to thank you for the generous hospitality extended
to us. It is our second meeting in north-east Missouri. We are sub-
ject to the invitations of the people of the different parts of the State
to meet with them in our annual and semi-annual meetings, and we have
accepted your invitation to meet with you in your beautiful city of
Louisiana, on the banks of the Mississippi. We come to learn rather
than to teach, and we ask the people of the city and the couutry to
participate in the deliberations of our meeting. We wish to engage
the interest of the people of the State of Missouri as much as we can
in the subject of horticulture. There has been a great interest taken
in the last year compared with the feeble efforts made in the last
twenty-five years. We again thank you for your invitation, and we
iiope to be Uue means of entertaining and being entertained.

36 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PEESIDEXT'S ADDEESS.

Members and friends of the Missouri State Horticultural Society :

We have come together in this, our third senii-annual nieetiugv
We come for the purpose of exchanging ideas and discussing ques-
tions pertaining to the best interests of horticulture in Missouri.

While these summer meetings are somewhat a new feature in the
work of the society, they are not without interest and great value. In
the early part of 1884 your Executive Committee feeling the necessity
for more thorough organization and better work, and in order to enlist
a greater number of members into the work of collecting products for
the New Orleans exposition, made arrangements for the first one of
these meetings, to be held in Springfield. That meeting proved a suc-
cess beyond the expectation of all, awakening an interest in southwest
Missouri that is still growing and is destined to grow on to grand pro-
portions.

Encouraged by this success, the society at that meeting decided'
to repeat the effort the next year at some point to be selected by the
Executive Committee at a later date, and Butler, in Bates county, was
chosen as the place. That meeting was no less a success in any re-
spect than the first, and still encouraged, arrangements were made for
this the third one. And now with the advantage of our past exper-
ience and the fact that Louisiana is situated in one of the oldest por-
tions of the State and has always been famous for her horticultural
products, let us strive to make this better and' more profitable than
any former meeting of the society.

Your committee have received many invitations to hold these
meetings from all parts of the State, and while they have not sought
or desireid to slight in the least any section, they could accept but one
at a time, and have endeavored to chose each time the place where
most good might be done. When these meetings were first talked of
the idea was to make the strawberry a leading feature, but now while
we do not by any means ignore it, we find very many other matters of
importance claiming our attention, other fruits of the season as well as
flowers and vegetables, are entitled to their share in our discussions..
We are just from our spring work and our minds are fresh on many
points of interest that would be forgotten at our winter meeting.

Here also we can cultivate our acquaintance and enjoy the social

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 87

feature just as well as in winter, so let us reach out a little further and
grasp some of these subjects of importance.

At tbe last annual meeting, held in the normal school building at
Warrensburg, steps were taken to ornament the grounds belonging to
that institution. ^lerabers of the society from various parts of the
State, as well as from Kansas^ Iowa, Indiana and Texas, kindly and
liberally donated trees, plants, etc., and Prof. Kern, U. S. Commis-
sioner of Forrestry, in his kindness toword this society and the normal
school, agreed to superintend the planting.

On the strength of this arrangement the State authorities named
April 16 as " Arbor Day," and on that day, all things being ready, the
planting was done, and the trees stand as a monument to the memory
of the Missouri Horticultural Society as its first effort at ornamenting
the grounds of our public schools.

I trust I am not saying too much when I say that this is only a
beginning of that good work, and that each succeeding year will have
its arbor day, and it will be celebrated by planting trees and other
ornamentals by members of this society and others all over the State,
until all school grounds of every description shall have been so orna-
mented as to do credit to our State, and stand, as lasting lessons of in-
struction to the coming generations who are to be educated in these
schools. It has been suggested to me that we might, by calling on the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, get some donations to help
us on in this work. I am sure Commissioner Colman heartily en-
dorses our efforts, and I believe he will do all he can consistentl}" to
hel}) us.

I would recommend that this society, by the adoption of a proper
resolution, or otherwise, ask that the Department of Agriculture assist
us, as far as is consistent, in carrying out this work. The subject of a
jMissouri fruit show has engaged the attention of your executive com-
mittee for some time. They have conferred with the fair associations
at St. Louis and Kansas City, with a view of making the show this fall.
The only difhculty in the way is the want of a necessary amount of
money to offer as premiums, and the fair associations do not feel war-
Tanted in putting up as much as would be required to make it a success,
nor will the limited appropriation to-thc society justify the effort. If
we had sufficient means to pay actual expenses, I believe the members
would be willing to do the work, and we could make an exhibition of
fruits that would be worth to the state ten times the cost; but with our
limited means we can do nothing in that direction. I believe if we ask
our legislature in the right manner — show them what we are doing,' and

38 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the means required to do it — they will not hesitate to give ns what we
want. I therefore recommend that we appeal to the next general as-
sembly of the state, and ask that the appropriation to the State Horti-
cultural Society be increased from $1,250 a year to $2,500 a year, or
$5,000 for the two years. This will enable us to make exhibitions of
•the horticultural products of our state, do our routine work, and assist
in organizing- more local societies. A number of them have been or-
ganized in different parts of the state, and they are doing good work,,
but we want more of them. There should be at least one for every
two counties in the state. If there were no local societies, we would
have no state society. The more local societies there are the more
efficient will be the work of this societh. AVe want to make this society
more useful to the members and more valuable to the state, and we
must depend on the local societies to help us to do it. Our state is
rapidty increasing in wealth and population, and it stands us in hand
to keep pace with the times.

Now, our society, meeting as it does on the tramping grounds of
one of the leading horticulturists of the state (our old friend Mr. Wm..
Stark)^ who was always present at these meetings, and whom we knew
but to admire. We remember him now as one of the leaders of fruit
growing interests of the state, and as one who had much to do with the
position our state now occupies as a fruit state. So then, meeting here
with the sons of our old friend, we are glad to know they have lost
none of the zeal of their father.

Let us, then, continue our good work, remembering that we have
more of the pleasure of life in our work than is usually allotted to
other business. Our future is bright, and we have nothing to fear if
we only work with earnestness and zeal. T^o state opens greater op-
portunities to the fruit-grower, nor gives greater advantages. Let us.
take them.

SUM^HER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 39

REPOET OF COMMITTEE OX ORCHARDS.

REPORT BY D. S. HOLMAN, OF SPRINGFIELD.

Officers and Members:

As a member of your Committee on Orchards, I am requested by.
your chairman, Mr. Gano, to report to you the condition of the orchards
and the fruit prospect at the present time in southweet Missouri.

Allow me to preface what I may report by regret that we do not
get into these orchard reports that system and thoroughness a matter
of so much importance demonds. I have hoped for two or three years
that the next time some one with more time and better method would
give you a report worth reading, and worthy of our section of the state,
but the same dififlculty is with us once more, and we proceed.

Allow me once more to tell you, without boasting, but gladly, that
in the ojiinion of a part of your committee that the hill country from
which I report and a strip of similar lands from northwestern Arkansas,
say from the top of the Ozarks to the summit of the Boston Moun-
tains, is nature's best apple lands of the west. As experiment in plant-
ing and fruiting the apple there advances this becomes more apparent.
To utilize the natural advantages given here is the mission of horticul-
ture to-day with us. While we are slow and have made many, very
many, failures, we are learning and, I believe, going forward. One of
our orchardists there said if he had known at first what to plant he
would have been many thousand dollars richer to-day. Our orchards
have for profit too many varieties. This we have learned at much
cost, and are correcting by only planting a few sorts.

Another evil in our orchards there is want of proper treatment.
We have planted too much and cultivated too little. We have at last
learned that the law by which man eats bread must be recognized in
the orchard. A little more sweat upon the brow and we may eat and
sell better apples.

Our orchards are getting more'cultivation and are responding in
good growth of wood and healthy, good foliage, looking a little better
now than last year. *

As prospect for crop of fruit there was a general good show of
bloom on all trees but the peach, and nearly all varieties of the apple
set fruit well, and while much of it dropped there is, perhaps, enough

40 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

remaining for a profitable crop, and, of course, must be larger and bet-
ter from thinning. The crop of apples in Dallas, Polk, Dade, Lawrence
and other counties near us is pretty satisfactory. In some parts of
the district it has been injured some by hail, but in Greene we escaped.

Where there are pear trees there are pears this year, and thus far
we have escaped the blight.

Peaches in Greene did not even bloom, and the older trees are so
damaged they will probably never fruit again. The peaches there
twenty years ago were plentiful and almost sure every year, but now
the peach belt seems to have moved south and east of us, if, indeed,
the right place for a sure crop can be found anywhere.

Kespectfully,

D. S. HOLMAN.

Mr. Holman — There seems to be a disposition to grow fruit with-
out labor, and I think in part of the country we are trying it pretty
well, but I am satisfied we can not grow apples without cultivation any
better than we can grow corn without labor. We find that grass and
clover are smothering our trees, and I think we are now learning that
if we cultivate our trees we may hope to be able to eat Ben Davis and
other kinds of apples.

REPORT BY CHARLES PATTERSON, KIRKSVILLE, MO.

KiRKSViLLE, Mo., June 7, 1886.
To tlie President and Members of Missouri State Horticultural Society :

To indicate my respect for you and your requirements I will en-
deavor to go through the form of making a report on orchards without
much hope of contributing anything useful or reliable. I have had but
very few opportunities of observing other orchards than my own, and
that but very superficially, and inquiries from others no more favora-
bly situated, could hardly elecit more than current impressions.

And these seem to agree unanimously that the present prospects
are uncommonly favorable for good crops of all kinds of fruits, as well

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 41

as other farm products, except peaiChes, wliicli were nearly all killed
by winter, ISSi and 1885. But wliat reliance to place on these
promises is hardly profitable to discuss at this time.

If they should be fairly realized, we may ex})ect prices to go away
down, in full keeping with the universal tendency of all labor products,
and the question might arise whether to let part go to waste or save
all, and still further depress the markets with a bare chance of being-
paid for the immediate labor involved. The best selections seldom
fail to bring remunerative prices, and the medium will surely help edu-
cate the taste of the masses to a more liberal use of fruits, and thereby
•create a larger permanent demand, and have a tendency to displace
stronger diets and stimulants. These gluts and break-downs in the
markets are not so much the result of over-production — more than the
"world can consume — as of the ancient delusion that fruits are a luxury
■which only the well-to-do can enjoy, rather -than a substitute for bacon
and beans with the laboring man. One-fourth of our present supply
would have been a harder dragg on the markets when the population
was half its present volume than any we are likely to see.

The last was another test winter, 22 below repeatedly, and would
have killed peach buds if there had been any, but I have scarcely ob-
served anything winter hurt like the year before, because all were well
ripened before winter set in. As I expected I am not done replacing
apple trees killed and hurt by the previous winter, and very likely will
keep replacing from the same cause for several years yet.

Respectfully,

CHAS. PATTERSON.

DISCUSSION.

A visito)' — In the southern part of Pike county our prospect for
apples is the best we have had for a great many years, though some
four varieties have the scab. Belle Flower, Early Harvest and Yan-
dever seem more of a failure than any others.

President — To which of the Belle Flowers do you allude "?

AnHicer — The White.

Mr. Lionberger — The bark of many young trees has died with us.
The Yellow Belle Flower does no good with us. The grape fly has
done much damage, but the trees are getting over it to some' extent.

President — Have you noticed that that is confined to any partic-
ular locality as to elevation f

Mr. Lionberger — I have heard of it in several low places.

Mr. Speers of Bates — The general condition of orchards in our

42 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

county 18 good, with a fair prospect of not anything like a full crop.
We have twig blight more than ever before. I have also noticed that
it is wort on the highest and driest places, while I have noticed but
little of it in any low location. My orchard is on high ground and the
Willow Twig is worst in it. In my young orchard I have been troubled
with a kind of rust or mildew on the leaves which caused the apples
to become scabby and to fall off. I tind it in many orchards, but worse
in my own. It appeared from two to three weeks ago ; and I have
noticed no fresh blight in the last week. In one of the largest or-
chards in Bates county I noticed yesterday a strip through the orchard
where all the trees, old and young, of all varieties are blighted.

Mr. Holman — I saw as I came to this meeting the first twig blight
on the high and hilly land near the Gasconade, where there had been
a gread deal of electricity, as was shown by the trees being struck..
Some trees looked very bad and as if it had been all done at once.

A visitor — Can anyone tell us what is the cause of scab !

Mr. Speer showed specimens of rust and scab.

Mr. Goodman — It is a vegetable parasite or fungus growth. How
to prevent it scientists don't know. We are just beginning to learn
of these parasites. They require certain conditions of temperature
and moisture and spread very rapidly when the conditions are favor-
able. This on the apple is the scab, another variety of fungus growth.
It is attributed by most naturalists to bacteria. The sap becomes sour
and the conditions being favorable it will spread very rapidly. We do
not know what to do yet. Our scientists are lost. We sometimes
think we can stop the pear blight by cutting it off. We know that
trees which have become debilitated most are the worst affected. On
the high grounds the large crops had exhausted the trees. On low
grounds the hard winters had injured the trees.

Mr. Speer — How to stop it would have been worth 8500 to $1,000
a year to me. Where the trees are rusted I find the apples are nearly
always scabby. I would like to know if there is any connection be-
tween the two.

Mr. Goodman — There is no connection between the two.

A visitor — Will apple not scabbj' now escape !

Mr. Goodman — They may.

Mr. Durand — Did the secretary say that twig blight and pear
blight are of the same nature ?

Mr. Goodman — I did not.

Mr. Lionherget — Apple and pear trees standing side by side are
affected just alike. I believe a thrifty growing tree is not a subject to

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 43-

diseases as others. Thorough cultivation and the application of
manure are the beet preventives.

Mr. Burrows — In regard to the scab, it is not a fact that it does-
not exist on young trees. I have noticed it just as bad on young- tr^es
as on old ones. I think it is caused by the exhaustion of the soil so-
that it can not supply the material necessary for a perfect apple. I d«
not think it is caused by any insect or fungus growth. It has only
failed to receive what it ought to make a full and perfect apple.

President — If we should continue our discussion of this subject till
to-morrow, we would know a little less than we do now; so I think we
had better take up the next subject.

BENEFIT OF PEACH TREES IN APPLE ORCHARDS.

BY HENRY SPEER OF BUTLER, MO.

To the Officers and Members of the 3Iissouri State Horticultural Society .-

My subject, the benefit of peach trees in an apple orchard is one
which, coming as it does at a time when nearly all of our fruit grow-
ers are being discouraged, and a great many of them disgusted with
the peach, on account of failure of fruit and loss of trees, may not
have the interest which under more favorable conditions it wouldhave,
but I regard the peach as too valuable a fruit to give up without fur-
ther trials, and advise further planting. In this short paper I shall
contine myself more particularly to the benefit to the apple orchard
to be derived by planting peach trees alternate between them, my
present method is to plant in squares twenty-one and a half feet apart,
alternating, which gives nearly one hundred trees ; fifty of each to the
acre. Now as to the theory of the matter, it is generally admitted
that apple orchards grow better, make straighter trees and come into
bearing younger if planted pretty thick, this is especially true of ex-
posed prairie locations in southwest Missouri and eastern Kansas, and!

■44 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all the reason wliich can be assigned is, that the trees the sooner shade
the ground and protect each other from the effects of the sweeping-
winds; now as the peach is a quick grower, it the sooner furnishes this
ne'eded protection ; another advantage in the peach for this purpose, it
is a short-lived tree in our climate, and if planted at the distance
^Recommended will, as a rule, have passed its day of usefulnees before
it will materially interfere with tlie apple trees, and if not already dead,
the owner will have no conpunctions of conscience in removing it ;
where if an equal number of apple trees had been planted, very few
men would have the nerve to remove them till the whole orchard
would be in a starved and ruined condition ; another advantage of the
peach for this purpose is, it lills the ground literally full of roots, which
readily decay when the tree is removed knd furnish drainage, food and
a good mechanical condition of the soil for the feeding roots of the
apple trees. This is perhaps enough on theory, as all theories to be
of use must be practiced, I will give some practical results: in my
first planting of trees I planted apple trees thirty feet apart in squares,
in a small portion of the orchard I planted peach trees half way be-
tween them one way, in that ])art of the orchard 1 got nearly all my
apples for several years, and it has been uniformly more fruitful since,
with no other sufficient cause to account for it; and wherever I have
seen apple and peach trees intermingled it has appeared to me to bene-
fit the apple trees. In conclusion I will say plant peach trees, don't de-
vote the land entirely to the peach but plant them in your young apple
archards and it will pay you. The stove wood which can be secured
from an old peach orchard is of itself no small item in a prairie country.

HENEY SPEEE.

DISCUSSION.

President — Are there any remarks on the subject?

Mr. Lionherger — This planting together has been a great disadvan-
tage.

Mr. Burlces — I believe that if we will take care of them, planting-
together would be advantageous, keeping the peaches well headed in.
I think we should not be discouraged in regard to the peach but form
new orchards, especially upon new locations where no orchards have
been before. The peach does much better in fresh virgin soil, unless
we go to the trouble of supplying fertilizers.

Mr. Holman — I planted one hundred acres of orchard for a Mis-
■ sissippian, about half in that way on the northwest to make a wind

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 45-

break. It did first rate. It make a wind break and at that time gave
peaches and stove wood both. I don't think one fruit taflects the other-
and I believe the wood itself pays. I don't think the peach trees did
the orchard any harm, for the food of one is not the food of the other ;
each takes its own. We ought to keep planting and if we don't get
peaches we will get wood.

Mr. Burrotcs — I am sorry that we have to grow firewood in the or-
chard. If it is rightly attended to, the orchard is the most profitable
acre on the farm. The apple tree is worth all of the soil it can get, and-
short-lived orchards are caused by the exhaustion of the soil on which
they stand.

Mr. Holman — I never knew peach trees to exhaust the soil. The
richest old land we have is wh^re we have had our peach orchards. To
double the apple trees would exhaust the soil.

Mr. Ragan — -I came to Missouri seventeen years ago. I set ten
acres with apple and peach trees. I set a tree to every square rod-
three peach trees to each apple tree. My experience is, those peach
trees paid me more money than anything I ever invested in in Mis-
souri. I got three crops. I have been cutting those trees out, and T
can not see that they have injured the apple trees. We have had no
peaches for four years, and at my period of life I don't purpose to
plant any more, but those peach trees proved more profitable than
anything else I ever planted. As to the exhaustion of the soil, I live
on the Missouri bluffs, where the soil is fifty-three feet deep.

Mr. Speer — I wish to state that my experience has been upon the
open prairie. My theory was advanced more especially for those upon
the open prairie. I advocate that the peach be planted with the apple
only in exposed locations. When they are cut down, the decay of the
roots of the peach will furnish more food than they have ever stolen
from the "apple. We very often overlook the important point that
what may be very good upon one soil and exposure may be very bad
upon another.

il/">-. Bcujles — From my experience I favor separate planting, though

t.

I have no special reason except I like to see them separate. I have
hever seen many experienced horticulturists who plant together. Two
neighbors planted, fifteen years ago, peaches and apples together, and
in a few years had to cut down the' peach trees, for they were killing
the apples. The peach, being a quick growth, takes too much from,
the apple.

46 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

PKOTECTJ]:^G OUR ORCHARDS FROM SXEAK THIEVES.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Goodman — We Imve been troubled very much with loafers, or
tramps, who take our fruit. They ought to be shot, I presume, but we
can not do that.

Mr. President — Why not ?

Mr. Goodman — I don't like to kill a man for stealing apples, but
Low shall we protect them? What is the law upon the subject?

Mr. President — I tell them to come by the house and they can get
"what they want.

Mr. Bayles — I had to abandon fruit growing even for my own use.
In the East they put up signs around the place against trespassing, and
they enforce the law. They arrest and prosecute the trespasser.

Mr. President — -Is it necessary to put up signs before we can en-
force the law against trespassers ?

Mr. Goodman — I think it is better to put up the signs, and then we
can prosecute them.

Mr. Lionherger — I know a man who has a night watch.

Mr. Holman — I tried shot guns, and other guns. The best way is
to make them believe you will hurt them. We built a guard-house and
kept a guard in it some of the time. We shot once or twice, and hired
a man to halloo as if he were hurt. Nothing will do but to watch your
fruit and keep them out of it. It is tempting. It was tempting in Eden
and good folks will steal fruit.

Mr. Mclntyre — I think the pruning process is destructive to or-
chards. My plan would be to use the pinching process.

Mr. Evans — May it not often depend entirely upon the time when
the pruning is done? I can not undertake to tell when it does hurt, or
when it does not hurt. I knew of a case in which thirty Northern Spy
trees were pruned, one each day, in June. Some of those trees havg
died and others have done well.

Mr. Mclntyre — I would like to know what is the best time.

Mr. Goodman — I want to get facts from the members of the society
as to when we can prune and have the wound heal up completely.

Mr. Burr ores — We prune nursery trees just as soon as we think
the cold weather is over, and the cuts are nearly all grown over now.
We usually prune the last of February or early in March.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 47

j\Jr. Bailies — Suiuincr i)iunin<i;-, if severe, will invariably produce
black heart, whether the tree be large or small. When the winters
have been bad it will be worse. All severe pruning should be done in
the spring, when the sap is not flowing so rapidly. Severe pruning in
June takes away the evaporating surface, so that the sap sours.

2Ir. Patterson — There is a time when the young wood is forming-
very rai)idly, and then limbs can be cut off safely, for the sap is thick
enough to form wood rapidly. Sometimes you can remove the bark,
and new bark will come in three days. Then it is safe to prune.

J/r. Burrows — In removing bark we do not disturb the wood at
all. I have had good experience in girdling for fruit. If you injure or
disturb the wood new bark will not grow.

Mr. Bajjles — We should be governed by the condition of the tree
we are pruning— we can not lay down rules as to the exact time. We
make a pruning in the spring, and then a second one when the sa]) is
descending in June or July. I go by the condition of the growing tip,
rather than by the length of the young shoot.

J/r. Naclinger — I think no great amount of pruning should be done
in June, but water-sprouts should be removed.

J/r. Goodman — Is there not a time in which we can prune large
branches from old trees without injuring them much.f

Mr. Burrows — The last half of June is the best time to girdle trees
to induce fruiting. You may do this and in a week it will })egin to
turn green, and in from four to five weeks it will be tilled up with new
bark. We planted trees fifteen by thirty feet, and in gii'dling each
alternate tree we found the last half of June was the best time for
fruit. When the subject was brought up at the meeting of the Illinois
society, some doubted its efficacy. We had girdled 5,000 trees. When
Prof. Turner came to our orchards and saw these trees loaded with
fruit he said, it was worth going a thousand miles to see. That gird-
ling was done for the same reason as right pruning; to check the
growth of wood and induce fruiting. Tackle some of your Belle Flower
trees. We do not girdle two years in succession, which might check
too much. We have also girdled pears with good results.

Mr. Evans — My experience in girdling is that it should be done
just about the time the trees are forming their terminal buds. This
time varies with tree, the season and the cultivation. We find trees
in the forest now that have made their years growth in length.

Society adjourned until 7 P. m.

48 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TUESDAY, 7 p. 3I.

Society met and was called to order by the president.

The "Sweet Singers of Israel" who live in Louisiana, gave the-
society a number of very fine selections of music, which relieved the
monotony of the session and proved highly gratifying to the delegates..

THE EEPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON SMALL FRUITS

was given verbally by many of the members and visitors present, and
partook more the form of a discussion.

L. A. Ooodman, Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Societij :

I am crippled up so that I could not get around to learn more
about the apple crop, therefore the blank you sent me is not well
filled. And my report on small fruits will be a condensed one.

Strawberries are about over, and all done well for the chance»s they
had. Cornelia and Crawfords Ko. 6 are very promising new ones.
Crescent, Cumberland, Captain Jack and Glendale bear the heaviest
crops.

Easpherries — Black Caps all promise well except Gregg, which was
considerably killed by the winter. Bluffton, a new seedling, black
cap raised here bids fair to match the best. Hopkins looks well.
Eeds are all doing well, pretty fair except Marlboro, which was mostly
killed to the ground, enough canes however left to give us some fruit.
Shaffer also winter-killed a little in places, but enough left to make
a big crop.

Cherries — A failure. Snyder, Taylor and Western Triumph a full
crop. Lawton and Kittatinny winter-killed as usual.

Currants — A splendid crop.

Gooseberries — Ditto. The Orange and Oregon, both promise to be
great additions to this fruit.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 49

Grapes — Promise well, but I have observed some mildew already.
I cannot be with you at Louisiana — too lame to travel in any way.
Hope you will have a good time of it.

Yours fraternally,

S. MILLER.

3Ir. Thomas. — I might say that I have made a success of growing
small fruits, but to tell you how to succeed might be easier for soine
one else than for me. We have had a good crop of strawberries, but
the price has been too low to talk about. We have the promise of a
fine crop of raspberries. We have discarded all blackberries but the
Snyder and a few Taylor.

In i>lanting strawberries I am to plow the ground in the fall and
xeplow in the spring to get the ground in as good condition as possible.
I plant two rows of Crescent and one row of the Wilson, Captain Jack
or Sucker State. The Sharpless would do were it not for the danger
of a late frost. I cultivate thoroughly and remove the blossoms as
soon as they appear, and the next year we get plants from these beds
and thus get no seedlings as we would have done had we let them
mature fruit. Sometimes I mulch in the fall, but if it is wet I let the
crab grass grow and they need no other mulch. If the plants get too
thick we plow a row and mulch.

The old Wilson has of late been troubled with the crown borer,
and is sometimes badly injured by a worm that rolls up the leaves. I
think the Crescent is the only berry we can grow at the present low
prices. We are compelled, even in local markets, to compete largely
with Chicago and St. Louis prices, and all the profits, if there are any,
goes to the express company. I wish some of the rest of you would
get out of the business and let us have a better chance.

I still grow the Doolittle raspberry. The Gregg seems to die if
you cut the tops off". It is also too late to ship north as it would have
to compete with home grown earlier kinds.

The Charles Downing strawberry has the same fault as the Sharp-
less, if you have late spring frosts it is gone. The Sucker State I like
very much, except it does not produce enough fruit. The second year
it does better. I hope to find a berry that will be ironclad, produce
with the Crescent and ship with the Wilson.

2Ir. Broicn — Has the gentleman tried the Ohio raspberry'?

Mr. Thomas — i^o.

H. R. — 4

50 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

31r. Evans — Has he ever tried tlie Hopkins ? I don't know a better
one.

Mr. Speer — A small plantation of Hopkins in Bates county has the-
finest promise I have seen this year.

Mr. Evans — The Hopkins will bear good treatment as well as any
kind, and will come out better than other kinds without any treatment.

Mr. Brown — I like the Ohio. It is very hardy, not quite as large
as Gregg", and it is very productive. It is rather dry.

Mr. Speer — Will the raspberry pay to raise for market where it has-
to be shipped?

Mr. Thomas — I have shipped for nine years. It has paid better

than any fruit I have handled. The Mammoth Cluster was too late to-

ship north, so I discarded it.

Mr. Evans — How many crops of raspberries have you made, say in

a series of ten years ?

Mr. Thomas — I first raised five good crops in succession, the next
a half crop, and a very fine prospect now, making seven years. '

Mr. Evans — How many crops of strawberries have you made in ten
years ?

M. Thomas — In the past ten years I have made two almost entire
failures and one partial failure. I am now prepared to water my straw-
berries to some extent by a wind mill and hope to make it profitable in
a dry year. I would say that seven crops in ten years would be about
what we can make.,

Mr. Evans — One more question : on which can you make the most
money in a series of ten years "?

Mr. Thomas — For the past ten years strawberries. For the next
ten you had better take raspberries.

Mr. Evans — In our country we can make more money with the
Hopkins than with any other berry whatever.

Mr. Broion — Have you the sawtly that cuts up the cane of the
raspberries?

Mr. Evans — Eo, sir ; we have nothing of the kind.

Mr. Bryant (of Illinois) — We have a fungus that is using up the
Doolittle almost entirely, making some plantations almost valueless.
It is on the young cane and not on the leaf. You will find canes with
the young leaves beginning to curl and the next year the berries will
all dry up.

Mr. Evans — Are the canes inclined to be too small and too numer-
ous ?

Mr. Bryant — They grow very well early in the season,

Mr. Goodman — Give us the history of those big strawberries.

SUM3IEE MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 51

1

Mr. Bryant — They are Buhach's Xo. 5. He lias grown about five
hundred varieties from seed and this seems to be the best. This is
the fourth crop he has grown.

Mr. Erans — Has he shipped them to any great distance f

Mr. Bryant — He has shipped some, but not to any great distance.
I think he sent some to New York in very good condition. I think it
will be rather perishable to ship, as large berries as they, usually are.
I think it is the finest large berry I ever saw.

Mr. Evans — Has he other varieties on the same ground and under
the same treatment 1

Mr. Bryant — He has ten acres of Sharpless, but we do not like it
on our rich black prairie soil well fertilized. I think the Bubach is
quite productive, but we all know the Crescent is the berry for bushels.
I don't think it will make more bushels tban the Crescent. It has very
strong foliage, and stands drought well.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS.

BY MRS. WADE BUEDEN, OF SPRINGFIELD.

Missouri Floivers of 1886 — What pleasures they have given since
our last meeting, what eager hands have been outstretched to grasp
them from the sweet spring blossoms of the prairie to the choicest
exotics of the green house. All have had their mission of delight, and
what memories have they brought of other flowers and other days —
childhood days — when our hopes were as bright as their fair petals
memories, sad and sweet, are called forth by the sight of their lovely
blossoms. Visions of fair brides thM we have loved and lost standing
before the altar crowned with orange blossoms, or of the pale, dead
face of a loved father, mother, sister or darling child now resting
peacefully "under the daisies." And what comfort they have brought
to the sick room. Many an eye has brightened and tears of gratitude
have trickled over pale cheeks at the sight of them. They have

52 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

brightened the dull room and caused many a sufferer to forget their
pain. If those who cultivate flowers could realize the satisfaction, the
enjoyment there is in the possession of a few flowers, they would be
more thoughtful about sending them forth on their cheering mission.
In the awful tragedy that but lately sent a thrill of horror through-
out the land (the murder of Sarah Graham), one kind heart was
prompted to lay a wreath of flowers on the casket that held the muti-
lated form of the victim, the form that had once been beautiful with
youth and health. It was a christian act and will never, never be for-
gotten by the heart-broken sister of the poor murdered wife. Only a
few days since millions of Missouri flowers were bought by loving
hands to decorate the graves of the nation's dead. They were strewn
over the last resting place of both the blue and the gray, and shed
forth their sweet perfume alike for both. The past winter, though
stern, has been kind to the Missouri flowers. Before sending forth the
Ice King he carefully covered the earth with a coverlet of snow, and
when that was worn away another took its place and the roots and
bulbs and seedlings were safe and warm beneath it, and when spring-
came with its gentle breath they sprang forth to meet her. Spring has
held undisputed sway, nor suffered the blighting frosts to chill them,
and there were never as many beautiful flowers as now. Delicate Tea
Roses have survived the winter in the open borders. The Marchal
Neil, Etovle de Lyon, Marie Guillot, Lazarene Poizeau, Pearl de Jardin,
White Tea, and many others are blooming on strong, vigorous shoots,
giving a wealth of bloom in striking contrast to those that have been
set this spring. Greater attention is paid to flowers than ever before.
There is a constantly increasing demand for them, and no home is con-
sidered perfect without its flower bed. The Horticultural Societies are
largely responsible for this state of affairs. Their continually agitating
the subject has produced good results until a neglected yard is criti-
cized as severely as an untidy house.

May they go on wiih the good work until all the homes in the land
are beautified and enriched with the choicest blessings of horticulture.

MES. WADE BUEDEN.

Springfield, Mo., June 5, 1886.

Mr. Nielson — The beautiful song sung just a few moments ago
carried me back to last Sunday evening when I heard the song, "I Am
the Light of the World." Fruits and flowers are next to Christianity in
lifting us upward from the earth towards our maker.

Of flowers I may say there are three kinds: bedding flowers to
decorate our home grounds, lovely flowers in pots and cut flowers ar-

SUMMER MEETIIVG AT LOUISIANA. 53

ranged. These all tend to lift up and purify our hearts. The rose
stands at the head of all flowers. The Geranium comes next. It stands
our hot sun and endures hardships better than any other class. Then
comes the Verbena and the Pansy, a wonderful little thing which has
eyes like man, and must be cared for in partial shade. Flowers are
appropriate and beautiful for occasions of joy and of sorrow. We
use them for the wedding, and they are the last emblems which we use
upon the graves of our friends.

Mr. J/cInUre — I find flower growing a very pleasant business, and
the more I work in it the more I like it. I am very sorry I did not
bring some flowers with me to-day.

Mr. Goodman — In our local society we offer a premium for the best
boquet, and when the premium is awarded we sell the flowers to the
highest bidder. Sometimes a little hand bouquet will bring fifty*
seventy-five cents or even a dollar and seventy-five cents. In all our
horticultural work we do not neglect the flowers. We find in walking up
and down the streets of this city that they have been greatly neglected.

Mr. Broicn — It is a good plan to encourage the ladies to get up a
floral society, and they will help you out. I believe a society of this
kind is one of the best things to help us appreciate the use and beauty
of flowers.

Mr HoUand — I have charge of the floral department in the Insane
Asylum at Fulton, and I never fully realized the good of flowers until
I went there. It does one good to see how the inmates of that insti-
tution appreciate flowers. I rememember a poor unfortunate lady who
admired the flowers and wished that she could have a few for her own.
To give her a few flowers was a real pleasure. How any person can
understand and watch the growth of plants and say there is no God is
astonishing to me. If we would study the growth and nature of
flowery I think we would all be interested in them. Nothing can be
more cheering than to see flowers. Is there any money in it ? Is
there any money in making home bright and pleasant, and those we
love cheerful and contented? We do not take pride and pains enough
in our flower yards. We are deficient in Missouri in this respect.

J/r. Bryant — Is there money in keeping your boys at home by
making it beautiful ?

54 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTRAL SOCIETY.

THE ADORNMENT OF HOME.

BY MRS. NELLIE M'VEY, OF SEDALIA.

In Holy Writ we are enjoined to " build bouses and dwell in tliem ;
plant gardens and eat tlie fruits thereof," and few injunctions meet
with more hearty approval or bring richer rewards for their obedience.
It is gratifying to know that the houses need not of necessity be either
costly or elegant, all may build according to their means. Often the
merest hut is more surely a home than is the grandest triumph of
architecturel skill. The home is the cradle of the nation. From no
other source springs such lasting influences for good or evil. We al-
ways remember home, and the lessons learned there. On life's battle
field, amid the smoke and din of warfare, these lessons may become
dimmed, yet down in our hearts they live as nothing else will live, and
a familiar flower, a floating breath of fragrance, the melody of some old
song, will often sweep away the cobwebs and corrosion, and the dear
old home beams out of the past so vividly, and strong men are not
ashamed of the tears such memory bells bring to their eyes.

How important, then, that we have good homes from which to
send forth the coming men and women, and no home is worthy of the
name that is not, in its best sense, beautiful — in simplicity, tasts and
refining influences. Where can you find homes more truly beautiful
than those of the farmer?

The city home, with its elegant carvings and massive stone walls,
may excite admiration — envy, if you please — ^in the hearts of those who
only see the glitter beyond the shimmer of costly laces, but the beauti-
ful rooms fronting upon the street, with their fillings of lovely things
which only money can buy or leisure create, are not the " homes " of
the city people; these lovely places are the "parlors" — the show
places of the establishments, and people do not live in their parlors.
Back of all this, often in dark and dingy rooms, poorly furnished and
full of bad emells, and opening into or overlooking nasty alley-ways,
live the ones so blindly envied, while they — the denizens of dust and
dampness ; do you ever think how they long for an hour among the
cool grasses, a breath of the sweet country air, or the meanest clump
of meadow violets and nodding golden lillies.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 55

"Without money and without price," nature says to her children,
as she displays her treasury of tree and shrul, flower and vine, grasses,
mosses and tubers. She never neglects, and she only asks guidance
.and selection in order to make of your home a very picture of beauty.
How prodigal she is ! What quantities of gold and scarlet, crimson
•and purple, yellow and blue — georgeous dyes and delicate tintings she
scatters about if you will allow her ! Look at her banks of sweet peas,
.petunias, phloxes, verbenas, portulaccas, pinks, asters and chrysan-
themums ! And all summer long she will pile about you her filmy laces
and glowing tapestry, pouring over all the most costly perfumes.
Even the neglected fence corners she fills with her berry bushes and
blossoms, and every hedgerow and highway flame with her lavishness.
Even the waste places are redeemed, and the sturdy grapevines
clamber from bough to bough of the lofty forest trees. iSTot content
with fruitage and flowers, she brings the sweetest of bird song to please
the ear. And then, when the harvest is ended, she empties her re-
maining dyes over wood and wold, and the glory of the autumn time —
who shall portray !

With an occasional lift from masculine hands and the helpful fin-
gers of the little ones, added to some taste and training of your own,
all tliis prodigality of fragrance, flowers and fruitage c^n be yours.
Taste and care has more to do with creating a home than money.
Home should mean more than a shelter, and if financial reasons alone
should influence you, every added evidence of taste is an added dollar
to the financial value of your place. Limited means and lack of leisure
is the farmer's plea for neglecting the ornamental, but a half hour
taken from your field, an acre less of something planted, will not count
when weighed against the pleasure which you must derive from the
sight of and pride in your beautiful home.

The location of the house is a matter of taste ; but when the house
is built, be it one room or many, be sure to allow a thick sward of
grass to creep up even to the door-sill, either by " sodding " or sowing
lawn seeds. A bare yard is a bad advertisement of your h me life. If
you have a ground work of green, it is an easy matter to dot it here
and there with bits of bright color. Don't attempt too much at first.
JBegin with a few hardy shrubs and perennials. Don't forget the hardy
roses. Take care of these, and add to them as you can care for them.
They need no coaxing, but will repay attention. Don't plant trees in
front of the house, at least not close enough to shut out the air and
sunshine. Plant plenty of vines, the woods are full of them, and the
florists will supply you]with ivys, creepers, clematis, roses, honey suck-

56 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

les and other hardy climbers at small cost. For out-houses and back-
porches, the hop vine is both useful and beautiful. By all means have
an Ampelopsis vine, their autumn foliage is simply perfect. If you have
any unsightly rubbish heap, or back buildings, don't fail to plant freely
about them the Convolvus Major — the dear old Morning Glory, and
the tall Nasturtuim. You cannot do without their radiant blossoms. If
you happen to find an old decayed stump, and can get it torn up and
conveyed to your kitchen yard, by all means appropriate it, fill the
crown with rich soil, and plant Dwarf Morning Glories and aSTasturtuims
therein. It will be a "thing of beauty" all summer. Gather up all the
rocks and broken crockery, and any defiant knots which resist any-
thing short of dynamite, pile them up neatly, fill with soil, and on these
plant any of the many pretty trailers, ground ivy is pretty and "last-
ing," and among its roots, drop a few seeds of pretty, bright flowers.

After all this is done, get a few annuals — the hardest and free-
blooming. Petunias, Phloxes, Verbenas, Asters, Sweet Williams,^
Stocks, Portulaccas, Balsams and Chinese Pinks, Poppies, Zinnias and
Marigolds, Some of these will bloom the second year. Don't neglect
the Chrysanthemums ane Hollyhocks, Gladiolas and many other bul-
bous plants are perfectly hardy, and will gladly grow for the asking. If
you have no other place to plant them, and are too busy to give them
separate culture, slip the seed into the vegetable rows — among the let-
tuce and onions, and the bean bushes and the beats. Flowers are as
pretty as weeds and will grow as well; Asters, Zinnias and Poppies
and Marigolds are all taller than the cucumber vines or the tomatoe
bushes. Edge the vegetable beds with Pinks, Petunias, Larkspur and
Phloxes. Coreopis grows well with carrots, and Primroses, Carnations
and Balsams take kindly to the late potatoes. There are many ways
if you will have flowers, and I would, if I were you. If you have an
objectionable outlook from your kitchen door, or window, sow hemp
seeds between, and don't forget to drop a Sunflower seed or two
among the hemp. It will become quite a grove, and the chickens will
like the ripened seeds in the fall.

In so many ways, and with so little means can you beautify your
homes without ; but there is a within, and in no way can you exercise
taste so thoroughly as here. This is mother's province, and if she have
daughters, or beauty-loving sons, here is their chance as well.

Above all things, " let there be light." Don't shut away the sun-
shine. Bare floors and white washedwalls are not the worst things in
the world, and there is so much the more room for the exercise of taste.
Pretty home-made rugs, pictures framed by home hands, brackets and

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 57'

shelves from the home work shop, which a little paste and paint, and a
yard or two of bright papers or " flowered calico," can transform into
real treasures ; pressed leaves, dried flowers and colored grasses make
pretty ornaments for shelf or table. But above all, have plenty of"
books and papers. Don't think you " cannot aftbrd" these. Get the
useful, if only in the cheap form, and books and papers are so cheap
now-a-days, that their rejection is poor economy. Teach the children
to love reading. If possible, have some sort of good musical instru-
ments. Books and flowers and music will make the plainest home
beautiful,and their refining influence is untold. Your boys will be more
manly, the girls more amiable, and the mother less weary of her work,,
for these refining and refreshing sources. I remember such a home,
away in the beautiful past, in whose wide, whitewashed kitchen
gathered nightly a now scattered band ; father, with his books and
papers, mother, busy with her needle, while stalwart brothers, bend-
ing to the will of the " spoiled darling" of the household, mingled their
tuneful voices in the melody of some old, sweet song. Out into the
world they went, never to meet again ; yet the influences of that lowly
home followed them, " even unto the end."

After all, the greatest beauty of a home lies in the happy hearts
of its inmates. We want to so endear the old home to the nurslings,.
that when they must try their wings, let them go forth, wrapped about
by such home influences, that evil will have no charms in their eyes.
Set their feet so firmly in the beautiful paths, that they will not be
easily tempted into the ways that lead to death. Make home beautiful,
in its sweetest and purest sense, and bind its memories, as a mantle of
protection about the hearts of your household baud.

IDYLL.

May, 1886.

At the close of the paper the society adjourned until 9 A. M.
The papers were interspersed with some very fine singing by the
choir, which was enjoyed very much by all present.

AYEDXESDAY, 9 A. m.

The following letters were read by the Secretary.
One from The Rural Neic YorJier and also from The Prairie Farmer
asking for reports of the meeting.

58 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Centralia, Mo., June 8, 1886.
Mr. L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir — I regret most sincerely that severe illness makes it
impossible to. meet with the society to-day. I had contemplated a
great deal of pleasure at your meeting, and my disappointment is very
great indeed.

I earnestly hope that the members may have a good time, and at
the same time advance the interests of the Horticultural Association.

I am, very respectfully,

MARIE RODEMYEE.

KiRKOooD, Mo., June 4, 1886.
Mr. L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir — Yours of May 31st is received. The leaves of apple
enclosed are affected with what is known as Black Rust, a fungous dis-
ease which has yet to be thoroughly investigated. I have observed it
in our orchard in previous years. From its sudden appearance, it
would seem to be simplj' of a parasitic nature and on the leaves alone,
develoyed only when atmospheric conditions are favorable, and not a
disease of the plant tissues generally.

I have just returned from Washington, D. C, where I have been
spending a few weeks, partly in pursuance of certain entomological
-Studies in the museums of the Department of Agriculture and the
Smithsonian.

Am not at all well, and fear that I shall not be able to attend the
meeting of the society at Louisiana, as I at one time intended. If I am
able to do so, will send a few notes directed to you at Louisiana, but
do not be disappointed if I do not.

Yours respectfully,

MARY E. MURTFELDT.

Warrensbueg, Mo., May 5, 1886.
L. A Goodman, Esq., Secretary Missouri Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir — Y^our esteemed favor of yesterday is received. Owing
to the fact that our school closes on the 10th of June, I will be unable
to attend your meeting at Louisiana, Mo. I greatly regret this, as it
would give me great pleasure to attend your meeting, especially as this
-session is to be held at my old home.

Wishing you God speed in your good work, I remain,

Most respectfully yours,

GEO. L. OSBORXE.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 59

Sarcoxie, Mo., June 7, 1886.
Mr. L. A. Goodman, Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir — Herewith find 81.00 membership fee.

Have also, with this express (prepaid), sent a bale of trees from our
cool storage building for exhibition. In bale you will tiod 2 bundles
peach, 1 bundle apple, 1 bundle climbing roses, 1 bundle peach in dor-
mant bud, 1 bundle apricot, I bundle catalpa — the above-named stock
ivas placed in storage during Xovenber and December, 1885; also, a
bunch of catalpa (injured in top, but roots sound) vt^hich were placed in
storage December, 1884, and have been kept over to present time as
shown. All stock was kept in storage without use of moss.

At close of meeting divide stock with members that may desire to
try stock at this late in the season.

Sorry we could not arrange to be with you at the meeting, which
is owing to one of our firm having to make a trip east, and has had to
start several days ago in order to make the desired points before reach-
ing Washington on the 16th, for ]!^"ursersmen'8 Convention.

Wishing the meeting at Louisiana a success,

Yours- truly,

JAMES B. WILD & BROS.

St. Louis, Mo., May 10, 1886.
Dear Sir — I am afraid I must beg otf again. I go east a few days
after your summer meeting, and I shall be very busy for the last week
or two before leaving, I am afraid to even undertake the committee
report that I owe in return for the compliment of a place on the Com-
mittee on Fungi, as I have yet too little knowledge of the subject in
Missouri, and besides am much pressed for time.

Believe me, yours truly,

WM. TEEALEASE.

South Haven, Mich., May 25, 1886.
Secretary L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir— Thanks for programme of your summer meeting at
Louisiana, which I doubt not will prove interesting and profitable. I
would gladly be in attendance, were Jit possible, but I will be confined
at home by duties in connection with the summer meeting of our State
society, which is to convene at Lansing on the 15th and 16th of June.

The present prospect here is for a full crop of small fruits. Straw-
berries will probably commence ripening very soon after June 1st. A
heavy crop of the larger fruits is in prospect, especially peaches which

60 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will require severe thinning. Everything hereabout two weeks earlier
than last year.

Yours truly,

T. T. LYON.

Lenox, Ia., June 2d, 1886.
Mr. L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir — Your circular at hand. I would very much enjoy
meeiing- with Missouri horticulturists at Louisiana, Mo., on the 8th and
9th. My meeting with your society at Warrensburg last winter will
long be remembered by me, and I shall continue to hold pleasant re-
membrances of the membership of your society. The great distance,
time and expense required to attend your coming meeting deters me
from attending.

This is a busy time for Iowa horticulturists, with strawberries giv-
ing us full picking at least two weeks earlier than ever before.

I would write more, but realizing you must be busy preparing for
meeting I desist.

With kindest regards for you and Missouri horticulturists, I am,

Yours truly,

GEO. VAX HOUTEX.

EEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX STOXE FEUITS.

3Ir. Madinger — The plum crop promises good and we have a good
crop of cherries, even of the sweet ones.

Mr. IJalton — I have some Wild Goose trees and the prospects are
for a very fair crop and fine specimens of the fruit. In my locality the
plum crop gives promise of being quite abundant, not only of Wild
Goose but other varieties which I have examined. I am somewhat
enthusiastic on the plum. I have 700 to 1,000 trees fruiting. So far
as my experience goes my Wild Goose, eight years planted, have been
very productive since the third year after planting. The curculio is
very bad. To the Wild Goose it has done little damage, to other va-
rieties it is very destructive. I have been trying to protect other va-
rieties by methods of my own. I have had some good results. I hang

SUMMUR MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 61

lamps iu the trees over a dish of water, and I find a large number of
insects in the water in the morning. I also shake the trees every
morning. I have been keeping it up ever since they dropped their
bloom, and I believe it will be successful. The WDd Goose is very
able to take care of itself; they are stung but not hurt, the wounds are
not fatal.

Mr. Evans — What kind of insects do you find in the water ?

J/r. Dalton — I catch millers like the common candle fly and an in-
sect somewhat like the wasp. I am not versed in "bugology," so I
can not give the names. Along about the latter part of May or first of
June the insect which comes earlier disappears, and I find a smaller
insect.

Mr. Thomas — What distance apart are those trees ?

Col. Reynolds — Twelve feet each way, upon bottom soil. They
grow very large and support each other.

3Ir. Thomas — On what root are his Wild Goose?

Col. Reynolds — Peach roots.

Mr. Evans — I would like to find out about those curculios. Do
you know him when you see him ?

Mr. Thomas — I find the insects upon the trees but never find them
at work. When I shake the trees I find these insects. It hides when
I shake the tree.

Mr. Evans — What does he look like ?

He is a very small insect, somewhat like a turtle — plays possom
when he falls. When he gets warm he flies.

Mr. Thomas — To conquer we must either feed the curculio or
catch him. He will eat the Wild Goose, but if we plant the fine tender
varieties he leaves the Wild Goose for them. If we have the Wild
Goose alone we get but little fruit. So the cabbage is safe if planted
with tomato vines.

Mr. Dalton — I plant Wild Goose exclusively and never faH to raise
them without planting other varieties.

Col. Reynolds — How does the gentleman cultivate his plum,
orchard ?

Mr. Dalton — Hogs and chickens, no cultivation.

Mr. Goodman — The gentleman per^iaps never caught a curculio.
The only way to catch them is on a sheet, you can't find them on the
ground. His work has not been effective in saving his plums. The
millers he caught would not have affected the plums. They might
have affected the apple but not the plum. The curculio will soon fly
if left on the sheet. We carry a can of coal oil and pour them into it.

62 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Thomas — Wild Goose needs a fertilizer.

Mr. Durand — I have no trouble to get them to set fruit, but it al-
ways comes off before it gets ripe.

J/r. Dalton — Dees the curculio Hy or crawl ?

Mr. Goodman — He flies in the heat of the day. In the morning he
will drop and roll himself up. What have your trees paid you !

Mr. Dalton — Eighty-five Wild Goose have paid from $250 to $300
per year. They occupy about one-fourth of an acre.

Mr. Goodman — I can not imagine how the gentleman gets any
plums at all with such close planting.

Mr. Stark — The plum is of a social nature. Wild plum?j grow in
thickets.

Mr. Speer — It wont do to depend upon chickens if you have only
a few plum trees and many curculio. I will plant quite thick and an
assortment of many kinds.

Mr. Evans — If you will go into the chicken yard and jar them
down early in the morning the chickens will catch them.

J/r. Viclntyre — I have succeeded in raising plums — more Wild
Goose than anything else — without catching the curculio. My Wild
Goose have not failed since the second year.

Mr. Durand — Will the chickens eat the curculio ? Prof Eiley says
they will not.

Mr. Demyning — The impression seems to be that whether we raise
one tree or a hundred the curculio will follow in the same proportion.
I thought a few years ago I had a remedy by smoking the trees every
second night with coal tar, but that has failed.

Air. Bayles — I can't see why we should be content with the native
plums. They are growing the foreign varieties in New Vork state with
great profit, and why should not we do the* same thing? It takes but
two or three weeks, catching the curculio every morning, to insure a
crop.

Air. Dalton — At what time does the curculio commence and how
long does he continue ?

Afr. Thomas — As soon as the plum drops its blossom and as long
as he can punch the skin.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 6'S

EEPOET OF C0M:\IITTEE ON XEW FEUITS.

■BY F. LIONBERGER OF NEW FLORENCE.

To the President and Members of the State Horticultural Society :

Ladies and Gentle3IEN : The testing of new frnits and the man-
agement of experimental grounds is getting to be a matter of great
importance. It is a well known fact that the science of modern horti-
culture is progressing very fast in most of the countries of the old
world. Is ations that have been in the habit of importing a portion of our
surplus fruit, as well as from other countries, are leaving no stone un-
turned to further their horticultural interest, as to not only supply
their own wants, but to export to other countries fruits of various kinds.
It is therefore a very important matter for us not to stand still,
but to push onwards, to improve our fruits, and to introduce such
new ones that have proved worthy, hut no others, and these only through
a proper channel, so that we will be able to compete with fruits from
other countries in foreign markets. Unless such is done to as great an
extent as possible, we will in a few years not be prepared to keep up
our good name for choice fruit, which the fruit growers of this State
have earned during the last few jears.

I have of late been corresponding with fruit growers of southern
Europe, and find that they are a great deal better organized than we
are, to test their new fruits and new methods and to get their fruits in
shape ready for the export trade.

For instance at Zurich an experimental station has recently been
established and is now worked according to the following plan: Each
Kanton or State sends from one to two delegates which are the best
experts to be found, I may here mention that my information was re-
ceived from one of these experts, a delegate from the Kanton Bern.

Last March these men thirty or so in number spent three
weeks and one-half at the station, where experiments of all kinds were
made and theory was combined with practice. One full week was
spent with dwarf trees, such as pyramids, espaliers, etc., etc. Next
August they will again meet for one week, when their attention will
be given to budding and the summer management of trees. In the fall
they will meet for three weeks, when each delegate will not only be

64 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

invited, hut requested to bring speciDiens of all kinds of fruits from his
locality. Comparison will than be made and a list of fruits best adapted
to each locality, made out. In connection with the experimental ground
is also a large factory, where experiments are made with all of the most
approved machinery and methods for the preparation of the different
fruits for market, in all the different ways, such as canning, evaporat-
ing, making apple-butter, cider, jellies, etc., etc. Now this is the way
they are organized in Switzerland. Other countries are taking steps
in the same direction. France takes the lead in horticultural pursuits,
we have no doubt, for they are as well organized as Switzerland, per-*
haps better. Such organizations as the above are bound to attain
^ood results. But where are we '? Can we afford to stand still and
to be left behind in the race"? I think not, but must push onward and
show the world at large that we are yet alive and intend to maintain
the good reputation, which the fruit-growers of this State have estab-
lished. They tell me in Europe that our apples, such as the Bald-
wins, Jonathan, Golden Pippins, etc., are far behind their best sorts,
both in quality and appearance at the same time, they admit that we
are their superiors in marketing or preserving fruit; but they think
the case will be different in a few years: yes, if we would stand still,
but let us show them that such will not be the case.

I am sorry to have to state that it was not possible for me, to give
this subject the attention it ought to have received. My secretarys
work for our local society as well as my private correspondence of late
was of such a nature that, I had but little time to devote otherwise. I
have learned from one of my associates, Mr. Gilkeson of Warrensburg,
that he was very unfortunate having a great injury done to his fruit
plantation by a very destructive hail storm. As to new fruits he has
nothing to report, except that he thinks a great deal of the apple,
which originated in his locality. The other member of the committee,
Mr. Stark, is present and will be able to take care of himself.

The paper which I did prepare is worthy, upon the importance of
improving our fruits as well as the best methods for preserving, I hope
however, that you will excuse the shortness of my paper.

History of the Logan, Uthlout, Hornet and Logans Late Ap2)les. — In
the year of 1806 or 1807, a number of emigrants came (through the in-
fluence of D. Boone) from Flemmen county, Kentucky. One Jonathan
Bryan brought with him a quart of apple seed which he planted for an
orchard; he had the first orchard known, from this orchard or seeds
sprung up the varieties above named. One tree, the Logan is the only
original ,tree that is left, the trunk has a circumference of 9 feet close

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 65

to the ground, higher up it is 8 1-2. I had the ground stepped off that
the whole tree covers, and it was found to be 22 large steps one way
and 18 another. The tree seems to be good for a number of years yet.
And if it was pruned and a few dead limbs cut out would produce fruit
a great deal larger. The tirst apple always gets ripe about the dth of
July, and from then until October, it ripens its fruit gradually. At
present there are a number of green apples on the tree. They tell me
that it has never missed a crop, it bears every year, but xhat the tirst
used to grow a great deal larger.

The Uthlout has come out of the same orchard, a sprout being set
out. The original tree is dead, the trunk still lays on the ground, it is
very large.

The Hornet, a sprout taken out of the above orchard, called the
Hornet, because some boys while stealing apples in the early days came
in contact with a hornet nest, which was in the tree.

The Logan's Late is claimed to be the finest of all. A large to very
large fine winter apple of the best quality, nearly red, very handsome.
It was also raised from a sprout out of the same lot. I could not
secure specimens, the apples being to green yet, I will have some
ready for the annual meeting of our State society.

Smili/s Heel was raised from seed by Col. Smily of this county and
afterwards propagated by Phil. Nichols, a local nurseryman. It is
found all over this county and is highly esteemed for drying purposes,
as well as for the desert. There is a great demand here for the tree.

F. LIONBEEGER.

DISCUSSION.

3fr. Bryant. — We have some new fruits in Illinois, but T have not
much new to say of them. The strawberries I brought you have seen.
You have probably heard of my new apple. It is now doing well and
we shall have some fruit to exhibit this fall.

Jf/-. Goo/hnan. — Is the Salome perfectly hardy?

J/r. Bryant. — Nothing else is.

Mr. Goodman. — Is it hardy in this latitude.

Mr. Bryant. — It is with us. In some localities it has suffered. It
is not perfectly hardy. The Duchess is not.

Mr. Broum. — Mr. Bryant says nothing is perfectly hardy. Every
tree agent has them perfectly hardy and ironclad clear through.
(Laughter).

66 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

In reply to an inquiry Mr. Bryant said that the Crescent was both
earlier and later than the new strawberry he had on exhibition. Bii-
bach's No. 5.

Mr. Burrows. — We don't seem to get at the introduction of a new
variety in the right way. If a man has a new variety he should send
it to persons in various parts of the county under restrictions. The
first question asked of a new fruit is, will it do well in our locality and
soil "] The State society might take hold of the work, test and pay the
originators of new and worthy fruits and' let them go at once to the
people.

Mr. Mclntyre — I have been in the fruit business for several years
and have been trying to get the very best. I have tried many new
kinds, but I have got tired of it. If I try to buy everything new that
comes out it will take all I can make. Every man blows his variety
up as the best. I liad about concluded to buy no more new fruits. I
have had thirty or forty varieties of new berries, but have discarded
most of them. Among the strawberries Jersey Queen bids fair to do
well. I have planted mostly of the Gregg raspberry. It is large and
good for market. The Souhegan promises well. The Hansell is one
of the earliest I have. I like the Brandywine better than the Turner.
The Hopkins does well as far as I have tried it. The Marlboro is not
hardy. Prunus Simoni seems very hardy, being green to the tips
The Mariana plum is very hardy.

Mr. Bayles — Who has fruited the Ostheim Cherry? Is it hardy?

Mr. Patterson — We have Ostheim from Prof. Tracy. It ripens with
the Early Eichmond.

Mr. Goodman — The Ostheim is almost exactly like the English
Morello and ripens between the Early Eichmond and the English
Morello. It is very valuable, hardy and prolific.

Mr. Mclntyre — What effect does the stock have upon the cherry 1
With me the Early Eichmond is dying out upon Mahaleb stock.

Mr. Lionherger — The Early Eichmond upon the Common Morello
seems to do better.

Mr. Brown — The^Morello sprouts. I cannot sell trees upon it.

Mr. Bagan — I have Early Eichmond seventeen years upon the
Mahaleb, also some trees upon their own roots. It sprouts, but makes
the most permanent tree we have. The sprouts made good trees.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 67

EEPORT OF SECEETAEY.

Westport, Mo., June, 1886.

Members of the State Society :

Another semi-annual meeting are we glad to greet you. Coming
here where some of the oldest and most notable horticulturists of our
State have lived, we are glad to see many new faces. This very city
is the place where lived one of the foremost horticulturists of our
State, and one of its most earnest workers. The first time I met with
this society I can well remember the form and appearance of Mr. Stark
among them, and his earnest labor for the advancement of our cause.

Horticulture has marched forward with many strides since then,
and yet it has just opened up a field that has hardly been entered.
We have the insect life to grapple with, to learn which are our friends
and foes, as well as how to destroy one and preserve the other. We
are testing the use of poisons on them to learn their efficiency, and with
very satisfactory results.

The growth of our troubles and discouragements have kept pace
with the advance of civilization, and we have to adopt new methods and
plans, and we have to study closely these troubles in order to over-
come them.

The use of Paris Green for our worst apple foe, the codling moth, the
jarring process for our curculio and gouger. The pyrethun powder
and the spraying with tobacco for many forms of insect life are efficient
and very efficient remedies.

The birds of our State need a careful study to be sure whi«h are
our friends and which our enemies. Prof. Forbes has made a special-
ity of this work, and we are beginning to see the great value of our
native birds to the fruit growers. The birds always considered friends
are now much more so, and are a necessity to every fruit grower.

We can raise our voices earnestly against the wholesale destruc-
tion of these valuable friends in every neighborhood, not only by the
•careless boys who shoot for fun, but by those who kill for money and
the adornment of our ladies' hats. Let us protest against this wanton
destruction. Let us ejiforce the law we have, and allow no one to
shoot, in our neighborhood, any 'of the native bird kind, at any time.
Let us talk it and preach it at all times, keep it continually before the
people and put a stop to this massacre.

68 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Only one of the bird kind should be completely destroyed, and;
that is the English Sparrow. Its utter uselessness and pure cussed-
ness is conclusive that it should be exterminated.

Eusts and mildews are subtle enemies of our fruit growers, and
how to battle them, or how to avoid them, cfui only be known when we
know more of them. A new field has been opened to our scientists,.
and they are studying this life closely. It is a life study, and it will be
some years probably before we can understand them. Bat we are
learning rapidly, and it is to be hoped we may find the causes of these
dread foes and remedies to counteract them.

The extreme winters of the last few years have played sad havoc
with many of our trees, and the peach will have to' be replanted before
we can expect a crop of peaches again. Our old trees are nearly ruined
and only those under three or four years planted can ever make healthy
trees. And, although the outlook is discouraging, still I believe the
fruit grower is no worse off than many other class of men. The peach
is easily and quickly grown and we can plant again. In fact, in order
to have the best results we must plant them continually ; every year
must see a few trees or a new orchard planted.

Our apple trees have come out of the trial conquerers. We have-
this year a wonderful show of fruit, and the only thing to fear now is
that our trees will carry too big a load and cause the same trouble of
two or three years ago. I tell you friends, we must thin our crop of
apples if we would not have a repetition of the failure of our trees, and
of winesap especially.

Our small fruits, although injured somewhat, yet we are satisfied
with the results, and the vines are soon replaced. What we need is
some good blackberry of good size and quality that will not rust and is
hardy.

OUR REPORT.

Our report has been delayed by the State i)rinters, and instead of
having it in April we have just received it now in June. I believe it
to be the most valuable of any one yet published, not only for the
reports, essays and discussions, but because of the "Flora of Missouri,
an appendix by Prof. Tracy." He has been buisy on this for years
and it is the only complete or nearly complete list of plants of Missouri
ever published. What it will accomplish in th^ march of horticulture
time will show. More complete arrangements should be made if pos-
sible so that we can get our report earlier. The manuscript has been

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 69

ready since January, and in spite of all I could do, I could not get it
out sooner because of the State printers faikire to keep their promise.

Couid we not get in our appropriation enough money to pay the
printing bill and then get it out at once after our winter meeting '? Or
better still if we could have this report printed at once after each
meeting and then held until the annual meeting and completed then ?
We would not have so much of the printing to be done at one time and
■would expedite the matter immensely.

Our society, I believe, should be incorporated and become a part
of the State organization.

The committee appointed on "needed legislation" will have a work
to do next winter, for we must have our scope enlarged and our powers
increased thereby. Having an increased appropriation is the surest
and best means of doing it. We are far behind in our allowance in
comparison with other States, and too much of this work has to be
done freely. Let us ask for as much as any other state, and ask firmly
and we will get it. Missouri is becoming noted as a fruit state, our
industry is growing rapidly, let us make our demands for our rights and
they will be granted.

The future of the apple region of the west is in eastern Kansas, all
of Missouri and north Arkansas, and is of such importance that we
need to make every effort to bring the advankiges of our State into
prominence.

The Missouri Fruit Show, which probably some of you have heard
about is one of the means of making this record of advantage to the
State. It is not yet decided, but must be at this meeting. President
Evans and myself have been to St. Louis to confer with the directors
and have now a definite proposition from them, as follows :

St. LOUIS, May 26th, 1886.

L. A. Goodman^ Ssq., Secretary Missouri Horticultural Society:

Dear Sir: Your communication noted and referred. This asso-
ciation will offer amount of premiums named — $800. Will set apart a
building for same, to be used in conjunction with a floriculture display ;
will furnish plates for fruit, two carpenters and necessary lumber for
two weeks prior to fair. Tickets for awarding committees, officers of
State Horticultural Society and committee of three from each county
to the fair, and aid you in securing passes over railroads in the State
for your officers to work up the fruit show.

70 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This offer to hold good for acceptance or rejection for ten days-
from date. By order of tl^ president.

Truly yours,

FESTUS J. WADE, Secretary.

St. Louis, June 3, 1886.
L. A. Goodman, Esq., Secretary :

Dear Sir — Yours of the 1st noted. We have accepted your
proposition as submitted by Mr. Evans and yourself on the occasion
of your visit to St. Louis, and think we have done our duty in the
premises.

While it costs you 81^000 as you say to make the show, it must not
be forgotten that our premium money is the smallest part of our ex-
pense.

I think that the amount we have offered is reasonable, equitable
and proper.

Yours truly,

FESTUS J. WADE, Sec'y.

This is not what we wanted or asked of them, in fact only one-half
of the desired amount, but whether the money justifies the show or
not it is for you to decide. An immense amount of work is before us
if it is done and the money will hardly pay expenses, yet we often
times make these exhibitions and never make any money. The object
is to bring out the advantages of our State to the fruit growers and
show what each county can do.

The list of premiums offered will be as follows : The State is di-
vided into two sections, north of the Missouri river, 1125, $100, $75,,
$60, $40 ; south of the Missouri river, $125, $100, $75, $60, $40.

Our local societies are becoming- more and more interested in this
whole horticultural work and I hope to see the time when we can have
one in every good fruit country or fruit district in the State. The
same old recommend still holds good, that our officers should visit
these whenever they can find time, or rather they should visit them
some time during the year, and besides this we should have them make
a speciality of organizing others and get them at work.

If this fruit show is made, then will be a good time to start the
work of organization in earnest, for by this means only can we make a
success of it. Some one must interest the people enough to start the
ball and then our officers must help in the organization of local

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 71

societies. If we can get some twenty or thirty county organizations
by the means we can soon let the world know where our fruits are.

I state the fact none to strongly when I say, that the best means
of advertising our State as a fruit State, is through local societies.

One society in every county would bring hundreds of buyers to
your locality for fruit.*

L. A. GOODMAN, Sec'v.

OUR PRE3IIUMS AT NEW ORLEANS.

I have received the following circular concerning the premiums
and medals at the World's Fair or World's Swindle. I do not believe
in taking one-half of the premiums and then have a bronze or silver
medal given for the gold medal, etc. etc. If we could get our medals
it would be some satisfaction.

Office of Wm. H. H. .Judson, 38 Natchez St.,

New Orleans, May 27, 1886.

Dear Sir— The final sale of the effects of the American Exposi-
tion to meet the claim of the World's Exposition, under the order of
the court, has been concluded. The sale under the order was on a
twelve months credit. The result of the two sales lacked thirty thou-
sand dollars of reaching the appraisement. The Main Building, which
costs 8480,000 to construct, brought $9,000. The Government building,
costing $275,000, brought but .$4,000, and this on a twelve months'
credit.

While I still hold to the belief that the Worlds' Exposition will, in
the end, pay in full, or very nearly in full, all liabilities ; yet the delay
and uncertainty as to the time of settlement and payment is discour-
aging to premium creditors, and many have proffered to take fifty per
cent, of their claims in order to immediately realize, especially if they
could in addition secure diplomas or official certificates, of each award,
and the issue of medals.

Eepresenting already premium creditors to the extent of one-fifth
of the premiums due, I am satisfied that with still further co-operation
on the part of creditors, I can obtain, a settlement on the basis of fifty
per cent, cash on the amount of your approved premium claim, to-

•^ At a meeting of the Executive Committee called at this time, it was decided
not to make tlie eifort to liold a Missonri Fruit Show because the inducements
were not sufficient.

72 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

getlier with the issue of the diplomas or certificate of each award made
to you, and of the official bronze medal where medals were awarded.

I remain yours, etc.,

WM. II. H. JUDSOX.

AUTIIOEITY TO COLLECT PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE
WORLD'S EXPOSITION, NEW OPtLEANS.

188G.

Wm. H. H. Judson, of tlie City of New Orleans, is hereby author-
ized to accept for us and in our behalf fifty per cent, of the cash pre-
miums awarded and due to us by the World's Exposition, in full of
our claim, and to receipt for the same ; said Judson is further author-
ized to secure the issue to us of proper official certificates or diplon>a8
of said awards and the issue of the official medal, where awared. Nine-
ty-seven and one-half per cent, of the amount coming to us under this
authorization is to be paid said Judson in exchange on New York, pay-
able to our order, the balance as desired by said eludson.
Witnesses :

OUR WORK AT WARRENSBURG.

The planting so well organized and begun at our normal school
was a work in the right direction.

Our nurserymen took hold of it well and many thanks are due
them for their good deeds.

Prof. M. G. Kern has given a plan of the grounds and planting to
be done and desires it to go as a gift of the society. All thanks are
due him for this upbuilding of tree-i)lanting and ornamentation.

A few such gifts by our society to our public institutions and we
shall become noted.

If possible to publish this plan in our report for 1886, it will be
done.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 73

HONORARY ROLL OF XURSERYMEN AXD LIST OF TREES

FURNISHED.

LAMAR NURSERIES.

One Sweet Gum, 4 feet; 1 Mountain Ash, o feet ; 2 Tulip trees, 6
feet ; 2 Russian Mulberry.

C. H. FINK & SON.

SUNNYSIDE NURSERY, GREENCASTLE, IND.

Two White Pine, 2 Hemlock Spruce, 2 Balsam Fir, 1 Cutleaved

Weeping Bircb, I Laurel-leaf Willow, 1 American Weeping Willow, 2

Japonica (shrubs), 2 Carolina Poplar.

W. A. WORKMAN.

SPRINGFIELD NURSERY.

Two Liquid Amber, Sweet Gum ; 2 American Sweet Chestnut ; 2
Dwarf Chestnut, Chincapin ; 2 English Horse Chestnut ; 2 English
W^hite Birch; 2 English Walnut; 3 Magnolias, 3 varieties; 3 Catalpa,

1 Speciosa and 2 dwarf varieties; 2 English Mountain Ash,l AVeeping;
4 Elms, of as many varieties; 2 English Larch; 2 Ash-leaf Maple; 2
Silver-leaf Maple ; 2 Scarlet Maple ; 2 Hard, White or Sugar Maple ;

2 Willow, 1 Golden and 1 Laurel-leaved, and 1 English Alder.

D. S. HOLMAN.

KIRKSVILLE NURSERY.

Four Wite Pine ; 6 Scotch Pine ; G Red Pine ; G Tom Thumb Arbor
Titie ; 6 American Arbor Yitie ; 2 Compacta Arbor Yitiu ; 2 Siberian
Arbor Yit;e ; 6 Norway Spruce; 2 White Spruce; 4 Hemlock; 2 Red
Cedar; 6 Balsam Fir; 2 cultivated Sumac; 3 Snowberry; 3 cultivated
Elder; 3 Yarigated Elder; 3 Josika Lilac; 3 Flowering Quinces; 2
Spirea Billardii ; 2 spirea Salicifolia ; 2 spirea Douglasii.

CHAS. PATTERSON.

WESTERN IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, LENOX, lA.

One Tree Spirea; ISwowball; 2 Russian Mulberry; 2 Syringa; 2
Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle ; 1 Kentucky Coffee ; 1 American Birch ;

1 White Poplar; 2 Purple Lilac; 2 Barberry; 2 American Arbor Yit;e ;

2 Red Cedar; 2 Norway Spruce.

G. YAN HOUTEN.

74 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SARCOXIE NURSERIES.

Two Riifa Ash; 2 Sharp-leaf Ash ; 2 Imbricated ; 2 Wier's Cut-leaf
Maple ; 2 White Ash ; 2 Punctata ; 2 iTorway Spruce ; 2 White Pine ;
2 Scotch Pine; 2 European Larch; 2 Arbor Vita*; 4 Sweet Gum; 2
Teas Japan Catalpa ; 2 Variagated Catalpa; 2 Umbrella China; 2 Eu-
ropean Birch ; 2 Cedar Elm ; 2 Burr Oak ; 2 Tulip trees ; 2 Wisconsin
Willow ; 1 Weepinof Cornus ; 2 Cornus Florida ; 2 Snowball ; 2 Prairie
Queen Roses ; 2 Baltimore Belle ; 4 White Elm ; 2 Russian Olive ; 2
Red Elm. J. B. WILD & BROS.

STARK NURSERIES, LOUISIANA, MO.

Four European W. W. Birch, 8 to 10 feet; 4 Catalpa Speciosa, 6
to 8 feet ; 4 European Linden ; 4 Norway Maple, 4 feet ; 4 Oak Lf.
Mountain Ash, 3 to 4 feet ; 4 Poplar Lombardy, 8 to 10 feet ; 4 Tulip
Tree, 2 to 3 feet; 4 Weeping Willow, 4 to 6 feet; 4 Am. Arbor Vit*, 2
to 3 feet; 4 Pine White, 2 to 3 feet; 4 Pine Scotch, 2 feet ; 4 Red
Cedar, 3 to 4 feet ; 4 Althea, Double ; 4 Berberry, Purple ; 4 Deutzia
Crenata ; 4 Enonymus, (Strawberry Tree) : 4 Purple Fringe ; 4 Phila-
delphus; 4 Spirea Billardii ; 4 Spirea Prunifolia; 4 Spirea Lanceolata;.
4 Viburnum Lantana ; 4 Viburnum Snowball ; 4 Honeysuckle Halleana.

STARK BROS.

Now a word for our experimental forest at Nevada. Every member
should use his influence to have that planting a model of what forestry
can be and will be some day in this country. The time is coming not
when we must stop cutting down trees, but when we must plant a forest
all over our land. I am no sympathyzer with this cry of "stop cutting
the trees," for that is what they were made for. But I am in earnest iif
the cry of "plant forest trees" ! plant them everywhere they will grow,
take care of them ; plant ! plant ! plant ! the time will come when they
will bring blessings and money too.

The American Horticultural Society holds its meeting at Cleveland
in September, and some one should go there with a collection of fruits.

The American Association of Nurserymen meet at Washington on
June 16 to 19, and no doubt but many of our nurserymen will be there
as they should be.

The American Association of Florists meet at Philadelphia in
August, and we trust our society will be well represented there also.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 75

The next meeting of tlie American Pomological society meets at
Boston in September, 1887, and some of us will be there.

It seems to me that some of these should come farther west and
St. Louis or Kansas City should be a meeting point for them next year.

AN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Why cannot we have one 1 We must bring every effort to bear at
our next assembly to have an appropriation set apart for the pay of a
good worker. How much we need it you all know, and a few hundreds
of dollars cannot be so well spent as in finding out our insects foes
and the remedies. Miss Mary Murtfeldt is a great worker in this direc-
tion, and if nothing more than a thousand dollars could be had, it
would be well spent in getting her to use it in her study.

AN HORTICULTURAL LIBRARY.

I was in hopes that we could have used our premium money in the
purchase of a library for the use of our State society, but that failing,
I think we should have a hundred dollars or so spent for the best
works on the subjects desired, and have for the use of the members:
nearly every State society has one and they find it very valuable.

THE NEW APPLES.

At the head of this list stand the " Gano," a beautiful red apple of
large size, good quality, hardy and productive. Last year the trees
gave an abundant crop of tine apples.

The '• Shackelford" still promises well and is said not to be the
!3en Davis. The growth of tree is different.

The Loy, Lukes Silver, Howell, Eankins, Freeman are still promis-
ing.

■ A new apple which was shown for the first time at Warrensburg
of an especial coconut flavor and size, color and beauty of Grimes will
be watched closely another year.

OUR WORK

As in the past must be an onward and upward one ; we must let na
opportunity pass for the advancement of knowledge and improvement
of our cause. To accomplish this we need members, working members,
in every part of the State.

76 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

The improvement of oar grapes are being made by our grape men
at St. Joseph and Morrison. If we can get a grape as hardy and free
from rot as the Nortons, and as good as the Goethe, we will accomplish
much of that part of our work.

HORTICULTURAL JOURNALS.

It is the mission of our society to induce every fruit grower of the
State to take some good paper. It is an impossibility for any one to
keep up with the times unless he does. Take papers and read them.

And now in conclusion we have to congratulate you upon the suc-
cessful meetings held during the last two years. And this one in par-
ticular we are glad and happy to see so many of our friends with us at
this buisy time. We are sure that you can look back over the last year
as certainly an advance all along our line, and now we have many im-
bued with this horticultural enthusiasm which knows no such thing as
failure. New men and new women too are becoming workers with us
in the cause we love.

L. A. GOODMAN.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA.

4 i

REPORT OF TREASURER.

Z. S Ragan to account with Missouri State Horticultural Society.

December 10. 1SS2, warrant No. 75, postofRce bill.
February 16, 1886, warrant No. 74, printing bill. . .

February "28, 1886, warrant No. 76. P. O. bill for Jan. and Feb.

February 28, 18S6, warrant No. 77, Expenses Jefferson City,
Express, &c

March 15, 1886, warrant No. 78, telegram and express on re-
ports

April 30.1886, warrant No. 79. P. O. bill for March and April
May 5. 1886, warrant No. 80, R. R. certificates and express on

fruit

May 15, 1886, warrant No 81, Evans, expense to Warrensburg

tree planting j

May 15, 1886, warrant No. 82, Farey's bill for printing ; and]

cold storage I

May 15, 1886, warrant No. 88, trip to St. Louis

June 1, 1886, warrant No. 85, P. O. bill, wrapping paper

June 8, 1886. warrant No. 84, Secretary's salary, six months.

Total

June 8, 1886, received for membership ,

Total

June 8, 1886, leaving a balanbe in the treasury

.?50 97
33 00

12 54
30 60
26 90

10 01

13 75

11 80

15 60
28 00

16 95
250 00

$500 12,

$626 38

48 00

1674 38
174 26

Respectfully submitted ,

Z. S. RAGAN.

The Committee on Finance have examined the Treasurer's report, and find
same to oe correct.

J. A. DURKES,
J. MADINGER,
W. P. STARK.

EEPORT OF COUNTY SOCIETIES.

Mr. Lionherger^ Secretary of the Montgomery Society — This society
isanewone, but we have clone much good. We began at a school house,.

78 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but now we are invited to meet in the towns of the county, sometimes
by three or four at once. The i)res8 has tendered us the use of a
column, whicli we have accepted to some extent.

Mr. Patterson — We have no society in Adair county. We have
about forty acres in small fruits, nearly all for the home market.

Mr. Bayles — We have no organization in St. Louis county. I do
not know that we have anything special to report. The strawberry
crop has been abundant, and the prospect is good for raspberries. The
ccherry crop is good; pears, fair.

REPORT

OF

BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY SECRETARY H. SPEER, OF BUTLER.

To the Officers and Jfemhers of the State Horticultural Society :

As secretary of the Bates County Horticultural Society, I have
the honor to report our society in good working order, with sixty-five
members, a goodly portion of whom are live, active members. The in-
terest in our meetings is steadily increasing, and its membership ex-
tending to all parts of the county. The winter meetings are held at the
county seat: the summer meetings with the members in different parts
of the county, prove very pleasant in a social way, and a great deal
has been learned by inspecting the success and failures af the different
members as illustrated by different methods, and on different soils and
exposures. We have one or more papers read at each meeting, upon
subjects of interest, some of which have been of a high order, and all
calculated to instruct. The cream of the meetings, however, comes in
the discussion of the various subjects presented. If nothing more was
gained at the meetings, the horticultural zeal inspired by these meet-
ings would be ample compensation for all trouble. My prediction is
that our society has come to stay, and will live after its projectors have
passed away. And, taking a retrospective view of our successes and
failures, I see no good reason why, with the proper effort we may not
have a live local society in nearly every county in the state. Then will
the state society assume its proper position, and become the power for
good which it should be, and which we hope to see it in the near future.
Our society desires to acknowledge its obligations to the state society

80 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for many benefits derived from our connection with it, among which is
the fact that we have had several fruit buyers sent to us which other-
wise would never have heard of us, and as a matter of course have re-
ceived better prices for our fruit.

The present outlook is favorable, and the future of horticulture is
bright in our county.

HEIn^RY SPEER, Secretary.

REPORT OF GREEXE COUXTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY SECRETARY D. S. HOLMAN, SPRINGFIELD.

Officers and Members Missouri Horticultural Society:

We respectfully report Greene County Horticultural Society to be
but little changed since our last report — still living and working a
little; yiembership increases some monthly. We have now several
good members from the old Missouri Valley Society. Acquisitions
from a source of such valuable experience and success are gladly re
ceived among us.

Our monthly meetings are pretty well attended, at which we have
essays and discussions upon subjects we think to be of most import-
ance at the time. At this season our meetings are passed around to
the homes of the members, and we find them thus very pleasant pleas-
ant and more liberally attended.

Our semi-annual meeting, or spring Fair and Festival has just been
held — 22d of May — it was not large or pretentious but pleasant, and
we hope did some good.

There is an awakening among us to the importance of employing the
best methods of attaining to the prevention and cure of some of our
evils and hindrances in Horticulture. As a good omen we find the pub-
lic interested and some careless growers alarmed at failure and inquir-
ingwhat they must do.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 81

Our society have no library, at least only a very small one. We
take Horticultural papers and read with much interest Mr. Goodmans'
annual report of the workings of your society.

AVhile our societv is small, with few facilities for the use of the
few in a large work, we are modestly in earnestly and think our cause
ought to be, in our country and every other, recognized a iit compan-
ion among the best industries, at least of equal importance with sys-
tematic agriculture and so considered at our annual fairs or exhibi-
tions.

We own no hall and meet under our own vines, flg trees, maples
and other trees, and rejoice in our wealth of out-door room or capa-
city, and should any visit us at our meetings we have room enough
rand a v/elcome for all.

I). S. HOLMA:sr, Sec'y.

HOETICULTUEE.

BY L. CtEIGER, BOONYILLE.

Members of the Horticultural Society, State of Missouri :

Mr. President — Grape culture in Cooper county, Missouri, is at
a standstill. There is hardly anything to encourage it. Catawba's,
which are in some vineyards predominant are all winter killed, and the
same is it with the Lindley, Goe the ,and some other fine kinds — Corcord,
Nortons, Neosho and Elvira and some other of the Taylor Seedlings
are in some localities as good as could^be expected, they are healthy
and full of good and sound young fruit and should the mildew and rot
not aftect them, they promise a bountiful harvest.

Some localitios in the vineclad hills of Boonville are a total fail-
:ure on account of the ravages of a little steel-blue bug, eating the

H R — 6

82 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fruit bud, and that so much, that the vine looked in the month of May-
as dead as in winter.

In my vineyard and in the vineyards of my next neighbors there is
some damage done, but not to any amount, and if the rot don't take
them we expect a very good harvest of grapes.

Horticulture is an occupation as well as any other, men may en-
gage in it, either to make a living- by it or he may use it as a recreation
or pleasure just as he likes, if he is otherwise so situated.

There are many who have to look at it in another light, they have
to work their garden to make it more than pay a living, they must
make it pay taxes and expenses and even a little more than that.

Horticulture has to be carried on scientifically, to do that; man
must have a thorough understanding of the business and a practical
knowledge of it, he must be industrious, economical, and above all he
must have perseverance. Horticulture is a noble occupation, and the
Horticulturist, in raising and improwing fruit and vegetables is a bene-
factor to the human race. The progressive improvement in the culture
of fruit and vegetables as a daily health and strength producing nour-
ishment to human nature has made a marked sign in the march of civili-
zation. And what is the place of Horticulture in civilization f shall be
the subject before this meeting.

Ladies and gentleman, all practical horticulturists of the State of
Missouri in convention assembled, I must confess I feel myself unable
to do justice to such important a subject as this, though I will try to
show that you need to have no fear or be ashamed of the calling, horti-
culturists, for horticulture stands in the foremost rank as a civilizer of
the human race.

The use of fruit and vegetables as food is as old as the human race
itself, and the creator as the most distinguished horticulturist did
nourish his creatures on fruit, and the starving children of Israel on
their march from bondage in the wilderness of Arabia on manna.

Horticulture stands as high in civilization as men stand in society.
Now let us see about that. Suppose we take a walk through this
beautiful city and near surroundings. Do you see that nice house half
hidden by the green and shining foliag-e of shade trees, the well-kept
lawn in front of it, now and then a stump of shrubbery, making a lovely
contrast to the iiower garden next to it, brilliant in high colored and
sweet scented flowers ? Notice the fruit and vegetable gardens, which
will bountifully supply the tables. How beautifully everything is ar-
ranged, the straight walks, neat and clean, leading to the house, the
straight rows of trellises, with grape vines tied to it, scenting in

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 83

blooming, and the sides overhanging with fohage shinning in splendor.
Look and see and wonder how well trimmed were the rows of pear
trees, plum trees and cherry trees in the fruit gardens, and the
orchard trees bending their branches from the burdens of leaves and
young fruit. And now, again, as nearer we approach, look at the house
in its new coat of paint, windows and doors in a most tasteful contrast
to it, how well it is kept in repair. Look at the verandas, how neatly
surrounded and well arranged with climbers, brilliant in a profusion of
flowers; everywhere refinement, thrift and contentment, and who lives
in such luxury ? Look close and do not wonder, it is the house of a
horticulturist. Let us enter the house. How kindly we were treated,
how friendly, how complaisantly we were entertained by the landlord,
and with a winning smile on the face of the landlady, the wife and
mother of the house, we were shown their comfortably arranged apart-
ments, suited to comfort the members of her household and calling-
friends. All shows neatness and taste in the house as well as outside
the house.

The library contained a well selected assortment of literary and
entertaining books and papers. The table in the dining room was
loaded with an abundance of the choicest fruit and vegetables from the
well attended vegetable garden, and the family sitting around it enjoys
by good conversation the gift of their labor.

Here you find happiness, refinement and culture, here you dwell
with well-bred and good mannered people, who will not feel themselves
awkward in any society, who are liked wherever they go and whomso-
ever they meet. Xow, what is their place in society and what caused
them to stand so high ? And just as high stands their occupation, stands
your occupation, stands horticulture in the rank of civilization.

I shall not attempt to paint a picture of the reverse, you may im-
agine that for yourselves.

I am free to say that horticulture has done as much good in civil-
izing the human race as the world. oSTow, for instance, look upon the
civilizing record of the Indians living and roaming in the western Ter-
ritories of our own land. Since more than a hundred years they were
visited by missionaries and teachers and taught religion and culture,
and you may find some well educated "heads amongst these savages,
but what about their mode of living, their manner of behavior, their
industries, their homes ? Some of these sort of civilized Indian tribes
are still as savage as they were when first found by the white men.
They are taught religion and culture on one hand and use fire arms on
the other. They were clothed and fed and even paid by our national

84 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOGIETy.

government, and what has been their pro<^res8 in civilization. After
such sad experiences they were taught by other kinds of teachers.
They were ^shown how to live a happy life by tilling the ground pro-
ducing their own means of subsistence, raising vegetables and eat them
set out orchards and build suitable homes ; they were taught to help
themselves, and you observe already a marked step forward in the
path of civilization. That is the work of horticulture, the doctrine to
civilize successfully in modern times.

And on what place do we find horticulture in ancient times ?
Herodetus, a Greek historian, tells us that lettuce was a favorite dish on
the tables of the most refined inhabitants of Greece and Eome, and
also of other eastern nations of any renown. They were acquainted
with the spinage, the asparagus and celery. Eadishes were a highly
prized garden truck, and were held in as high report as with us.
Parsnip, which was found in the barbarous country on the river Rhine,
was well known by the Roman Emperors, and had to be imported to
figure as a rare esculent on their tables, as well as on the tables of
Roman nobles. The beet and the carrot, the peas and the beans,
cabbage and turnips were well known to most people in the ancient
times, and wherever they were used as a daily food, they were a har-
binger of civilization.

The fruit of the orchard and the luscious grape of the vineyards, as
well as the berries which were served as desert at the sumptuous
meals of the most cultivated people in early days, were they not a civ-
ilizing agent ; and the man who cultured them, was he not a benefactor?
And his place of standing in society was one of the foremost amongst
the best cultured and civilized men of the age.

Once there was a time when the French nation was the most cul-
tured and highest civilized people of earth, when kings and princes looked
upon them as an exemplar in art, education and refinement. Tourists
and travelers tell us that it is a pleasing sight to see all along on both
sides of the public highways rows of fruit trees, and you may dis-
tinguish one department from another by the kind of trees planted
along side the road.

The roses of Monsieur de Malsherbes, at Malmaison, are historical.

Since the destruction of the vineyards in some localities in France,
their land has been planted with roses, so that you may see instead of
the luscious grape, fields of roses as a source of income to the hus-
bandman, a sign of progress in culture aiid civilization.

It is a commendable act of our Governor of Missouri to have a
day, the 16th of April, set aside as day of tree planting by old or young.

SUMMER 3IEET1NG AT LOUISIANA. 85

without distinction of sex or color, ^yhether they were landowners or
not. And if you should find in the remotest spot of this earth, in the
front yard of a cabin, a rose bush or fruit tree, you'll be sure that there
lives a civilized man in it.

What a tempting- thing is an apple or any other kind of fruit to a
boy and even a girl ? They will walk for miles and risk honor and
reputation in the attempt to obtain it.

The apple is destined to be the most widely distributed over this
globe, and it is known as the fairest civilizer. Only a small streak
of land in this country is known where the apple grows to per-
fection, and our great State of Missouri is fortunately located in this
favored belt. Hence every owner of a spot of land should use the op-
portunity of planting the apple tree and raise the best kind offruitj
and be a promoter in civilizing the human race.

Le us be aware that it is a noble work we have engaged in, the art
to raise, culture and improve fruit, vegetables and flowers to the
highest perfection and we may rest aysured to have done our part in
placing horticulture in the first rank of civilization.

DISCUSSION ON EXHIBITION OF FRUITS.

Mr. Madinger — We ought to show our fruit in two ways : some for
quality, some for show. We should show in groups so that the differ-
ent varieties may be compared or contrasted. When shown for quality,
each quality should be shown by itself.

Mr. Goodman — The best way to show for the horticulturist is not
the best for outside people. You may take the same twenty varieties,
put them on plates on a table and also display them and they will say
the latter way is the best show. Horticulturists want only the best
varieties on plates correctly labeled, on broad fiat tables. Mr. Mad-
inger has made some very fine displays at St. Joseph.

Mr. Madinger — I once took it into my head to have a vase four
feet square at the base and seven and a half feet high. An architect
wanted seventy-five dollars for making it, but I went to work and made
one for two dollars and a half, and decorated it with apples.

Mr. Goodman — Why can not w^ mingle our flowers and plants
with our fruits when we show them? Cannot horticulture and floricul-
ture be united — alternate groups of apples and flowers ?

Mr. Durlces — Apples for a collection might be grouped in a pyra-
midal form with a vase of flowers or ferns at the top.

Mr. Bagan — I want to advocate the interests of the common peo-
ple against the professional class at the national and state fairs. There

86 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

«

should be two sets of prizes, a professional list and an amatuer list. I
remember a show at Kansas City in which some grapes fastened to the
vine with J&ne copper wire elicited much admiration. I am the only
individual left who helped to organize the first horticultural society
west of the Allegheny Mountiaus. I have been engaged in these fruit
shows and have found that art in the arrangement goes a long way.
I am pleased with the idea of plating the flowers with the fruits, and
I would enlist the ladies. They have a taste that men do not. They
are very successful in getting up a display.

31r. Lionherge) — Last fall we took a notion to exhibit at the Mont-
gomery fair. We had always had plenty flowers there, but the fruits
had to be put in corners and out of the way places that looked like
hog troughs. We wanted more room but they could not give it to us,
so we made no exhibit.

At the close of the discussion the society adjourned until 2 p. m.

WEDNESDAY, TWO P. M.

Called to order by the President.

Mr. Geo. Hussman, of iSTapa, Cal., being present, he was introduced
to the society and he entertained the society with a few remarks about
California.

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LAWYER ANSWERED.

Mr. BurTi-es — The Lawver blights, bears poorly and scabs badly.

Mr. Evans — At first the Lawver was one of the finest apples I ever
saw. It is supposed to be a seedling of the McAfee, which has also
done badly of late years. I watched the Lawver for twelve years in
succession, and during that time it did not fail to have a crop ; to-day
is worthless.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 87

HO\Y TO TEAIX Ais^D TEEAT AX APPLE ORCHARD.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Dnrlces — Many think trees sbould not be pruned at all, whether
that can be done or not is a good question for discussion. I think we
need judicious pruning from time to time. Let some of those who be-
lieve in no pruning express their opinions.

I\Ir. Burrows — I wish the house was full of those who would do no
pruning. Mr. Holman struck the key note when he said it took labor
to raise an orchard; but a great deal of the labor is put upon orchards
that is not necessary. I have often had people to say "how deep shall
I set these trees'' ? iSTow, a tree should not be set in like a gate post,
but only about as deep as it grew in the nursery. If the ground needs
draining drain it with tile. If not with tile, then ridge it before the
trees are planted. Some plow to the trees after setting^ putting the
roots low in the ground below the action of the sun and air, making
them slow in bearing and slow in growing. The ground should be
cultivated with some hoed ciop till they come into bearing. If you
don't want a hoed crop then don't plant anything, but only cultivate.
If the trees were properly formed before planting never touch them
with a knife. If you begin you have laid out a life long job for yourself.
What with the water sprouts? Trimming produces them; without
trimming you would not have them. It is verv common for a man who
goes among little trees to have his knife in hand. He seems to itch to
cut something. To such a man I would say, leave your knife at home
or take a stick to cut. Cutting even a small limb will make a water
sprout. My advice to all planters is : " Don't touch the tree after
planting." I want to impress that upon your minds. The tree will
open as the fruit develops ; it will take care of itself. The tree will
prune itself, and many little limbs will disappear, die and drop away.
When the trees get old, decline and die plant new orchards and gee the
old ones out of the way.

Mr. Durand — There are extreme* in anything; not any and too
much pruning ; and the worst is too much. I knew a gentleman in our
country who had a fine orchard which should now be in its prime. It has
pruned itself ; and it has pruned itself to death. I believe we should
•do just as little pruning as possible to keep the tree in shape. It is

88 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

very little work to prune a tree tliree or four time a year, cutting surplus
limbs before they get large.

Mr. Evans — Just here I would like Mr. Holman to tell about his
neighbor Hazeltine's orchard.

Mr. Holman — We can see in that orchard the lack of size in the
fruits. The last season they sold a great many apples as cider stock.
The old man has a sou who gets better apples than his father, but he
Taries the treatment a little. He is taking a medium course, pruning
systematically and with judgment. AYe speak of training trees. I
believe we should both cultivate and prune judiciously, and then our
orchards will bear apples of good size and color. If orchards are to
make themselves why should we have horticulture at all! I think it
great foolishness to prune as another neighbor who prunes severely
and gets a vigorious upright growth, plenty of water sprouts and little
fruit.

Mr. Burroics — I have known an orchard bearing twelve or fifteen
years without pruning in that time, and it produces good fruit. Kot a
branch was cut except broken ones. There is no harm in taking a limb-
oft" out toward the end away from the body of the tree ; that is not
pruning; it is cutting back. You don't want your trees so high you
can run a mowing machine under the branches. In gathering we could
use a platform wagon, putting the apples directly into the barrels.

Mr. Holman — In a few years he would not even need the barrels^
It is better to have a certain amount of wood if it is in the right place-
Trees left to themselves will not grow the wood all in the right place.
I have thought the cutting oft" of a broken limb back to the crotch was
pruning. We have to train in the nursery for the orchard and in the
orchard for fruit. I know not how to train a tree without using the
knife.

Mr. Goodman — I would like to ask Mr. Bryant to tell us of Mr..
Wier's twenty-five years non-piuning.

Mr. Bryant — I don't know much about it, but there are some of us^
who would not care to take Mr. Wier for a pattern in all horticultural
affairs. I do not believe in much i)runing, and many farmers have no
idea of what they wish to make it in the end. If we begin the young
tree right and follow it up we never need severe pruning. Many will
take an old tree and cut off large limbs, and that, I think, is a serious-
injury in time.

Mr. Brown — I would prune by rubbing off" the buds just as they
start. I can do this on 800 young Ben Davis trees in half a day.

Mr. Evans — I think there are extremes both wavs. I would not

NOTES ON SOME lUJURIOUS FUNGI. S9'

know how to grow a tree without once in a while taking off a little-
limb. I have neglected trees till it was almost impossible to get them
into good shape without pruning to kill. It is very necessary for a man
who starts au orchard to know his varieties, when, where and how to-
prune.

:n"otes on some ixjueious fuxgi.

BY B. T. GALLOWAY, COLUMBIA, MO.

Doubtless every horticulturist has had some experience with the-
minute plants known as fungi, and we dare say few have so fortunate
as not to have been troubled, at some period of their existence, with
one or more of the many species of rust, or mildew, that cause such a
vast amount of damage to cultivated plants.

We say all cultivated plants, because nearly every species of flow-
ering plant is subject to the attacks of one or more of these parasites.
Fungi, however, are not dependent solely upon the living plants for
their existence, but many species flourish upon dead and decaying veg-
etation, and some species attack the members of the animal kingdom,
often causing fatal diseases. The plants known as fungi are destitute
of chlorophyl, or green coloring-matter, consequently they are unable
to elaborate food from the soil and air.

As stated above, some species obtain nourishment from dead and
decaying vegetaiion ; these are known as saprophytes. A good example
of the above group is the mould that occurs upon bread.

Those that obtain their nourishment from living organisims are
called parasites. The rusts, mildews,-etc., belong to this group. We
have, then, the [)lants known as fungi divided into two groups, namely:
First, saprophytes; and, second, parasites. As the members of the lat-
ter group are the most interesting to you as horticulturists, our remarks
will be confined principally to them. The vegetative portion (the body
of the fungus) of the plants usually consist of long, slender threads.

90 MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

called mycelia. The mycelia of many species is internal; with others
it is superficial, or on the exterior of the host or supporting- plant.

The reproductive bodies are usually the most prominent part of
many species of fungi, as they are usually colored and form the redisb-
brown powder which causes the host plant to present the rusty ap-
pearance. The reproductive bodies firo commonly called spores, but
as there are several stages of soine species (especially the rusts) the
reproductive bodies of each stage are known under different names,
which prevents confusion.

Thus, there are usually three stages of many of the species be-
longing to the order Uredince (rusts, as they are commonly called). The
first stage is known as the JEcidium stage. This stage occurs early in
spring, and the reproductive bodies are known as (vcidiospores. The
second stage occurs in mid-summer and is known as the Uredo stage,
and the reproductive bodies of this stage are called uredospores. The
third and last stage occurs late in September or October, lives through
the winter, germinates the following spring, and gives rise to the first
or (ccidium stage. The spores of the last stage are known as the tclen-
tospores, which are usually dark colored and from one to many celled.

Most of the mildews produce two or three kinds of spores, and
their growth is quite as remarkable as the growth of the various spe-
cies of rust.

The facts given above will enable you to understand how difficult
it is to trace the life history of these parasites, especially as the objects
studied are so small that a microscope is necessary to study them.
But, despite the many difficulties, progress is slowly being made. A
century ago the total number of described species did not exceed GOO,
and more tban half of these were included under the old genus Agari-
cus, or toadstools. Little or nothing had been done with the more
minute species, such as the rusts, mildews, etc. But microscopes were
not in use in those days, and without the aid of microscopes little prog-
ress could be made.

Since microscopes have come into more general use, many new
species have been described. A few years ago the total number of
described species did not exceed 600; the number now has increased
to many thousands, and new species are constantly being discovered
and classified.

Prof. Burrell, in a bulletin issued by the Illinois State Laboratory
of Natural History, describes about oOO species belonging to the order
Uredinw (Rusts), that were collected within the borders of Illinois. A
knowledge of the life history of these parasites is of the utmost import-

NOTES ON SOME INJURIOUS FUNGI. 91

ance, as it will enable us to attack them at their weakest point. This
is also true of insects, and we regret that Missouri ])rovides no means
for the systematic study of both.

We will not enter upon a minute description of any of the various
species mentioned further on, but will merely give you a few hasty
notes, which may be of some value to you. We are now experimenting
with several injurious fungi, and hope to give the result of our labors
at the next winter meeting. In testing the effect of different applica-
tions ui)on the germination of spores, we find that applications that
will destroy the spores of one species will actually stimulate the growth
of another.

Below is a list of some of the most destructive species:

Fusicladium dentmficum. The apple peel fungus. This is the dis-
ease that causes the scab on apples and pears, it also attacks peaches.
The disease appears here in Missouri about the first week in June.
Cold, wet weather seemingly stimulates the growth of the fungus.
During hot weather the brown spores fall away but the brown scar re-
mains, and as soon as cool weather comes new spores appear at the
borders of the old scabs. The following apples are subject to the dis-
ease : Early Harvest, Twenty Ounce, Willow Twig, E.. I. Greening,
Spitzenberg, Grimes Golden, Eambo. Those exempt are the Kussetts,
Winesap, Artrachan, Yellow Bellflower, Ben Davis, Pluntsman, Mis-
souri Pippin, Smith's Cider, etc.

The following fungicides have been used with success : 1st Kero-
sene emulsion as recommended by Prof. Eiley for the destruction of
insects, made as follows :

Kerosene

<;;ommon Soap.
Water

2 gallons.
^ pound.
1 gallon.

Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot lo the kerosene.
Churn the mixture by means of a force pump for five or ten minutes.
The emulsion if perfect forms a cream which thickens on cooling, and
should adhere without oiliness to the eurface of glass. Dilute before
using, one part of the emulsion, with nine parts of cold water. The
above formula gives three gallons of emulsion, and makes when diluted,
thirty gallons of wash. Apply with syringe or force pump.

93 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1 pound.

2d — Ilj'posulpliite of soda.

■Water 10 gallons.

Apply same as above :
3d— Sulphur 1 pound.

Water 20 gallons.

I

i
Constant stirring is necessary to keep the sulphur suspended,
apply with syringe or force pump. Lime water sprayed on the foliage
has proved beneficial.

Podospliera Imngei is the name of a fungus that frequently attacks
the leaves of apples and plums in the nursery causing the leaves to curl
and eventually fall from the tree. The fungus appears in August and
belongs to the group of fungi known as mildews. The plant body or
mycelium is superficial, consequently can easily be destroyed by an
application of sulphur as recommended for the scab.

Fuccinia pruni spi)ios(e. Plum leaf rust. We found this fungus
very abundant last year on the leaves of young plum trees. This rust
belongs to the same genus as the one that occurs on wheat, oats, etc.
We have not heard of any great damage caused by this fungus ; but it
may prove troublesome in the future. The spores are dark brown and
occur in small tufts on the under side of the leaf. Appears in Septem-
ber.

C(comma nitens. Blackberry rust. This fungus is familiar to all.
The disease usually appears in this section about the middle of May or
first of June. The same fungus causes the rust on raspberries. As
yet no remedy has been discovered; the disease occurs under all con-
ditions of soil, temperature and moisture, and usually destroys the host
plant. Applications of lime, dust, ashes etc., produce no effect and
time expended in applying the same is wasted.
About the only preventives are:

1. Destroy all plants as soon as attacked.

2. Plant varieties that are known to be free from rust. Kittatinny
is the only variety with us that is showing rust. Early Harvest, West-
ern Triumph, Snyder and Taylors Prolific are free from it.

Ramularia tulasnei. Strawberry white rust. Doubtless every one
has noticed the white spots encircled by a redish-brown band, that
occurs on the leaves of the cultivated strawberry. The spots are caused
by the fungus above mentioned; it is not a true rust however, but be-
longs to another group of fungi. The spores are usually borne on the

NOTES ON SOME INJURIOUS FUNGI. 93

under side of the leaf in the centre of the white spots. They are cylin-
drical and supported on stalks about twice the length of the spore.
This disease is increasing all over the country and is now recognized
as one of the worst pests of the strawberry. Lime dusted on the leaves
is one of the best known remedies. It should be applied every two or
three weeks, beginning in April, and continue until the fruit sets. The
disease rarely attacks healthy plants ; keep i)lants in a healthy condi-
tion by good cultivation, and by giving them a sufficient quantity of
plant food, and you will experience little trouble with the fungus.

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE.

Many of you are doubtless aware that two kinds of mildew occur
on the foliage of the grape ; both species of which were fully described
at the last winter meeting. The first.

Peronospora vitieola (American grape mildew) joins certain definite
spots on the under side of the leaf. In the centre of the spots may be
seen little mealy tufts; these are the reproductive bodies, the plant
body or mycelium is internal.

The second. Uncinula spiralis (European mildew) occurs on the
upper surface of the leaf, and the plant body is superficial. This
fungus causes no great amount of damage* in this county: it is the first
mentioned species {Peronospora) that is the most destructive.

Sulphur and copperas have been used with success, but the fol-
lowing mixtures is highly recommended by M. A. Millardet of Bor-
deaux, France. We would advise you to try the remedies and report
at the next winter meeting. The following is Millardet formula:

In twenty-six and one-half gallons of water desolve seventeen and
one-half pounds sulphate of copper, also make with eight gallons of
water and thirty-three pounds of lime a thick lime milk, and mix with
the solution of sulphate of copper. It will form a bluish paste. Some
of this is poured into a bucket (thoroughly stirring it) and is applied
to the leaves with a broom or brush taking care not to touch the
grapes.

Another remedy is simplj- a lime wash made as follows ; Lime, five
and one-half pounds; water, twenty-six and one-half gallons. Sprinkle
the foliage with the wash every two or three weeks, beginning in May.
A single application of the first mixture made about the time the Per-
onospera appears (1st of July) is sufficient.

Hoping the suggestions offered will be of some value to you, I
remain, EespectfuUy,

Columbia, Mo. B.T. GALLOWAY.

94 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTEAL SOCIETY.

REPORT BY M. Gr. KERN OF ST. LOUIS, JUNE 7, 1886.

J. C. Evans, Esq., President Missouri State horticulture Society :

Dear Sir — It aflbrds me great pleasure to lay before the mem-
bers of the Horticultural Society the plan of Warren sburg j^ormal
School grounds, which I have tinished hurriedly in time for the meet-
ing at Louisiana.

I am happy to see the time arrived when the leaders in the horti-
cultural industries of the State take a lively interest in the ornamental
mission of trees, shrubs and tlowers, and when the efforts of this so-
ciety will energetically be directed towards the decoration and im-
provement of the grounds of the leading educational institution of the
State. This is a timely and noble work, of the results of which the
society may justly feel proud before many years have passed by. A
knowledge of our most valuable timber trees and of the most desira-
ble material for the ornamentation of grounds is indispensably neces-
sary before we can exi)ect that the best kinds will be generally planted.

Our nursery men know full well how difficult it is to sell and to
introduce a variety, however valuable it may be, if unknown to the
public, they know likewise that the comparative smallness of the trade
in ornamental stock is in a great measure directly due to the lack of
acquaintance with the most desirable kinds. How imi)ortant is it there-
fore that this species of horticultural knowledge, (or as some wish in
called — science.) should be most liberally promoted by this society, and
what more practical mode of dissemination can be selected than your
progressive project to introduce the best collection of shrubbery into
the school grounds of the land, by which the youth will be brought in
daily contact with the most beautiful trees and shrubs, and with an
artistic or tasteful system of grouping and planting of this material.

One popular delusion entertained by many well meaning people
must, however, first be exposed and abolished if in any way possible.
This is the custom or rather the rage of filling up a place, private or
public, with a mass of the commonest trees and bushes, and rejoicing
in their rampant growth. After a few years, such places present that
sterotyped look of confusion and excess of shade, but the idea of cut-
ting fifty or seventy-five per cent, of the useless brush wood out is
scorned by most people, and this ends the possibility of sensible im-
provement for many years in many cases.

The p^-Mi herewith presented is designed with a view to the great-
est simplicity of arrangement. It contemplates the removal of some

XOTES ON ORNAMENTAL PLANTING. 95

of the sbnibbery in front of the building, and the planting of distinct,
sharply defined groups and masses of trees, which should be set out
under a system of classification by families as far as practical. The
lawns or open spaces between the groups should never be permitted
to be dotted over with bushes or trees of any kind, but should be kept
open for lawn ramble and play ground. This much of improvement is
within the reach of any of our educational institutions, and if done by
them the grounds will develop in the course of time into sylvan feat-
ures of great beauty, from which both the young and the old can learn
many lessons of arboriculture and correct judgment in matters of
decoration of grounds.

The walks and grading and sraoothening of the ground form the
mechanical part of the improvement, which owing to the expenses in-
volved, depends much on controllieg circumstances, and may take
years of gradual labor before it can be completed without a special
fund granted to it. This portion of the plan is only the finishing touch,
but not the reality of truly progressive improvement. Let those feat-
ures of the work costing least, and requiring years for their develop-
ment, be thought of first, and let tlie incidential walks be made when
the necessary funds are at hand.

Eegretting my inability to be present at your meeting, I am.

Very respectfully yours,

M. G. KERX.

The following was offered by Major Ragan :

Mr. President, 1 move the following resolution,

Resolved^ That this society is in favor of ornamental improvement
of the public school grounds of this State, having already begun the
work by making an example in laying out and planting the grounds of
the State Xormal School at Warrensburg, under this societies direc-
tion, by a competent landscape gardener, and further.

Resolved, That at next Arbor day we make the effort to have the
grounds either at Kirksville or Carthage improved in like manner, and,

Resolved, further, Tha,t the Agricultural Department at \yashing-
ton City be petitioned to aid this society in the further improvement of
our public school grounds.

Z. S. RAGAy.

M MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

KELATION OF EARTH WOEMS TO HORTICULTURE.

BY PROF. SHIPPERD, OF SPRINGFIELD.

We are fast learning not to despise the least of the myriad forms
of life that teems around us since science is constantly showing how
some of the most lowly and apparently noxious animals or plants are of
the utmost value to man.

The study of nature has revealed some wonderful correlations of
growth. Haeckel, for instance, has shown that certain tribes of people
in the Pacific islands are dependent for food, clothing and even life on
so insigniticent an insect as the body louse. This is the case as he
states it : The bread-fruit tree is the source of their food, clothing and
the material with which to construct their houses and boats. This tree
would bear no fruit, and would eventually die, were it not for the in-
sscts that carry the pollen from one flower to another and thus secure
the fertilization of the flower. Now these insects are destroyed by in-
sectivorous birds, and the latter are, in turn, eaten by birds of prey.
But the enemy of birds of prey is the body louse, and if these are
abundant they destroy their host, so if there are many body lice, there
are few birds of prey, and consequently the insectivorous birds are not
destroyed. This leaves a multitudinous enemy for the insects, and
with their destruction the trees fail of fertilization and the natives are
subject to starvation for lack of food.

Although no such striking correlation is traced in the case of the
earth worm, it is surprising how little we have known in regard to the
real functions of so common an animal. It is to Charles Darwin's ob-
servations during the last years of his life that we owe the most of our
present knowledge of how great results these humble creatures can
accomplish. That we more readily understand how these results are
brought about, it will be necessary to mention the chief anatomical
characteristics of the earth worm.

The animal consists of an elongated tube made up of some two
hundred rings or joints. The anterior, or head end, is larger and
blunter than the more or less flattened posterior end, and about one-
tliird the distance from the head end is a large swollen place called
■" the saddle." The outside skin glistens with a most beautiful irides-

&'

RELATION OF EARTH WORMS TO HORTICULTURE. 97

cence in the sunshine, due to the breaking up of the rays of light by
the numerous rings or constrictions. As the worm breathes by gill-like
organs, its body must always be kept moist, so an immense amount of
mucous or slime is secreted from its whole surface. Just underneath
the second joint of the head a peculiar slit or opening marks the posi-
tion of the mouth ; this opens into an enlarged tube leading to the
stomach, which tube, because of its occasional protrusion for the
seizure of food, is called the proboscis. The stomach is a mere en-
largement of the intestine, and together with the latter passes as a
straight tube to the posterior end of the body. Just in front of the
stomach are two large branched glands, which, from the fact that they
«ecrete immense quantities of a solution of carbonate of lime, are
called the calciferous glands. The function of this secretion is believed
to be the neutralizing of acid food, as it is frequently thrown out to
cover such food. It undoubtedly- aids in the digestion of the food out-
side of the body, and is the only case, as far as known, of extra-stom-
achal digestion. By placing an earth worm on a plate and watching the
peculiar wriggling motion, a row of minute spines may be noticed on
either side of the body. These can be readily felt by drawing a worm
through the fingers from head to tail. These bristles are worked by a
complicated set of muscles which makes locomotion very rapid. Every
schoolboy who has ever dug worms for bait will testify to the rapidity
with which a worm can escape pursuit, and this is the way that it is
•done ; Expanding the body posteriorly, the bristles are fastened, like
so many little anchors, holding that end in the soil ; by another set of
muscles the anterior end is elongated to a certain distance, and there
anchored by means of the bristles, when the rest of the body is drawn
up to it, and the process repeated indefinitely. When the worm moves
rapidly it may eat large quantities of soil, from which it assimilates
whatever nourishing organic matter it may contain. This earth is fre-
quently discharged at the surface of the ground in irregular, coiled
dirt-castings, so commonly seen around small holes on our lawns and
in the gardens ; it is not uncommon to see as many as six or eight of
these little mounds in the space of one square foot, from which we may
infer something of the quantity of soil thus brought from below to the
surface of the earth.

Von Hensen studied these little animals for several years, and to
him, as well as to Darwin, are we greatly indebted for our present
knowledge. He describes their habits in a most interesting manner,
stating that it is mainly at night and during damp weather that they

H. R.— 7

98 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

come to the surftice to eject their castings, and how thej" pull leaves,
twigs, seeds and germinating plants into their holes ; the leaves are
usually rolled singly and drawn by their stems down into the holes,
which extend almost vertically, frequently from three to six feet into
the soil. These vegetable substances are left several inches below the
surface, and when partially softened by decay, are eaten, forming, with
the organic matter of the earth, the main food supply of the worm.

That earth worms play an important part in the economy of nature
is evident from the fact that they bring from underneath the ground
to the surface large quantities of earth in the shape of castings. These
casting are enriched by mixture with the intestinal and urinary secre-
tions of the worm, so that frequently sandy, poor soil, by this process,
is converted into a rich humus. Darwin has, by a long-continued
series of experiments in varioiis parts of England, calculated that on
each acre of ground more than two tons of dry earth annually passes
through the bodies of these worms and is brought to the surface, so
that the whole superficial bed of vegetable mould passes through their
bodies in the course of a very few years.

The original surface of the earth was, in most places, solid rock, and
the present superficial layer of soil, varying in thickness from a few
inches to a hundred feet or more, has been formed by such agents as
the chemical and physical action of the atmosphere, water, acids, frost,
ice, wind, etc., while, in addition to these, the earthworm has played a
most important part, not only in enriching the soil, but in helping to
make it. Wind and rain tend to remove the surface soil from high
places and carry it to the the valleys below, so that there is a constant
tendency to lowering the country in height, and to a spreading out in
area near the sea shore. It is a fact, however, that in hardly any places
do we find the rocks entirely- denuded of their soil; consequently, there
must be some counteracting agency at work to assist in making, from
the underlying rock, new soil to replace that washed away by surface
drainage. It is here that the service of the earthworm is most marked;
their burrows, which are so numerous, provide an easy means of access
to the rocks for the atmospheric gases and organic acids which are the
chief causes of their disintegration. Mr. Julien states that there are
probably a dozen or more organic acids that are produced by the decay
of vegetable matter. Part of the intestinal juices of the earthworm
are acid, and it is probable, Darwin says, that they are the same as
those produced by the decay of organic matter. These acids, and the
acid salts produced by their combination with some of the alkaline
errths, act strongly in dissolving such common rocks as limestone and.

RELATION OF EARTHWORMS TO HORTICULTURE. 99

the oxides of iron; some of them, Thenard found, will dissolve colloid
silica. The chemical solution of these soils is also aided largely, as
Darwin has shown, by agitation ; in this, the constant passing of the
soil through the intestines of the worms is of great service, as it tends
to constantly bring fresh surfaces of the materials of the earth into
contact with the acids. The caving of the old worm-burrows, and the
formation of new, also aids largely in the process of chemical action.
The excess of leaves and buds which the worms drag deep into their
burrows, will bring, by their decay, the humus acids nearer to the bed-
rock, which is thus exposed to their action. It is evident, from the
amount of sand and other coarse materials found in the gizzards of
these worms (and Darwin has also proved that this coarse material is
dissolved by the chemical process of digestion), that the coarser sub-
stances are pulverized, enriched and converted into a fine soil by this
trituration.

We might speak, also, of the agency of worms in smoothing off
and leveling rough fields and lawns. The writer has noticed, on his
his own lawn, that the rough places left by the foot of a stray horse or
cow are very quickly obliterated. Rough ploughed fields, in a few
years, if left alone, soon become tolerably smooth pasture land. The
immense amount of worm castings is carried, either by wind or rain,
and deposited in the depressions, thus rendering the surface compara-
tively smooth in a relatively short time. Worms also prepare the soil
for the gardener, rendering it friable and soft, thus aiding the growth
of fibrous-rooted plants more than the efforts of the most skillful culti-
vator. The worm-burrows must also aid largely in facilitating the prog-
ress of the larger roots in the soil, and, by bringing decaying leaves
and organic matter in direct contact with these roots, assist greatly in
the nourishment of the plant.

In closing this brief and, necessarily, imperfect sketch of a humble
worker, we may say that few animals have borne so important a part in
preparing the earth for the use of man as that which has, heretofore,
always been called by us the insignificant earth worm.

Mr. George Husman was called upon to give a few thoughts upon
the grape.

Mr. Husman — I don't know that I could give you any advice or in-
formation on the subject. I could tell you how we grow vines in Cali-
fornia, or how I used to grow them here. I have become rusty in five
years absence, and by growing and pruning different varieties, and in
different ways altogether there from those here.

100 MISSOURI STATE HOETIGULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Speer — Grapes are not grown in Bates county to any great ex-
tent, but the vines seem to be in very fine condition ; no rot and no in-
sects up to this time. The Concord is grown generally, but some of
the new varieties, as Moore's Early, Goethe and Worden are doing
well.

Mr. Husman — The grape mildew we have here is very different
from the mildew we have in California. Peronospora is the one that
is best counteracted by the copperas and lime solution. It was my
privilege to attend the J^ational Grape Growers' Convention, and I will
make a short report of what we did then. I have been highly gratified
by the advance made as shown by calling such a convention. About
seventy-five became members, and a uniform spirit of enthusiasm pre-
vailed. Commissioner Colman took strong grounds and recognized the
industry as a national one. He hoped to see the day when we would
have a bureau of viticulture in connection with the Department of Ag-
riculture.

We had two very pleasant reunions, for which upward of 5,000
invitations were sent out. One evening we used eastern wines, the
second evening California wines. And among the 5,000 people there
was not a case of drunkenness. I think this a very satisfactory dem-
onstration of the fact that people could get together and enjoy wine
without getting drunk.

BEST MEANS OF FIGHTING THE CODLING MOTH.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Goodman— li is easier to fight the codling moth than the gou-
ger. We can use the paris green mixture for the former with the force-
pump. It has been tested in the East very extensively. They mix a
pound of paris green in forty gallons of water, continually stirring; put
the barrel in a wagon, drive through the orchard and spray it onto the
trees soon after the bloom drops. Three times is as often as is neces-
sary to make perfect apples. If any one has tried any experiments in
destroying the codling moth, let lis hear from him.

Mr. Steivart — Tell us something about the gouger.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA.

101

Mr. Goodman — It is very much like the curculio, but bores a round
hole, and goes through its transformations in the apple instead of the
plum. The little hard knots you find in the apple are made by the
gouger. It is much harder to fight than the codling motb.

Mr, Husman — We hang up vessels of sweetened water and build
bonfires in the orchard at night, and one of the most effective ways is
to keep hogs running in the orchard. I have had them in my orchard
and we have not had nearly as many codling moth as before.

Mr. Patterson — I have looked in the apples found on the ground,
but have never found a worm in one of them, and hence, I believe the
hogs would do no good. We get many with paper bands.

REPORTS OF SPECIAL COMMITTEES.

Your Committee on Fruits and Flowers make the following awards:

Best box Cherries, J. C. Evans

Best box Red Currants, J. B. Durand..
Best box White Currants, J, C. Evans.
Best box Raspberries, L. A. Goodman.

Best box Cumberland, J. C. Evans

Best box Crescent, W. G. Tinsley

Best box Joe Burrows, R. McD. Smith

Best box Bnbachs No. 5, A. Bryant

Best box Wilson , L. A. Goodman

Best basket Flowers, H. Nielson

Best design Flowers, R. S. Brown ... .

Best wreath Flowers, P. Ducret

Best hand Bouquet, L. A. Goodman . . .

Best table Bouquet, P. Ducret

Best vase Bouquet, L. A. Goodman.. . .
Extra, Mrs . W . E. Jackson

$1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 CO

1 00

1 00

1 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

2 00

$23 00

102 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Your couimittee find on the tables seventy-nine plates apples, rep-
resenting almost that number of varieties, in a fine state of preserva-
tion, some one, and others, we are told, are two years old. This, to
your committee, is matter of wonder and pleasure, and evinces the
very fine success our secretary has attained in his efforts at preserving
these fruits on experiment with cold storage.

Your committee might report comparison of varieties, but pass to
mention one plate Jonathan, sent in from Oregon, Mo., kept in an ord-
inary cellar. It is very fine, and remarkably sound for an apple of its
season.

We also find i)late8 of Lawver and Janet, kept in ordinary cellar
in Montgomery county, grown and presented here by Mr. Lionberger,
chairman of this committee, who declines to say anything of his own
products, but the other two on the committee are pleased to say that
these specimens are fine and well preserved in soundness, color and
weight.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

F. LIONBERGER,
WM. KAUFMAN,
D. S. HOLMAN.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINAL RESOLUTIONS.

1st. Resolved, That the thanks of this society are due and hereby
tendered to the following railroad companies for reduced rates and
other courtecies granted the members and friends of the society in
their attendance at the third semi-annual meeting at Louisiana, June 8
and 9, 1886, namely:

The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific ; the Hannibal & St. Joseph ; the
Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluff; the Chicago & Alton ; the
St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern ; the Chicago, Burlington & Kansas
City ; the Missouri Pacific system ; the St. Louis & San Francisco ;
the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf and the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 103

2d. Jiesolved, that we sincerely thank the Cumberland Presby-
terian church for the use of this comfortable, elegant and commodious
house for our meetings.

3d. Resolved, that the thanks of this society are due Mr. Hans
!Neilson, St. Joseph; Mr. R. S. Brown, Kansas City, and Mrs. W. E.
Jackson, Louisiana, for their contributions of exquisite flowers that
make up this floral display.

4th. Resolved, that the thanks of this society are due to Messrs.
Stark Brothers and Capt. W. AV. Anderson for their great and valuable
services in their care and entertainment of the members and friends of
^he society on this occasion.

5th. Resolved, that the thanks of this society are due to the Hon.
Mayor and City Council for their kind invitation to visit the city at
"their expense, and to the citizens who have hospitably opened their
homes for the entertainment of the members of the society.

6th. Resolved, that the thanks of this society are due the press of
the State for printing the reports of the transactions of this meeting.

7th. Resolved, that this meeting will result in much advancement
in the cause of horticulture, and that it has been very enjoyable to all
present.

L. L. SEILER,
J. B. DURAND,
S. M. BAYLES.

Adjourned to 8 p. m.

WEDXESDAY, 8 P. M.

INIeeting called to order and a song was given by the choir, after
-which Rev. Pearson offered prayer. Another song was given. Then
.an essay was read by Maj. Ragau,

104 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORXAMEXTAL.

BY Z. S. RAGAN, OF INDEPENDENCE.

It has been said that horticulture is the flower of agriculture, and
it may be further claimed that the ornamental is aesthetic in horticul-
ture, and that it is not confined to any station in refined civilized
society. From the poor to the wealthy, from the humble cottage to the
palatial mansion.

Adornments to make home attractive and to render home what the
poet has claimed " Home, sweet home," should engage the study of all
good citizens. The limited dooryard of the humble cottage (not unfre-
quently one of the first improvements of the young wife) is to plant
some shrubs and flowers^ as best she can, and how often doomed to
disappointment from a want of appreciation on account (shall I say,) of
her better half suffering the horse or calves to brouse their tender buds,
or the rooter invert them by turning the wrong end to sun and view.
If we may be allowed the digression, to treat of match-making, would
advise the girls to shun the men who have no taste for horticulture*
The limited dooryard of the humble new beginner may have some beds
of Pansies, Wild Columbine, Blue Flags, Red Lilly, Ladyslipper, Azalia
and Mayflower, all native and hardy. To which may be added Verbenas r
Yucca, Honeysuckels, Snowball, Syringa, Lilac, etc. Also Trumpet
Vine, Virginia Creeper, Wisteria or Virginia Silk Vine trained over or
about the cottage as evidence of the best and noblest efforts of the
inmates to do what they can to beautify their home and country. To
treat of the other extreme, numerous and tasty suburban and country
residences through the length and breadth our country might be intro-
duced as models of highest praise.

Mr. Downing has given some fine illustrations in his work on
Landscape Gardening, and Henry Winthrop Sargent in his revision of
that work adds: "It must be conceded by observing and discriminat-
ing persons that the style of our country places is still vastly inferior to
the marked improvements in rural architecture."

Persons do not think of building their own houses but employ
skillful artists, yet leave the laying out of the lawn and surroundings
to chance without giving thought or study, or calling to their aid a

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 105

practical and professional Landscape gardener, whose knowledge will
enable him to have the lawn and landscape to harmonize and correspond
with the modern taste in architecture.

We have given an example of the humble cottager, and will now
bring to your notice of a living example of the other extreme. In so
doing, will have to go no further than our neighbor, H. M. Vaile, Esq.^
in the suburbs of Independence, who has devoted much study and
attention to the ornamentation of the surroundings about his fifty
thousand dollar mansion. He has an extensive lawn geometrically and
artistically laid out and arranged displaying a wonderful degree of skill
and taste. His tender plants and flowers are renewed every spring
from his conservatory or greenhouse. His front lawn last year con-
tained eighty thousand flowering and foliage plants, which are kept up
and 80 arranged mid walks and drives and clumps so as to constitute
in all one grand and gorgeous boquet, as viewed from the steps of the
house. Yet this lawn does not constitute the full extent of the picture
of this suburban. To give some faint idea of a more extended view of
these premises by casting an eye to the south, beyond the lawn may be
seen rustic works, and farther in the distance clumps of ornamental
trees and family orchard. To the rear tenantry and winery, waterworks,,
conservatory, stabling and park containing wild animals. To the
north, artificial lake, boathouses, etc. Bounding this may be seen
barns and pastures on which range herds of thoroughbreds. Taken
altogether, it embodies a landscape of rare beauty for a newly improved
homestead. Whilst the two extremes mentioned may not be applicable
to the great mass of our people, yet all intermediates should strive to
beautify both home and country-. If more of our capitalists would
invest a portion of their surplus in rendering home attractive as well
the ornamentation of our country instead of absorbing all in stocks and
bonds or speculation, it would be a laudable example, beside a source
of pleasure to know that they had done something to beautify their
country.

In connection with this subject I will quote from the Buffalo ^j7-
^ress, which says of siiburban Bpston: "Then the Boston host can
take his guest such a drive from Cambridge through Watertown, J!!<rew-
town proper, and all the other ISTewtons to Auburndale, as cannot be
matched in the country ; over twelve miles of roads smooth as a billiard
table, shaded on either side by grand old trees, which stand like sen-
tinels in front of an endless succession of the finest private estates in
this country, and every one of them maintained in the highest degree
of perfection. A stranger is at once impressed with the fact that these

106 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are homes in the best sense of the word, and the people who inhabit
them do not live in their trunks five months of the year, as do all good
New Yorkers. Yet the route I have indicated is only one in all direc-
tions and equally charming. Each time I visit Boston and its suburbs
I am more convinced than ever of the fact that at least its middle and
higher classes get more enjoyment and comfort out of life than do
people of corresponding classes of this city, and at an expenditure of
one quarter of the money."

My own observation while visiting Boston and witnessing the
suburbans alluded to by the writer will lead me to mention Boston
Commons as a model sample of neatness and beauty rarely met with in
the way of a park or pleasure resort, especially do we admire the many
ancient and native shade trees. The people of Missouri may learn a
lesson and seek desireable homesteads and public grounds adjacent to
our rising cities ere it is too late to preserve and retain some of these
noble specimens that have been growing for centuries.

In looking over the programme for this meeting I find that our
secretary has assigned to me Landscape Gardening on Public Eoads.
It may be that he intended as well streets and public grounds, in the
way of trees for shade and ornament. If so, while this is a very desir-
able improvement, but one that will be hard to reduce to landscape
from the fact that our public roads are generally laid out on straight
lines, without affording sufficient variation and variety to command the
admiration of the aesthetic observer. Y'et nature comes to our aid, and
what may be seen from my window as I write may compare with thous-
ands of other localities. By looking down and across the great Mis-
souri river the valley is lovely, and as farms rise gradually on the other
side amid promentories and clumps of timber and prairie alternating
with cleared fields and these valleys with cities and thriving vilages give
to the landscape a very pleasing perspective.

Before streets and public grounds and roads can be brought to be
ornamental, some legislation, either municipal or State, may be neces-
sary to secure uniformity. And before any great reform in this way
can be expected, the public must be educated through precept or ex-
ample. Some cities and some State Horticultural Societies are agitat-
ing this question and furnish commendable examples.

There seems to be frequent inquiries as to the best kinds of trees
to be used for streets and ornament. I have in former articles
attempted to give a partial list, yet the subject is one that requires time
and observation to test those that may succeed best in different locali-
ties I can only speak of those mainly that I have tested. For streets

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 107

and public highways native hardy kinds, and of thrifty growth, and not
subject to split or break by storms are most desireable, such as Kock
or Sugar Maple, Elm, Ash, Linden, Sycamore, Cottonwood, Chestnut,
Hickory, Walnut and Oak. The nutbearing trees have long tap roots
and do not succeed well unless they have been well root-pruned pre-
vious to being transplanted.

For lawns and ornamental grounds some of the foregoing deciduous
trees may be used if desired, to which others may be added, such as
Wier's cut-leaved Maple, Norway Maple, Cut-leaved Weeping Birch,
Horse Chestnuts (in variety), Cut-leaved Alder, Purple-leaved Filbert,
Everllowering Weeping Cherry, Judas Tree or Red Bud, Purple-leaved
Beech, Aucubaleaved Ash, Golden Barked Weeping Ash, Weeping
Tooth-leaved Mountain Ash, Weeping European Linden, Eed Fern-
leaved Linden, Tea's Catalpa, Wahoo and Tulip tree or Poplur. Coni-
fers, White Pine, Hemlock, Balsam Fir, Double Spruce, Arborvitae,
^all American). Norway Spruce, Austrian and Scotch Pine, Siberian
Arborvitte, Compacta and Savin, the two latter Dwarfs. To which
might be added many others as well as a great many handsome hardy
shrubs and Howers, which we fail to have room at this time to mention.

Z. S. RAGAjST.

Independence, Mo., June 7, 1886.

FARMERS WIVES AS FLORISTS.

BY MRS. MARIE RODEMYER OF CENTRALIA.

No one possesses the advantage of the farmer's wife in surround-
ing her home with beautiful and attractive floral decoration. The
farmer's wife should be a florist, her ample grounds gives such fine ad-
vantage for the display of taste and inginuity in floral arrangement. It
requires something of the eye of an artist at first to form and arrange
flower beds satisfactory. The love of floraculture can be cultivated

103 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to a degree, and as the kuowledg-e of its science is unfolded to us, it
becomes a captivating pastime. The outlay, in time and money is
trifling when brought in compare with our enjoyment from our beauti-
ful surroundings, to say nothing of the ruddy health acquired by the
outdoor exercise, which alone will treble any expense we may have in-
curred. To be successful in the arrangement and display, one must be
able to harmonize in color and form, and to group flowers with due re-
gard to taste. The knowledge of a florist is very essential, and can
soon be learned by self-teaching and observation. First learn to select
your stock suitable to your arrangements, next learn to cultivate.

The flower beds can be varied as to size and shape, crescent, ob-
long,square or round. The center of beds and background of borders
should be filled with the taller variety of flowers, such as Cannas^
Coleus, Dahlias and Salvias, any such tall variety, of which there are
hundreds to choose from. They should however be arranged with due
regard as to their adaptibility of color and form. The edges filled
with diversified dwarf variety and small trailing plants as Verbenas,
Pansies, Lobelias and Moss. Limited space deter us pointing out the
manifiold ways by which these decoration may be varied.

Our aim is to induce our sister woman to take an interest with us.
They will, I am sure, find the highest gratification in the realization of
these artistic triumphs, which the blending of flowers and varigated
foliage lends to enhance the beauty of our surroundings, and makes
all creation seem set to a brighter and happier key.

The is no limit to the use of flowers both as a source of profit and
pleasure, and more attention is now being given to this branch than
formerly.

Here we have the soil and climate favorable to floraculture,
and every lady can at least grow sufficient to adorn her own home, and
while gratifying her own taste, she will have that which is pleasing to
her friends as well. Florists all over our broad land are earning money
rapidly and easily, then why should not women be florists ? The health-
fulness commends it, the remuneration quite as good if not better than
many of the devices adopted to eke out a living. Let women be
florists, thus blending profit with pleasure and making earth full of
heaven.

A small greenhouse or conservatory costs but little in which to
winter her greenhouse plants, and she can fill her home with summer
while the chill winter blast is howling outside. We are glad to see old
fogyism giving place to the esthetic taste of to-day. And it is possible
to make the poorest habitation charming, by the judicious display of

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 109

plants and vines about the doors and windows. But flowers too, form
an important part in decoration, when arranged with taste and skill
they transform the humblest dwelling into a pleasing retreat where we
can toil in forgetfulness of the jars and discord of every day life.
Flowers have an irresistable way of robbing our labor of its dull
monotony. Culture improves and art utilizes flowers. But art while
utilitarian to a degree does not rob the floral gem, fresh gathered from
God's garden, (earth,) of its beauty, rather it steps into natures help
and prolongs that triumph. Left to decay flowers soon becomes un-
sightly objects. The love of flowers grows with us, as we are initiated
into the mystery of their culture and habits, in watching the germina-
ting of plants from minute seeds, and the formation of tiny rootlets
to little cuttings in sand.

Flowers, from time immemorial have been the theme of poets and
philosophers, and bards of old, tuned their lyres to sing peons to their
beauty and fragrance.

The ancients delighted to idolize and symbolize objects, they
placed their God's and Godesses in cups of flowers, and we may trace
in our own sympathies toward certain plants, the lingering still of
heathen mythology. We desire to see the tastes of all, and especially
our young people elevated and reflned, and this can best be done
through the refining influence of a pleasant and tranquil home, which
in my experience can always be found, where flowers grow.

EVEEGEEENS.

BY CHAS. PATTERSON, KIRKSVILLE.

Even in my boyhood days, when I sometimes had occasion to get
enough of dark, dismal forests, I involuntarily regarded those upright,
stately monarch s as a superior creation to other trees, both in appear-
ance and usefulness. This veneration has naturally been increased by
absence from their association, and a corresponding value placed on

110 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the few specimens planted here and there for ornament and protection.
Selecting groves for places of worship seems but obedience to a na-
tural impulse, and I feel more like uncovering my head in the presence
of a few venerable living towers, than the most immense piles of brick
or rock. An attempt to set a money value on them, seems almost
sacrilegious, and ten fold, or even hundred fold, return of actual cost
would scarcely be any temptation to the most sordid for parting with
a well grown specimen in a proper place.

Perhaps very few would state the case as strongly as this, but it
is safe to say that still fewer, or none, would make any attempt to
refute it in the presence of half a dozen ten or fifteen year old, thrifty,
well placed specimens. Very few would directly add one hundred
dollars to the price of the farm directly for each such specimen, but
with other appurtenances somewhat in keeping, buyer and seller would
unconsciously place it there none the less, and the mention of ten
dollars would be considered ridiculous. Why is it, then, that we see
so few of them on the average farms, so called homes, the memory of
which children should cherish? I can only answer by echoing: Why"?

It is true that they are somewhat harder to transplant than com-
mon deciduous trees, that if the sap is once stagnated they cannot be
revived, necessitating more careful handling. But there is more or
less risk with any kind of trees, and prodigious failures, e8i)ecially in
hands not trained or accustomed to the requirements. Besides these
are nearly always planted in the hardest sod on the farm, where the
soil is not near fitted to grow a hill of corn, and the surrounding grass
absorbs all the moisture long before the garden or decently kept or-
chard would suffer. Digging up the soil some time beforehand, when
in proper condition, a circle six to eight feet in diameter, and mulching,
or better, hoeing afterwards, would entitle us to expect more uniform
success. Watering may be helpful and necessary, but a thorough
soaking, not sprinkling. I have have to-day gradually put two barrels
of water on a cultivated birch moved last winter, with a ball of ice. A
nail keg, leaky bucket or salt barrel will allow the water to soak in
without baking the soil.

As to varieties, we are much less liable to go astray than in plant-
ing apple trees. Quite a number are entirely free from any objections,
which can hardly be said of any apple.

Scotch and White Pine are universal favorites, both for growing:
in the nursery and on the lawn, and the taste would be singularly fas-
tidious or perverted that could dispense with either.

SUMMER MEETINa AT LOUISIANA. Ill

Austrian Piue is quite as desirable as a tree, but lias the ugly
liabit of being partly brown preparatory to shedtling its leaves just at
time we deliver in the spring, which makes it liable to suspicion of a
dying condition, and being so nearly like the Scotch, we can just as
well dispense with it.

Red Pine (sometimes called Norway Pine) is the peer of all, with
its long, persistent leaves, but unfortunately it is nearly always scarce
and hard to grow. I have had but one opportunity in twelve or fifteen
years to get a stock of them.

Norway Spruce is too well known to need more than mention. It
seems to me, however to grow more straggling and bare branches in
our soil than other places, which could probably be obviated by cut-
ting back such branches, but it is very seldom attended to.

I am partial to the White Spruce for growing more compact and a
rather nicer tree while young at least, but it may not live as long or
retain its beauty as well as the Norway.

Balsam Fir is very satisfactory, both in the nursery and lawn while
young. No tree can make a better show at delivery and for many
years afterwards, but it does not grow as large or live as long as the
pines, which may be in its favor in some cases.

American Arbor VitiB is perhaps the easiest transplanted, on ac-
count of its numerous fibrous roots, and I know of no objection to it,
unless the tendency to get brown in cold weather, like the Red Cedar,
from which they quickly recover on approach of warm weather. Both
can be clipped to any desired shape, and without clipping they soon
get straggling and bare. I saw a hedge lately that seemed twenty-five
feet high, and only five or six feet wide at the bottom, tapering to the
top, which was a beauty and comfort to the place.

Hemlock seems to have been very sparingly planted everywhere,
as I have -seen very few old trees, but I know of no good reason for
avoiding them, especially in collections of any extent.

Larch, though shedding its leaves in fall, is resinous and cone-bear-
ing. Out of quite a number planted in my knowledge I know of but
one good specimen, which is not sufficient to recommend it here. Be-
sides, it starts to grow with gooseberries, and it is impracticable for
me to get it to customers in time in the spring.

Junipers are nicer than any pictures, when we succeed in growing
them to any size and age, but this is so very precarious and uncommon
that I think we can serve the general interest best, by wholly discard-
ing them, especially as we have a number of dwarf trees to take their
places.

112 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

Pyramidal, Compacta, Siberian and Tom Thumb, and presumably all
the dwarf varieties of American Arbor Vitte, are perfectly hardy and
satisfactory as far as I have observed. But when it comes to any of
the Oriental or Chinese varieties, it is equally safe to exclude them
from our localities.

By way of experimenting, I have the Ponderosa Pine, which seemed
last year to be winter hurt, but Mr. Douglas tells me it is subject to a
fungus, on account of which he has abandoned it. The Dwarf Pine
(Mayho) shows some very nice specimens, low, wide and compact, but
quite variable from seed. But it shows some brown like the Austrian,
or perhaps like the Ponderosa, which induces some misgivings for the
present. The Douglas Spruce and Blue Spruce (Menzesii) both looked
badly damaged this spring, but are coming out fairly well. It is pos-
sible that young, small plants might be so affected, and withstand our
rigorous winters when older, but hardly likely, and Mr. Douglas claims
that only seed from Colorado will make hardy trees. This would seem
a point of valuable indication to those in search of other iron-clads.

CHAS. PATTERSON.

OUR HOMES.

BY MRS. REV. E. D. PEARSON, LOUISIANA.

There are themes so great, that arising before us in their magni-
tude they almost appall us w^ith their grandeur, and we are dumb with
"wonder. There are subjects so woven and interwoven with the best
interests of society that they never grow old, but call upon us yester-
day, to-day and to-morrow for a careful hearing. There are chords in
the human heart that beat and vibrate, as if set to sweet music when
a them.e so dear to every heart as home is mentioned — when the best
interest of our fellow-man are brought to view, and we are made to
feel and know that we can benefit, tbat loe can give pleasure where no
sweet pleasures grow, or that we can bring order out of confusion and
cause the wilderness to blossom as the rose, in short ; that we can and

SUIMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 113

•

l)e our brothers keeper. When darkness reigned upon the earth, and
Chaos marked this world as his — from the Eternal came the word:
•*' Let there be light and there was light," the waters rolled and surged
in their places and land, in time, dry land appeared and old earth had
her place among the whirling worlds. God looking from on high, upon
his work saw that it was good and very good. Then the chorus of
heaven was awakened — the morning stars sang together and the sons
•of God, shouted for joy. We learn that in the fairest portion of that
young earth, God planted a garden and out of the ground he made to
grow " every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food." The
rivers went out of Eden to water this garden — the dews of heaven came
down upon it, and the mists from the earth watered the whole face of the
ground. And the Lord made man and put him in the garden to dress
and keep it, giving him dominion over the combined kingdoms of the
animal and vegetables. By and by, the work became too great for
Adam. He needed help, and pined by the way, and Our Father in
Heaven, seeing his need, came with his last best gift — the beautiful
Eve, to help him in his grand work. Thus was formed the first great
horticultural society, founded and brought into existence by He who
liung our world upon nothing and created ma^n from the dust of the
■earth, breathing with his nostrils the breath of life— a high born lineage
running down to us through revolving years. 1 need not tell you the
sad old story of the serpent's entry into that garden, for we learn he
■was the most subtle of all the beasts of the field, tempting our great
fore-parents to sin and caused the breaking up of thai, our first great
ancestral home. This story is too old to repeat, its effects too near to
our view, for we all know that death is abroad in the land, and that the
thorn, the thistle and briar do grow, and that the bug, the locust and
catterpillar infest our orchards and fruits and the truth of the mandate,
■"by the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat bread all thy days," is bourne
to us on every breeze.

But man is now striving to redeem the lost cause and to restore
the world to its pristine state. • The-nearest approach to that state be-
fore the fall is the well organized and thoughtfully conducted home.
Homes such as we have in the United States of Amerixja — homes such
as we have on our broad prairies where golden grain and waving corn
give out their influence and go to swell the marts of the world; homes
nestled in the hills where vines and fruits and flowers do or should
greet us on every side ; homes where the proud feeling of possession,
•by right of ownership, come to make it doubly sure. But the mandate

H E — 8

114 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hath gone forth, " by the sweat of thy brow thou slialt eat bread all
thy days." Trees beautiful to see and good for food do not spring up
with mushroom growtli, but require nights of nursing and days of
watching. Thoughtful minds and cunning fingers, and all honor to
those that have tried, and are now trying the most perfect methods of
tilling the earth so as to produce the best results in combining the
beautiful, the useful and good. Historians tell us that horticulture
as gardening has been pursued from the earliest times of civilization or
national refinement. The sacred historian tells us of the grapes of
Eschal, the pomegranate and fruits of the field. Of the tall cedars of
Lebanon of which Solomon, the wisest of the wise, built his house on
the mountain Bide for his Egyptian bride, of his gardens, watered from
the eternal springs. In his immortal song he sings his i)raises of the
Eose of Sharon and the lily of the valley. According to Pliny the
Eomans had small gardens filled with roses, violets and other sweet
scented flowers, but the thoughtful and cultured Greek brought the
art to a higher state of cultivation, and to them we owe the origin of
some of our choice plants. We have all read of the beautiful temple
of Daphne, which, by their cunning and expert hand, combined with
Eoman money, was almost too beautiful for earth, and leaves Old
Antioch one of the immortal things of the past. And even where the
Arab stretched his tents the proud old shiek had his orchajd of palms,
dividing his time and thoughts with his beautiful Arab steed. But in
those old days of war and rumors of war there was not time for the
art to reach perfection, for we learn the science declined with the fall
of Eome and was trodden under foot by the roving Goth and vandal,
and was not revived until long after, under the monastic rule. Charle-
magne established gardens and by royal edict directed the plants to be
grown. The lords and nobles had gardens of their own, and England,,
in an early eay, had pleasure gardens, with fountains and walks, hedged
in around and about, but it was not until about 1717 that conserva-
tories were constructed. From that time on to the present horticul-
ture has become an art and persons hav.e been trained for the work.

It is only within the last forty or fifty years that it has made much
progress here in the United States, but truly we can say it has gone
forward with a bound in the last few years. The impetus given to it
by the great horticultural and agricultural societies of the nation and
of the states in convention, where thought meets thought, method com-
pared with method. Truly in multitude of counsel there is good as
well as safety. With helps that are now at hand and can be procured,
almost every one can beautify and furnish themselves with trees that

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 115

*

are beautiful to see and good for food. Why, I can remember but a few
years ago my father had a little nursery for his own use and his neigh-
bors good, and he had to spend hours showing and telling others how
to plant, to prune and gather, and with tomorrow the same old story
had to be repeated. Now we have this literature of the very best at
our command. Men of thought and culture are giving us the benefit
of their labors. In our own state an able paper. The Eural World, is
laboring successfully, and if you are not benefited the fault lieth at
your own door. The enquiry arises why may not our state exceed
what others yet have done : and become the garden spot of the uni-
verse and our homes the model homes of the world '? Our nurseries are
at our doors. In every part of our state they are rearing themselves in
our midst and extending helping hands. But two miles west of our
city stands, and I beg^ pardon for individualizing-, the Stark Nurseries,
the pride of the county, from which we can get every tree that is good
for food and fair to see. Beginning in the year 35 and descending
from father to son and son's son in these long years they have been
gathering strength, and force^ and utility until now they stand in.their
manhood wrapped in the glory of success, a thing of beauty and a joy
forever. There grows the tree that is fair to see and good to eat. The
roses red and berries bright. The grapes outrivaling the far-famed
eschol bunch. There grows the apple, the peach, the pear, the plum.
From this garden spot, and others like unto it, we can beautify our
home, raise the health-giving fruits, and cause them to blossom and
bloom. We can collect around them all that is attractive, and make
for our children the fairest picture that was ever drawn by artist's hand.
Mrs. Hemans, with her loving pen, has paid a lasting tribute to the
homes of England — the royal homes, the palatial homes, the cottage
homes, and even the. cot upon the heath. Sir Walter Scott, with a pen
of tire, has painted the border chieftain's home — the castled wall, the
donjon tower, the mailed warrior, the bugle's hurried call to arms.
Burns, the ])low boy poet, in his love lays has shown as much of Scot-
land's home life; and the sons of -Ireland, in their songs, all the while
tell us of home and the shamrock in Erin's green isle, and from over
the seas we hear of Bingen, sweet Bingen on the Ehine, and of the
Tiber — ^the Koman's god — the Nile, Egypt's acknowledged supporter.
But home on the Danube, the classic Tiber, the swelling Nile, the re-
nowned Thames is not what it is here on the banks of the Hudson, the
Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri. There', the feudal system cramps, and
binds, and crushes. Royalty holds the reins. Wandering tribes at
times roam the country, spreading destruction. Even where the old

116 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Salem's liaughty fane reared high to heaven its thousand golden
domes, the wandering Arab's tent flaps in the desert blast ; where the
hanging gardens of Babylon perfumed the air, the owlets hoot and
vampires hover; and on the banks of the Kile, where the dark Egyp-
tian queen held high carnival — where her gardens extended over the
face of the waters — they are not, and the story is told.

But here, in our own land and country, there is none to molest or
make us afraid. We are emphatically a nation of homes. From our
altars arise the sweetest of incense; we eat from our vine and fig tree,
and worship God according to the dictates of our own conscience —
the old Hebrew's dream of heaven. From the cottage on our praries
to the palatial residences in our cities, comes the proud feeling of pos-
session by the right of ownership — a protection in and of itself to the
nation, for seldom do we see or hear of the owner of a home crrying
the red flag of confusion. Last summer, as I tarried for a while in a
northern city, we accidentally heard a band of workmen clamoring
among themselves for a strike. One, and only one, pleaded wife and
children and home. "Boys, don't! I can't go with you; I won't go
with you." They drifted from us in their slow work, the one still plead-
ing for wife, children and home. Again I repeat, no call for the red
flag here in this favored land. Uncle Sam is yet able to give us all a
farm. Our acres are broad and productive, and here are homes for
the millions. Not for the absentee, who holds by proxy; not for the
foreigner, who accumulate our lands and send their minions here to do
their bidding — to the attention of our legislators, in halls assembled, is
now being called — but for the citizen, the law-abiding citizen, of these
United States, where they can have planting and gathering, sowing
and reaping, knowing that seed time and harvest shall never end. Es-
tablishing homes which will descend from sire to son, gathering as they
go beauty, strength and power. And of woman in these homes, the
half has not been told. AVith an eye for the beautifal, with a love for
the pure and, with a pride for a husband's success and children's ad-
vancement; with a keen quick, discernment of what is for the best
(with just one-half of a chance), home is made almost a paradise. I
know, too often, she is the Hebrew of which a song is required, and of
her bricks without straw, and that she has to battle valiantly against
combined evils; but there is many a joy in the path of life, if we only
stop to take it. In no place in this great work does she hp.ve so much
freedom, and strength and power awarded her as in the homes of our
states. Our husbands, and sons and neighbors are so gallant, so brave
and loyal that they outvie the nations of the world in chivalry to woman,

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 117

and she, in her fair realm of home, prepares a place for them — a home
in every sense of the word — where, after the day's battle is o'er, buy-
ing and selling has ceased, coming and going has ended, they may rest
from their labors, and the pleasure of home come to their tired souls
like the benediction that follows the evening prayer, and with that im-
mortal son of song — that great reader of human heart — we say:

•' Home, home ; sweet, sweet home ;

Be it ever so humble,
There's no place like home."

MRS. KEY. E. D. PEARS0:N^.

SOME OF MY EXPERIENCES IN THE NURSERY BUSINESS SINCE 1875 IN

SFDALIA. MO.

Gentlemen of the Missouri Horticultural Society^ at Louisiana, Mo :

There is perhaps no industry where honesty is as much neglected
as in this, and certainly there is no industry where this evil practice
is more injurious to the public welfare than here again. If it were not
deplorable it would be ridiculous to see the many humbugs that are
constantly practiced by tree dealers to beat the hard working farmer
out of his money. I am not opposed to the honest tree peddler, em-
ploying some myself, but if you have to read letters and hear com-
plaints, season after season, about the dishonest transactions perpe-
trated on the public by unscrupulous men you cannot but come to the
conclusion that the distribution of the many thousands of such bills of
trees amongst the tree planters i» one of the great evils under which
the American farmer is suffering.

A few of the many cases of frauds I know may be mentioned here.

" There comes a tree agent in a fine carriage from Ohio to our
farmer, sells him two dozen Russian apple trees, which are borer proof
at fifty cents each (including the Salome; think a. moment, he never
had it to offer) that can be bought for twelve tp fifteen cents retail ; or
he sells a Wisteria vine to Mrs. Williams at $1, a plant unknown here
he says, that I sell for twenty-five cents retail ; or he sold a German

118 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

farmer 400 Nortons Virginia for !$60 that all proved to be Concords ;
or as a letter from Nebraska states to me, the agent sold the hardy
Minnesota ap])le8 for fifty cents each and they proved to be seedlings ;
or like that agent that came to me this spring to buy " Queen of the
Prairie Rose" for twenty-five cents, packed it it my presence to be ex-
pressed to Mr. , Moberly, Mo., and to a councilman in our city,

to whom he had sold the rose for $2.50, as a novelty ; he lied, saying he
had just received it from Quincy, 111. I ask you, have not you all heard
of such frauds !

This is the last bill I buy from a tree agent is the standard talk of
our farmer, and it is certainly a puzzle to any logical thinking man to
see that very same man buy another bill of trees from the next agent
that makes his appearance.

If the profitable invesiment of money and labor constitutes the
basis of prosperity in a nation, there is certainly an immense loss
heaped upon this people by the unprincipled tree peddler. Or who
will defend the planting of millions of worthless fruit trees that are
annually sold in the United States, worthless because they do not suit
the climate, soil nor demand.

But all this is discussed in our meetings and the best varieties of
fruit trees as found by actual experience are promptly published, the
answer will be, that the man that orders in his ignorance the worthless
varieties is to blame for the loss he has to stand.

In the first place most of the farmers are, as a rule, ignorant in re-
gard to these points, and to remove his calamity, of course, our Horti-
cultural Societies are the very best institutions. With one fault, it seems
to me, that is the knowledge and experience pointing out the best
varieties of fruit trees for profit is not sufficiently made known.

A pami)hlet specially. prepared every fall alone for the fruit tree
planter containing the seasons results and experience in this branch
and nothing else, could be delivered for ten cents and would certainly
be read, instructing and preparing the farmer, for the inevitable tree
agent.-

But instead of this true and practical guide, he receives his agri-
cultural paper, containing all sorts of advice, some good and others
worthless, advertisements and i)ufit's and God knows how many cata-
logues, the result of their reading practically leads to confusion and
contradictions in his judgment.

Better diffusion of practical knowledge is needed here to learn
the best methods of planting and raising trees, to buy only the best
known varieties and thus save money and labor.

SUMMER MEETING AT LOUISIANA. 119

As it is to-day, it is naturally easy to the sharp, shrewd tree agent
to make a prey of the poor, hard toiler of the soil. But let one-half
dozen years be passed with the pani|)hlets mentioned, distributed on
every farm in the State and you will tind your farmers 100 per cent.
. better advised what to select and from whom to buy when they make
out their tree bill.

To say the tree agent is the pioneer of horticultural life in a new
country may be all right, as he undoubtedly induces thousands of
farmers to buy and plant trees, but if we look at the poor result these
very farmers have with most all of their trees and the loss of money
and labor that they have to suffer in unproductive investments, we
should stop and think about substituting soniething better than the
irresponsible tree agent of to-day to perform that good work of in-
ducing the planting of trees. Can that not be regulated by legislation?
Can the tree planter not be protected against frauds wherever they
come from ? For instance, a man. buys to-day a lot of fruit trees, such
as Salome, Yellow Transparent, or Marianna plum, and when in bear-
ing he finds to have been cheated.

No tree agent should be permitted to sell trees except under the
responsibility of a good Nursery firm and no bill of sale of trees should
be binding to the farmer except such a firm pledges itself for the true
name of the variety sold and delivered.

It is to a great extent the inadequate condition of our laws regard-
ing the horticultural interests of nurserymen and tree planter that
educates these criminals, that furnish a man a Concord vine for a Nor-
ton Virginia, or by a lot of unsalable varieties of trees of some over-
stocked, large nursery and label them according to their sales.

What could we (Husman & Co.,) do against that tree agent, that in
1876 bought, after spring business, our unsold peach trees, and when
he had paid for them, labeled them Amsden June that he had sold at $1
•each near HarrJsonville, Mo.

Gentlemen of this society, this matter of strict honesty between
the nurserymen and fruit tree planter is of the greatest importance to
our horticulture, and you can perform a lasting good work to bring
about a change to the better in this miserable practice of beating the
tree planter as done now.

I say it again, to lessen tbe frauds the farmer, when making his bill
•of trees with the, unfortunately, indispensable tree agent, has to stand,
but one way is practically successful in my experience, and that is

120 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

knowledge in the fruit tree business distributed in the ablest, simplest
and least expensive manner.

Very respectfully
June 7, 188G. PHIL. PFEIFFER.

Mr. Geiger read an invitation from the Boonville Society asking
the State Society to meet at that place.

JMr. Evans — I am thankful to the gentleman for the invitation, but
we can accept but one at a time, and we have plenty of invitations, I
believe it will take us a hundred years to catch up if we accept all the
invitations.

Mr. Durlies offered the thanks of the society to the singers who-
had furnished such fine music.

Mr. Bryant invited the society to meet with the Illinois Society
the first week in December. *

Mr. President accepted the invitation and said he would be there
if he could.

After a few final words of parting by the secretary, the society ad-
journed to meet at Lexington, December 7, 8, 9, 1880.

29TH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

HELD AT LEXINGTON DEC. 7-0, 1S86, AT TURNER HALL,

UPON INVITATION OF THE LAFAYETTE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL-

SOCIETY.

Many of the members arrived on the morning trains, and soon^
Turner's Hall was a buisy place. As fine a collection of apples were
shown as has ever been our lot to see together at this time of the year.
Every one was buisy putting out their fruits and arranging the hall.
At four p. M. the president called the meeting to order and
Mr. Hall of Lexington extended a hearty welcome to the society^
and spoke of the increased interest taken in horticulture in this part
of the State. He said that the meeting of the State society at Lexing-
ton had had its influence on the people of the vicinity and that influence
would continue to grow. What made the garden of Eden was Eve and
horticulture. He hoped that the business of horticulture would soon
become one of the most profitable and successful in the State. Through
the efforts of such men as Mr. Teubner and Dr. Gordon the ice had
been broken and he hoped the interest would soon be much increased.
We have too much "hog and hominy"; we want some horticulture as-
we go along. Let us raise fruits and flowers and be happy.

122 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

President — We are not surprised that there are so few members
here at this little informal meeting for the appointment of committees,
etc. We are to have an address of welcome to-night, and I hope we
will, see the- citizens out then. Before we go away from this place I
hope we will all feel as good as Mr, Hall does.

The following committees were appointed.

Committee on Fruits — E. A. Eielil, D. S. Holman, W. P. Stark.

Flowers — Mrs. L. A. Goodman, Dr. A. Goslin, Prof. L. R. Taft.

Obituary — L. Chubbuck, C. I. Eobards, C. C. Bell.

Finance — N. F. Murry, F. Lionberger, J. A. Durkes.

Final Eesolutions — J. B. Follett, Henry Speers, A. Ambrose.

THE FOLLOWING LETTERS WERE READ:

u. s. bepart3ient of agriculture, ]
WashinCtTon, U. C.,"Noy. 20, 3 880. |

Jj. A. Goodman^ Secretary Missouri State horticultural Society^ Westport,
Missouri:

Dear Sir — Your favor of the 1st Inst, has not been replied to
earlier on account of my absence from the office. I will say in reply to
your request that I shall be glad to have Prof. Riley attend the meeting
of our State society if it is possible for him to do so, and I know from
conversation with him that he will be glad to attend if his duties will
permit him. It is a very busy time with us here, unfortunately, and all
that we can say therefore, is that he shall come if it is possible, and
you may know if he does not come it will be because the pressing busi-
ness here will not permit.

Yours very truly,

NORMAN J. COLMAN, Commissioner.

P. S. — I hope you may have the largest and best meeting you have
iad for vears. N. J. C.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 123

Nebraska State Horticultural Society."^

Secretary's Office. >

Table Eock, Dec. 6, 1886. )

L. A. Goodman, Lexington, Mo. :

My Dear Sir — I cannot but express ray regrets at not being able
to meet with you and the Missouri Horticultural Society which is about
to convene, and can only say God speed the good work and so let
your light shine that your sister jSTebraska may receive some of its
brighest rays. The Nebraska Horticultural Society will meet at Lin-
coln on the third Wednesday of January, 1887, and extend a general
invitation to your society to meet with us. I promise you a kindly
greeting.

Yours Fraternally,

SAMUEL BARNARD, Secretary.

Warsaw, III., November 23, 1886.

Xi. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir — Enclosed find programm of our annual meeting.
Yours received some days ago. We expect to be represented in your
meeting and trust that you will return the compliment by sending us a
■delegate. Respectfully,

A. C. HAMMOND.

Warrensburg, Mo., Nov. 27, 18S6.

X. A. Goodman, Esq., Westport, Mo. :

Dear Sir — Since writing you I have received notice that the
legislative committee will visit our school on December 7th and 8th for
examining into its management. This may enforce my absence from
your meeting at Lexington, much to m> regret. Should the committee
change time or make a shorter stay than is expected, I may yet be able
to attend at least one day, the last. ' •

Truly yours,

GEO. L. OSBORNE.

Bluffton, Mo., Nov. 16, 1886.
JFriend Goodman :

Your card received. If life, health, financial condition of my ex-

124 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

chequer and the Missouri river admittiug, I will be with you at Lex-
ington. Will send you a paper in time so that if I cannot go it at least
will be there. There is a wintry spell upon us just now.

SAM'L. MILLER.

St. Louis, Mo., l^ov. 18, 1886.

Dear Sir — I will try to be with you on the 9th (Thursday), my
University classes prevent me from getting away before Wednesday
night. I am too busy to prepare a paper, but if you wish, will have a
word of good cheer. I shall come to meet your members and to listen
rather than to talk. Yery truly,

WM. TEELEASE.

KiRKwooD, Mo., December 30, 1880.

Mr. L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir — I have been prevented by illness from completing my
entomological notes in time to send them to you at Westport. I am
better to-day however, and will try to get them ready to mail to Lex-
ington to-morrow so that they will be awaiting you on your arrival at
that place. I am very glad that you have the promise of a talk on
Fungi from Prof. Trelease. It will no doubt be very interesting and
instructive. I should like very much to attend the meeting at Lexing-
ton, but do not think it will be possible for me to do so. Hope you
will have a very good and profitable time.

• Yours respectfully,

MARY E. MURTFELDT.

Michigan State Horticultural Society.
Secretary's Office.
Grand Rapids, Mich., October 18, 1885.

Friend L. A. Goodman:

My Dear Sir — If we have attained any success in Michigan Horti-
culture worth publishing to the world, it has been the result of assimi-
lating and using that which we have absorbed from the successful
practice of others. We are still following that scheme and seek to get
all the information possible from those who are laboring in the same
field we are. As contributing to this purpose I wish to get some in-
formation from you concerning the work of your State society the past
year. I want to place in my forthcoming volume an epitome of current

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 125

trausactlous of all the State and Provincial societies in this country,
«mbodyino- in very concise form the method pursued in disseminating
information in horticulture and the means furnished for doing the work,
with comments upon any new successful plan employed. Will you
kindly write me, at your earliest leisure, a short account of your society
work and also append a list of your leading officers for 1S3G, and com-
mand me when I can be of service to you.

Yours sincerely,

CHAS. W. GAEFIELD.

The programm for the evening was read* and the secretary urged
every one to make the meeting as interesting and the discussions as
instructive as possible.

The meeting then adjourned and the work of completing the dis-
play of fruits was continued, until there were on the tables over 400
plates of as fine apples as were ever seen.

TUESDAY. 7 P. M.

Meeting called to order by the president, J. C. Evans, and a heart-
felt prayer was offered by Mr. Holman for our success in our work.

The welcome address was given by Dr. W. A. Gordon of Lexing-
ton, as follows :

126 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTEAL SOCIETY.

WELCOME ADDEESS.

BY W. A. GORDON, M. D., PRESIDENT OF LAFAYETTE COUNTY SOCIETY.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the State Horticultural^ and visiting memhers
from other Societies:

The Lafayette County Horticultural Society appointed me to
deliver, in its bebalf and in behalf of the citizens of Lexington and of
Latayette county an address of welcome on this occasion.

You need have no fears of being bored with a long speech ; I take
it for granted that you did not come here for that purpose, but to listen
to the statement of facts as we have learned them from our observa-
tions and experiences. One of the principal objects of the State
Society in holding semi-annual meetings is that we may become better
acquainted with each other; that we may form new acquaintances and
that we may increase our knowledge in all matters pertaining to horti-
culture, by listening to the papers that may be read on this occasion
by the criticisms and discussions that may be made upon these papers,
and by relating our experiences one to the other as to the best methods
of cultivating and caring for the various products of horticulture.

For example A, who has given a great deal of time and attention
to the culture antt selection of the best varieties of strawberries for
profit and aUo for the family, will tell us what he knows and what he
has learned from long observation and experience ; B will tell us what
hie has learned from actual observation and experience about the grape,
how to make your selections, how to plant and how to manage your
plants after being planted ; C having had long and extensive experience
in the cultivation of the apple will give us his varied successes and
failures; by relating to us his trials and troubles with nursery men,
with the codling moth and with the borer; while D will tell us from his
observations and experiences with flowers and shrubs, and so on to
the end of the chapter.

Horticulture, as defined by a writer in the American Encyclopedia
is "the most perfect method of tilling the earth, so as to produce the
best results; whether the products are objects of utility or of beauty."
This definition being true, we have a wide field in which to prosecute

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 127

our investigations in all matters pertaining to one of the most ancient
arts known to man.

I trust the members of this society, as well as all county societies
in the State, will not cease their efforts to advance the cause of horti-
culture until it shall be brought to the highest state of perfection ; nor
until Missouri shall stand forth as one of the first, if not the first horti-
cultural States in the Union.

Ladies and gentlemen, I now extend to you, in behalf of the Lafa-
yette County Horticultural Society, the citizens of Lexington and of
Lafayette county, a hearty welcome to the hospitalities of our people.
Again I bid you thrice welcome to our hospitalities.

EESPOXSE BY THE PRESIDENT, J. C- EVANS.

The speaker was right when he said that horticulturists were not
much in the speaking business. We wish to show these people our
appreciation of their kindness and hospitality; we are not in the habit
of speaking, but we want to say a few words in response to the hearty
welcome we have received. We hope we will learn someihing from
them and that they will learn something from us. *AYe think that as a
society we are doing well. Twice a year seems not often enough for
us to meet, though only a few yers ago we had only one meeting each
year. We hope to go on with this work ; we feel that we can never let
go. We hope the people of Lafayette county will become members
and help us. We have commenced the work of adorning the school
grounds of the State, and we hope to follow it up till all the school
grounds of the State are improved. I need not say anything more ;.
we came here to work and we propose now to start in.

128 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TENUEE OF LAND I:N" THE WEST.

BY G. F. MAITLAND, LEXINGTON, MO.

Perhaps the greatest drawback to successful horticulture among
farmers, is the short tenure of ^and, or the annual renting of farms, in
the states in the Mississippi valley. In the older settled States this is
not the case — at least to such an extent as in the restless new West.

One of the chief causes of this annual moving, is that land here is
held merely as a speculation, and not as a permanent investment which
will return a steady, regular income to the landlord. It is very much
to be regretted that this speculative holding of lands should be so
almost universal as to include not only the large land holders, but a
vast majority of those who own farms of moderate size.

Many men will not plant fruits because they want to sell out and
go to some far off Utopia, only to wish, when they get there, that they
were back on their old farm. But it is to the large class of farmers
known as " renters" that this injurious system of renting only for one
year proves such a drawback. Many young men just starting in life
are compelled to rent for some years before they are able to buy, and
having a sweet remembrance of the fruits on the "old farm," would
like to plant berries and standard fruits: but not having the assurance
of retaining their farms for more than one year, do not plant anything,
and at last drop into the slovenly habit of "letting things go."

In Great Britain the leases run from seven to nineteen years, and
are so favorable that the tenant can plant all the small fruits, and also
many of the standards, knowing that he will reap the benefit of his in-
dustry and enterprise. Many tenants live on these farms from baby-
hood to old age, and it is not by any means a rare thing for a farm to be
held under lease for generations by the same family.

As a matter of -social and political economy, this kind of land ten-
ure is very much to be desired, as it promotes a spirit of improvement,
regular habits, and a more settled and social state of society.

Long leases also create an intense love of home, a desire for the
refining influences of beautiful flowers, stately tree and high class
practical horticulture.

It is a singular fact that the richness of the soil in any section of
country has but little to do with the material wealth, refinement or in-

ANNUxVL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 129

telligence of the people. If we examine into the cause, we will almost
invariably find that where the soil is poor, it is, also, cheap, and there
the laud-holders vastly outnumber the renters. The people, also, prac-
tice a better system of farming; and horticulture, with its refining
tendencies, is considered as almost indispensable for the prosperity of
the community.

It should be a part of the mission of local horticultural societies
to endeavor to foster a desire on the part of tenant farmers for a lease-
hold, at least long enough to enable them to plant some berries for
home use, and also to so beautify their homes by planting flowers and
shrubs on a well kept door-yard, that the pleasure of life in the coun-
try will be gre-itly enhanced. There are few things that so fill up our
ideal of bounteous plenty as an orchard full of choice fruits, ripening
into mellow sweetness in the rich amber light of the autumn sun.

DISCUSSION.

President — Anyone has the privilege of saying anything more on
this subject.

Mr. X. F. j\Iurray—l think it is the duty of the horticulturists of
Missouri to foster the desire on the part of the people to secure homes.
A gaeat many young men go west and " sow their wild oats." What a
good thing it would be for them if we could just persuade them to stay
at home and raise tame oats, strawberries and apples. Good lands can
be bought in Missouri, in sight of a railroad depot, for $10 an acre.

Mr. Burkes — I think it would be a mutual benefit to tenant and
landlord, to build cottages and give the tenants the greater part of the
profits in order to induce him to improve the land. We all know that
a family man is much more reliable upon a farm than a single man.

Air. FoUett — I am surprised at the position from which this ques-
tion has been discussed. Can not we make some plan by which the
man who cultivates the land should own it?

President — My experience is that both the tenant and the landlord
have a hard time. It is difficult tP tell which has the hardest time.

H. R.— 9

130 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE EED OAKS OF THE LOESS HILLS.

BY W. R. LAUGHLIN, ELM GROVE, MO.

Beautiful, srand, homely Loess Hills of Missouri. Children of the
glacier and the currents. The granites blocked out when the Titans-
heaved up the longest mountain chain of earth are here, unchanged —
almost unworn.

The pebble that was loosened by the foot of the wild goat, far
above the timber line on the backbone of the continent, thousands of
years after the upheaval, is here.

The vast variety of material that through ages crush and wear and
wash, have brought from the ten thousand times ten thousand hills-
and the vast plains that make up the basin of the upper Missouri, are
here.

Iron and lime and magnesia, carbonates, phosphates, alkalis and
acids, ground out by the torents, shifted by the blizzards, mixed in the
great sluice-box of the Missouri river and its branches, laid down to
rest together in the bed of the fresh water lake that was so much
larger than is Lake Superior. Is^o, not to rest, for chemical action
knows no rest. They solved and dissolved each other. They ate each
other up, and, lo ! new creations. The mollusk and the fish and the
reptile and the water plants did their work of mixing the material of
the mud bed laboratory.

A multitude of forms left themselves for us to find in the rocks of
to-day — -a written history that lacks but little save the power to tell us^
how long each stage and how long ago all. The currents and the-
waves built the strata from the shore line to the center, into a wonder-
ful variety of forms but ever of changed materials — now a heavy bed
or a thin layer of stone — limestone, sandstone, shale or the nondescript
hard black deposit that seems to have witin it neither fossil nor struc-
ture to tell us of its building, nor any usefulness to commend it to the
human race.

Gradually the rim that held in the lake wore away — gradually the
waters lowered; and along our bluffs may yet be seen the shore lines-
that were marked by the waves at each step of that receding. The

• ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 131

mastodon, the elephant and a host of lesser animals, trampled the mud
or sported on the drying* ridges. Faster the waters cut down the
channel that vented the greatest of lakes. Deeper the retreating
power scooped out the ravines, and higher rose the Loess Hills. Man
came. What man came first — the Indian — no, not he, the mound
builder, perhaps ? By no sign may we even guess any further back.
Time enough will efface from the planet we call ours every trace of
all that now is Of what will be, we know even less than we know of
what has been.

Our. senses are for present use. The memory of the greatest
pleasure we have ever enjoyed can not take away the pain of a bee
sting; nor can the recollection of tne most cruel suffering destroy the
beauty or the tlavor of a fine fruit, nor obscure the glory of the trees
of the forest. Tell me, if you can, where is there more to enjoy than
among the wooded hills that were once covered by the waters of the
lake "?

It is not, par excellence, a land of corn, nor a paradise of the hog ;
but it is a land full of pleasant fruits — a land flowing with milk and
wine and honey. I am familiar with the sight and the taste of the
fruits of our country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the
lakes to the gulf, but nowhere else have I seen apples or peaches so
grandly planted or so highly flavored as here. I have seen the trees
of the tropics, and there is not one of them equal in the gorgeousness
of its beauty to the red oaks of the Loess Hills. Bare enough they
stand in winter, but not void of beauty even then. The furies of the
wintry air, the demons of the gales nor the "frost king" have any
power to harm them. See them respond to the breath of spring, and
hand from every twig their myriads of pendant flowers. Look well at
them in the quiet and the light of the early morning. See them swing
in the golden light of the noonday sun, as they yield to the touch of
the gentlest breeze. Their form is their own, and their color is the
color of red oak flowers. Watch them when their leaves are small,
and as the weeks and months go by behold what varying beauty they
put on — size, shape, color changing, but ever beautiful. See them
when the wizards that inhabit the earth have traveled up their roots,
perhaps for fifty feet, have painted a color that deserves to be called
red oak green ; and the fairies of the air have covered that color with
their inimitable varnish. See you, then, the hills covered with such
color as the evergreens of the mountains give not to anj- of their
masses.

132 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bat, it is October. The wizards and the fairies have been at work,
they are still at work. Come with me to my home among the hills of
Holt county. At sunrise we will go to the hill top above my house.
Look toward the coming sun. An oak covered hill is between us and
him. Stand still and see the colors of the crown that hill top wears.
The dew and the shadows are there, and the beauty is the beauty of
morning. We will go again when the glory of the sun at noon is upon
that grove and the hills around us — the beauty is the beauty of mid
day. The sun has descended well toward the horizon. All is still. The
Indian summer's dreamy haze is in the air. The tlood of mellowed
light from the setting sun creeps through the haze and falls upon the
grove and the hills. Thousands of trees, with millions of leaves are
massed within that view. All the world beyond is hid, and the land-
scape glows with a thousand shades of purple and scarlet and crimson,
and gold. Ah, now sweeter, grander, more georgeous than before, is
the read oak of the Loess Hills.

Why do we, of the Missouri hill countrj^, bring so many of our
shade and ornamental trees from afar while the red and the scarlet and
the burr oaks, the solid, grand old sugar maple, the trailing, waving
red elm and the ash, almost as beautiful when naked, are all around
us? Why do we ransack the globe for fruits to be experimented with
here and leave our own pawpaw and persimmon undeveloped ? Why
do we pass almost unheeded the wild vines that run upon our bushes
and fences or climb our trees? Does this earth produce a shrub fairer
to gaze upon than our own sumach?

All these are easy of propagation, and safe to handle. They are
almost exempt from injury by any insect. Heat nor cold, flood or
drouth, has not destroyed them — never will destroy them. They were
here centuries ago and they are here still. For a time not even guessed
at, our aborigenes, perhaps the predecessors of our aborigenes, have
hunted the game and slaughtered each other among all of these. Many
pioneers saw in the trees only the rails and the material for cabins.
Other many, having eyes, saw and loved Missouri as nature made her,
for what she was. Some of these are yet with us, and their posterity
is here. The yawhoo still yells his, drunken shout, or howls his
wretched attempt at a song among all that is beautiful in Missouri. But
they are passing away. Take courage. Better people are here, and
more are coming. Here's to the retiring shadow — may they ever grow
less. Here's to the coming sunshine — may it increase.

Mr. Speer — The paper is beyond my depth, but I think we have
some members in this society who can do this subject justice.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 133

Mr. Murray — I don't feel like getting up and critizising a man who
is able to get up such a paper — a man who has spent five years at
Washington and has associated with the great men and statesmen of
the day.

President — I can appreciate the paper and I indorse everything it
says in regard to the Red Oaks of the Loess Hills.

THE USE OF THE BEAUTIFUL.

BY MRS. NELLIE 3IcyEY OF SEDALIA.

The Hindoo dreams of Xirvana ; the American Savage, of a
Happy Hunting Ground away beyond the setting sun; the pagan wor-
shiper looks to an elysium among the gods, and the Christian turns
longing eyes to the promised " many mansions" across the dark waters
of Death.

The idea of an eternal rest in a land of flowers and fruitage, sing-
ing birds and leaping waters, is taught by all religious instructors, as
the supreme good to be attained in the hereafter, by a deserving dis-
position of time and talents here ; and the charm of this mystic coun-
try consists largely in its fullness of beautiful things. Language is
taxed to its uttermost capacity for terms in which to depict the glory
of its indefinite loveliness ; and thus, in the breast of every member
of the human family is developed a sense of and a love for the beauti-
ful. A sterile country, barren of fruits and flowers aiid foilage — can
any one conceive of such a place as elysium *?

So, in our dreams of an earthly home, we seek not alone utility,
but are ever striving to render our habitation a prototype of that here-
after, which, from infancy we have been taught to regard as '• Our
Father's House."

13i MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

iSTot alone for pecuniary reasons do we summons the landscape
gardener, search out the treasures of the horticulturists, and grasp the
beauties of the floral kingdom, but we take a pardonable pride in our
work of making the waste places "blossom as the rose." This culti-
vation of tasteful surroundings, while it enhances the money value of
our homeplaces, is conducive to much higher results, and touches
upon the best interests of society, as well as the welfare of its indi-
vidual owner, and is no small factor in all that is desirable in a true
education.

We well know that the foundation of character is laid in the home.
The making of the man or woman of the future begins here — taste,
culture,refinement or the reverse, are fostered and developed by the
surroundings of our early years. The adult usually " thinks back '' to
the old home, and the sacred associations of that sinless time have a
dee]) and strengthful intluence, for good or evil, upon the after years
of life. In this character-building horticulture plays no mean part ; its
influence can be oidy elevating and refining, appealing always to our
better impulses, drawing us closer to the great heart of Nature, and
teaching lessons of humility and reverence by every plant or flower;
fostering that instinctive recognition of the beautiful, which is one of
the highest incentives to a pure and noble life.

Emerson says, "a tiller of the soil should be more than a farmer,
he should be a man upon a farm, and should reach all the way from
God down to the lowest insect." So too, a human being should be
more than an animal — he should be a whole man, and this he cannot
do amid the sterile necessities of hfe, discarding the ornamental and
beautiful.

There are lessons to be learned from the seemingly most useless
flower. The object of toil should not stop at its pecuniary reward;
neither should a lesson stop with the merely intellectual, it should reach
the morals as well.

A tree, full-foliaged, is a lovely object, yet, how much more desir-
able if, here and there, a delicate or rich-hued blossom glints among its
green leaves ! or bending toward the matted grasses with its harvest
of ripened fruits !

The home should be made beautiful, by all means ; as lovely as
spreading lawns, swaying leaflets, graceful shrubbery and fragiant blos-
soms can make it. j^othing is so attractive as a neat-looking house in
its setting of foliage, fruits and flowers. And from such a home, the
embryo man will go forth f^arrying with him a fund of happy memories ;
and the memory of a happy childhood has proven a bulwark of strength

ANNUAL" MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 135

1:0 many a storm-tossed soul, enabling it to ride, fearless, upon the
rough billows of discouragement, achoring a last in the heaven of rest.
Thus fortified, manhood has in its possession a charm no wizard can
dispel.

The uses of beautiful things in the formation of character should
not be overlooked, as every plant, or leaf, or blossom is a silent lesson
to him who reads — a constant reminder of a ruling care above us. Con-
trast the appearance of the children of such a home with the semi-sav-
^ages of the gutter and the noisome alleys. The childhood of our
gixeatest minds was spent amid the cool, green county scenes, and they
learned to look upward though nature's patient teachings. Some of
the finest books in the world have never been printed, yet are spread
on all sides of us — open alike to prince or pauper. I

If pecuniary results alone sre to be considered, this love of the
beautiful is powerful to coin gold out of the world's heart. Beautiful
things, in whatever guise, are eagerly sought after, and command high
prices in all markets of the world. Everywhere this fact is taken ad-
vantage of, as seen in the ornamenting and embellishing, by gay colors
and beautiful designs, of almost every article of utility. Individuals
have made immense fortunes by catering to this growing demand.
Fruit and flowers are in almost all designs — nowhere can be found
models of greater loveliness.

In the sick room, beautiful things exert an untold influence for
^ood, and many an endangered life owes recovery to the cooling fruits
and fragrant flowers of the horticulturists.

Life can never be what it should be made, so long as the home has
no higher pretensions than of a workshop or a boarding house. It is
not that the farm work is more laborious than others, that the children
:flee to the city. Trades and professions are but other names for toil
— much of it the most slavish, yet we find everywhere the farmer's
sons and daughters seeking positions in shops, stores or offices. Too
many farmers live like the animals they tend. They eat and sleep and
■wake to eat and sleep again. If the wife or daughter ask for a tree or
shrub or flower, they are refused — because — well, because there is no
time to set it out or attend to its wants. And yet, there are so many
hardy, beautiful things which only ask a chance to brighten j'our little
w^orld. Home must mean more than a house, and life more than a bare
animal existence — a constant drudgery of the muscular system to the
utter starvation of the mental — if you would keep the children on the
farm, and this can be, in a measure, brought about by the introduction
of beautiful things— domestic and social — into the lonelv seclusion of

136 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY.

their hun<>Ty lives. Gross material utilities can be tastefully disouised,
unsiglitly necessities can be lost sight of among vines and shrubbery,,
and thus the weeds of disgust and discontent be choked out by the
flowers of love and interest.

This is the work the horticulturist is doing and his true value must
be measured by tbe effects of his toil. Horticulture deals largely with,
the ornamental and the refining of taste; and its mission, while it does
not lose sight of the financial, has much to do with the humanizing of
all the homely pursuits of life. By its ministering, the power of home
influence is strengthened and intensified, and brought nearer to the
source of all beauty and truth. The needs of the world are men of
honor, intelligence and morality. Horticulture, in its effects, teaches
all these and more. It touches the best interests of mankind, in its-
effects upon the moral and mental character of the private citizen, pre-
serving the integrity of society and the stabilitv of the government;
and manhood, developed under its influence, will show a broader
charity or a higher taste and a symmetry of character which shall do
much to counteract the evils and vices which seem now to rule the
world, in the high places of public trust.

Horticulture should be encouraaed, if for no other reason, then for
the one paramount fact that the uses of the beautiful things which it is-
yearly giving to the world, will elevate and ennoble mankind as noth-
ing else ever will or can. IDYLL.

(Mrs. i^ellie Watts McVey.)

Sedalia, Mo.

President — Does anyone wish to make any remarks on the paper
just read ; if not, we will pass to the next subject?

L. A. Goodman — I wish to give an instance of the use of the beau-
tiful. Of all the beautiful evergreens we have, the White Spruce is al-
most the nearest perfect. It is perfectly hardy. It is a tree of perfect
symetry by a little clipping. If anyone can see a grove of White
Spruce and not admire it, it is beyond mj comprehension. Another
tree, beautiful by shearing is the White Pine. You need not fear to
shear it or cut' its leading shoot. Among deciduous trees the Tulip
tree is a tree of beautiful growth. I think the Sugar Maple stands at
at the head of the list of our native trees. It is a thing of beauty from
the time the leaves start in the spring till they drop in the fall. It is,
without leaves, of such symmetrical growth that it is beautiful, even
naked. It is of slow growth. Buy trees from three to five years of

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 137'

age and cut them riglit off at the ground when you plant them out,
thus getting a strong, straight leading shoot.

Dr. Gordon — I think it is one of the most magnificent trees we
have. The Poplar is hard to grow. There is another tree I admire
Tery much, it is the Sweet Gum. It is a perfect beauty when gro wing-
by itself. It also has a very pleasant aromatic odor.

Mr. Murray — Does the gentleman know of any Sweet Gum trees
in this county \

Dr. Gordon — !^o, I don't know of one in the county.

President — The Sweet Gum is plentiful along the south edge of
the State. It is only last week since I was camped among the Sweet
Gum trees.

2Ir. Follett — In St. Louis hardly anything is planted but the syca-
mors. The Elm dies, and even the old Locust fails. The Sycamore
gives perfect satisfaction as a street tree. I would like to know if the
Sugar Maple will grow on streets where you have gas pipes?

Dr. Gordon — I think the people of St. Louis have bad taste to ad-
mire the Sycamore.

Mr. E. A. Biehl of Illinois — I think the gentleman is on the wrong
track. I think it is the soot of the soft coal that injures trees and not
the gas. You can not grow any evergreen tree. I think they must
put up with the Sycamore.

President — In the next paper it is propable there will be room for
considerable discussion. The subject is " What I know of fruit grow-
ing ; lessons in fruit growing," by Dan Carpenter.

WHAT I KNOW ABOUT FRUIT GEOWIXG.

BY DAN CARPENTER, BARRY, MO.

That " experience is a dear school" is no less true in horticulture
than in other pursuits, I have learned thoroughly, and that others may
avoid similar mistakes I jot down my experience in that dear school in
a series of lessons as I learned them.

138 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LESSON I — WATCH.

Some lasting impressions, mentally and physically, were made
when I was a school-boy by the teacher, with sprouts from a line or-

s

chard hard by the old school-house, and the frowns of the owner — a
venerable minister of the gospel — wlien I failed to raise apples in it
without being caught at it. But by diligent study and vigilance, I suc-
cessfully evaded the rod of the teacher, and the wratli of the preacher,
graduating with honors in the lesson of " watch as well as prey" on
the delicious fruits of an orchard. Lesson I — " I say unto you, watch."

LESSON II.

Half a century ago markets were not accessible, as now, in twen-
ty-four to forty-eight hours. To utilize the wasting fruits in the valley
of the beautiful Ohio it was necessary to concentrate them into some-
thing that would keep and improve with age. The people were not
troubled with temperance orators, denouncing the evils of a morning
appetizer, a noon stimulator, and an evening refresher. A distillery
was a necessity, and at tlie old homestead I took my first lesson in dis-
tilling and tlie evils of strong drink, and my second in the frnit
business.

There were no State entomologists to describe the destructive
habits, the voracious appetite, and to warn against the deadly venom of
the "worm of the still," as it poured forth its poisonous stream of
spiritus pyrus malus and perslca vulgaris increased by spiritus fnimenti.
But I soon learned from the oaths of men, tears of women, the cries of
children and the wretchedness .of their homes that "wine is a mocker
and strong drink is raging, and he that is deceived thereby is not wise."
Also, that Solomon, with all his wisdom, gave no better counsel to
young men than when he said " Look not upon the- wine when it is red,
when it giveth its color in the cup; for at last it bitcth like a serpent
and stingeth like an adder." Lesson — No entomologist or temperance
fanatic can portray in too lurid colors the destructive, death-distilling
and damning habits of the worm of the still ; or too strongly urge its
destruction, even to calling forth the energies, powers and resources
•of the government, as for stamping out the cattle plague. Lesson —
Beware of the worm of the still. It is but the chrysalis of the "worm
that never dies."

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 139

LESSON III.

We inay fertilize, cultivate and prune unwisely. In the years of
sweet memory as he who had no home sang of home, so I believe there
is no place like home ; married a wife and set up for myself in the
midst of an orchard which, though planted, cultivated and brought to
fruitage by an English gentleman of taste and culture, had, like Ben.
Bolt's mill, gone to decay, and in a few years fell^ tit only to be burned.
Longing to sit beneath my own vine and fruit tree, I planted standard
and small fruits. In the morning I put forth my strength, and in the
evening withheld not my hand. I manured the soil; dug about the
roots ; pruned and trimmed early and late. They sprang up like Jonah's
gourd vine: glistened in the sunshine; shimmered in the showers;
smiled at my caresses ; bloomed in their childhood ; fruited in their
youth, and died in my fond embrace when the cup of joy was fud —
dashing the cup to the gromui — killed with kindness, pruning knife,
manure and high culture. In forty years three orchards have grown,
fruited and died on this same land. Lesson — We may enrich the soil
too greatly, cultivate too highly and prune too closely — forgetting
nature, the great teacher.

LESSON lY.

A Commercial Orchard — ^Yhere to buy Trees. — Although unsuccess-
ful on a small scale, "fail'* had been erased from my book. I began a
commercial orchard of twenty-five acres. I asked the advise of old
men with orchards ; read Barry's Fruit Garden ; subscribed for agri-
cultural and horticultural papers ; consulted with tree raisers ; examined
their catalogues and ordered direct from "reliable" nurserymen at
Hermann and got forty Ortley and jS^ewtown labeled Golden Pippin, and
I lay before you the fruit on one Early Harvest which you can keep till
the next centennial and then use as canister shot in defense of your
country. From Bloomington I received Ortley labeled Pennsylvania
Red Streak, and that's the kind of Phoenix which arose from the ashes
of an overweening confidence, and I have everything on the catalogue
but what was ordered. Had the old tanner done a little more tanning,
perhaps there might have been one less "reliable" nurseryman. From
Pilot Knob I got a mixed lot, which the proprietor made good to the
extent of one-fifth the cost. From Parkville T have two varieties, under
two different names each, and the lauded Gen. Lyon, a veriest humbug.

140 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

From Lee's Summit I received three varieties in a lot of live, all for
Huntsman, and a non-descript for Hewe's crab. Thus, about 75 varie-
ties are scattered through orders for about 25,

"Where shall we go, or whither fly for refuge" from the relie-able
nuresryman ? Deal gently with the tree peddler until the fountain is
purified. Lesson — Know what you want; select a few known varieties;
contract by name, with written agreement to forfeit the price and quad-
ruple damages if not true to name, with responsible parties, and see
before you buy.

LESSON V.

High rs. Low Heads. — Twenty-five years ago the cry, all over the
land, was "low heads," and not callous to the seductive influence of
"wise men from the East," solons of the North, and practicals of the
West, I " headed low," in the delusive hope of preventing the destruc-
tion "that washeth at noonday" by sunscald from the southwest, storms
from northeast, hurricanes from northwest, tornadoes and cyclones
from the west.

By diligence and care the orchards sprang up "a thing of beauty
and a joy" — though not forever. Spreading low and far, precluded
proper tillage, and one by one they yielded. Storms broke down the
lowest; hurricanes split the next; tornadoes laid low the next; and the
taller the trunk the better the tree withstood the blast. The steadiest
trees I've ever seen were ten to fifteen feet to the first branch, and
fifty feet to the top, three feet in diameter, and had stood the storms of
a hundred years. Lesson — A costly experience is worth a library of
undemonstrated theory. Heads that will admit cultivation close to the
tree. Seek a just medium between the valley of humiliation and the
mount of transfiguration. Study nature.

LESSON VI.

Plant in Old Ground. — Before our Kansas City market was supplied
with fruits from the "land of the mocking bird," early apples com-
manded remunerative prices and an Early Harvest orchard was a mine
of wealth. Having no old ground on which to plant, I cleared up^
thoroughly broke and pulverized a small tract, and set 260 Early Har-
vest. Cultivated scientifically, and rejoiced to see 2G0 start to grow.
July's sun produced chills; August malaria, and September death ta
100. A second summer's scorching rays laid another 100 in the dust.
A third season left but 25, which were transplanted into old land. Two

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 141

i

only are left to sigh in the balmy breezes of a Missouri winter. Lesson
— Plant only on land that has been cultivated several years.

LESSON VII.

Pears. — Who is not delighted with a pear orohard? Who weep
not over "years of wasted life" in goowing one? I've seen 81,000
melt into thin air, and over 400 promising trees have blighted my fond-
est hopes. I planted 100 dwarfs ; watched with a mother's tenderness,
and pruned and trained with a father's solicitude. What a growth!
What banks of snowy bloom ! Bees reveled in their sweetness ; young
fruit nestled in the glistening foliage.

Each year's growth was cut back one-half — I had the secret of
" the blight." Alas ! alas !

1 never loved a dear gazelle

To glad me with its soft black eye,
But when it came to know me well

And love me, it was sure to die.

And now, one only — one lonely — healthy greets me. Of 300 stand-
ards, less than twenty are able to bear. Five are in good health ; the
strongest being a winter Xelis — its feet in the damp, within fifteen feet
of a hog wallow, while all others are struck with malaria, notwithstand-
ing they are higli and dry. Lesson — Let the pear business severely
alone unless you have warm soil, sandy subsoil, and thoroughly under-
drained.

LESSON VIII.

Plums. — Observing that the largest groves and best wild plums
grew around the head of moist swails, in the edge of the prairies, I had
just the place for a grove. So near the hennery that the best woman
in the world would have to feed her chickens — cheap curculio destroy-
ers — right under the trees. Out went $40, and in went Gages, Impe-
rials, Lombards, Damsons (my wife dotes on Damsons, as I do on dam-
sels), and a few Wild selects. How anxiously I watched those trees as
they reached their branches heavenward, spread their snowy blooming-
heads in the sunshine, scattered sweet perfume on the balmy air at
evening, curclioed and — died; the Gages first^ the Imperials second,
Lombards third. Damsons tottering in decrepitude, while the wild ones
flourish as green bay trees, yielding an annual crop of perfume, curcu-
lio, sprouts and vexation.

142 • MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Not a tree left, except the wild, to tell the tale of studying- the na-
tural habits of the plum. Our only consolation is in the Wild Goose..
Lesson : While man in his native wild depravity is healthy, grows and
is happy in his primitive condition, the improved, refined, intelligent
and enlightened, cannot prosper amid the rigors of winter, the storms
of summer and the malaria of autumn, unless surrounded by means of
protection commensurate with his moral, social, intellectual elevation.
So the grafted and budded varieties of fruits can thrive only under
conditions in harmony with their improvement and refinement over
their originals.

LESSON IX.

Failure and Success. — Thus far failure marks every page ; and dis-
appointment each special effort. What of it? Though we may fail to
grow fruit as we desire, though we may fail to sit beneath our own
vine and fig tree, though we may fail to realize our fond hopes, though
failure may be the "finis" of every enterprise of this life, and though
as we retrospect the years of our pilgrimage failure beclouds life's set-
ting sun ; if we have trusted in the lion of the tribe of Judah, and have
labored to promote " peace on earth, good will toward men," spreading
sunshine in gloomy hearts, Aviping tears from weeping eyes, doing good
in the name of our Father in heaven, as the light of life goes out the
pearly gates of the celestial city will open wide to our redeemed spir-
its, and as we sit beneath the tree of life, eating its ambrosial fruits
and quaffing from the river of the water of life, clear as crystal, as it
flows from beneath the throne of God, we shall realize that a life of toil
and love for God and love for man, though a failure here, is not a fail-
ure there, but a gTand and glorious success in heaven.

We may not scale the dome of the temple of Fame ; we may not
attain to honor and renown; the glory of this world may not be ours ;
thorns may spring instead of flowers; success, as a phantom, may flee
from our grasp ; the fruits of our labor, like apples of Sodom, may
turn to ashes on our lips ; disaster and disappointment may crown
ever^^ efiort; happiness, as a mirage, may recede at our approach, and
death may claim us in the meridian of brilliant expectations, but no
sacrifices are useless, no labor unprofitable, no life a failure that se-
cures us an abundant entrance through the pearly gates into the temple
and city of God. IMake sure, then, of heaven.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 143-

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Spcer—We have some persons with us to-night who have not
followed fruit growing- as a business. They will look over these tables
here to-night and see that tliey give the lie to the paper that has just
been read. The evidence of their senses does not correspond with
what they have heard. Friend Carpenter is a man of a great deal of
humor. He has, perhaps, associated with some of the correspondents
of the "reliable" daily papers and drawn upon his imagination for the
paper. All of us have had some part of the experience of Mr. Carpen-
ter, but I don't believe that any of us fruit growers would be willing to
saj' that he had made as complete a failure as Mr. Carpenter pictures.

My experience with the plum is much the same as his. The small
fruits have always paid me for any labor or pains I have given them.
I have made a moderate success of apples. I believe that with intel-
ligent selection of a site and good care we need not have a complete
failure. I would not like our friends from Illinois and Iowa to go
away with such an impression as this paper might give them if it is to
stand as the views of this society.

President — He has written the facts just as he got them from the
record he makes of everything he does, and that paper is his experience,
and I know it is for he has told it to me over and over. He has told
it to me twenty tiroes, but everyone has not had just such an experi-
ence. ^

Mr. Durl-es — I think Mr. Carpenter's experience has probably
soured him, hence his witticism.

Mr. Murrij — I think there is too much malaria in that locality.

President — It is said that malaria makes us dull, so there cannot
be any effects of malaria in that paper.

Mr, Lanf/Jilin — I am opposed to letting that paper go out as a rep-
resentation of the reliable nurserymen of the State. There are as re-
liable men in the business as can be found in any business.

Br. Gordon — There are so ujany things to be careful about that it
is very easy to make mistakes. You must have a careful, honest man
to select the grafts for you and graft them for you, an honest man to
send in the order, an honest man to dig the trees and label them. I
bought trees from a man who represented them as Fall Queen. I be-
lieve they are the Milam. Jonathan proves to be White Winter Pear-
main. Eome Beauty was a summer apple.

Mr. Gaunt — I want to say that I have been in the nursery business
for thirty yeaes. I have a great deal of pride, not vanity, in saying

144 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that I never recollect having any mistake in my nursery. I think
every intelligent nurseryman should know his trees like he does his
children, just by their looks.

Mr. Laughlin did a very honorable business. All his trees truned
out true to name. I have made for myself a similar record. It is very
provoking for nurseryman to send me anything I did not order. When
I began the business they told me I would fail. The bitter precaution
I received made me doubly careful in selecting trees true to name
from which to propagate my stock. I have simply done my duty.
Like Crocket I was sure I was right and went ahead.

President — ^Mr. Carpenter's experience was several years ago, when
the nurseryman's business was not as systematic as it is now. He hss
a record of everything he ever did, and writes from his record. He
has related only his experience.

Mr. Laughlin — He has not then told all his experience.

President — In talking with Mr. Carpenter not long since I said:
"Dan, get us up a paper that will create discussion." He said he would
do it. I received a letter from him, in which he said he would send
the paper and make it as near like I wanted as he could.

The following letters were read:

PROTECTING FRUIT TREES.

Lee's Summit, Jackson County, Mo., December G, 1886.
Mr. J. C. Evans, President Missouri State Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir — I had intended to be present at your meeting at Lex-
ington, but I shall be necessarily detained by being a witness in the
United States court and other business, so I will have to forego the
pleasure. I send you a small bundle by express to Lexington, contain-
ing a few trees wrapped with my wood protection against rabbits, mice
and borers, also some of the slats to show the material as it comes
from the factory where it was cut for me. I have nearly 20,000 trees
wrapped with this wood covering in the manner shown, and I find it
the most complete protection to my trees I ever used. My losses last
year from mice was serious, and I felt my orchard enterprise was much
in danger from their ravages. Now I feel secure against 'rabbits and
mice — also borers if the covering is left on during the summer.

When the wrapping is put on we scrape the earth away around
the trunk of the tree for an inch or so deep, and when the wrapping is
finished pull back the ground taken away, leaving the wood covering
two inches in the ground. The covering is put on while the material

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 145

is wet SO it will bend freely and the slit in the wood where the wire is
put on is made for the purpose of preventino^ the wire from dropping
when the wood shrinks by drying. I find the material cheap, durable
and easily put on, a man and boy wrapping 500 a day.

The practical value of this material to protect young orchards is,
in my opinion, very great, and when generally used will encourage com-
mercial planting, from the absolute security it gives to the young trees.

You will please call the society's attention to this manner of pro-
lection, and accei)t this package of material as my contribution for the
benefit of Orchardists in general.

Eespectfully yours,

JAMES A. BAYLES.

Clinton, Mo., August 5, 1886.
Jj. A. Goodman^ Wcsfport :

Bear Sir — I have thought for sometime of writing you in regard
to an invention of mine, which I think will be of great benefit to every
man that raises an orchard or even has a few trees in his yard or gar-
den. I have not had it patented and would like to give it to the State,
or give the State the benefit of the invention. I have had it in use in
my orchard for two years, have been testing it on a small scale for
•several years and find it a success in every respect; to prevent rabbits
from pealing the trees nothing could be better; and I never have had
a tree injured by borers that was protected by it ; it is simply wire cloth
such as we use for our doors and windows to keep out the flies. I get
it by the bulk for one and one-half cents per square foot, which makes
a very cheap protection. I get it twenty-two inches wide, which makes
it plenty high for young trees ; it can be cut in strips and rolled on a
broom handle, or rollers can be made of wood similar to those used by
tinners, which will make them very rapidly ; they can be opened out and
placed around the tree and will spring together and stay without any
fastening. It will last several years and are so cheap that if we have
to replace them with others it won't cost much. I have some closed
at the top and some open, but 1 can't see any dift'erence: it has proved
a sure preventative in every case, every one that has seen it speaks
well of it. Some of our horticultural men here have suggested that it
would be well to have it patented so that no one could steal it from us
and then turn round and prevent us from using it; if the State Horti-
cultural Society sees fit to do so they can. 1 don't care, so every body
H. E.— 10

146 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

can use it ; you can see that it does not exclude either light or air. Let
me know what you think of it. Our county society has been dormant
for some time, but I am in hopes it is about to awaken up now and dO'
something; we have a meeting appointed for the 7tli inst.

Yours truly,

M. G. CONDO^S^,
President of the Henry County Horticultural Society^

WEDNESDAY, 9 A. M.

Meeting called to order by the President, and the regular order
taken up.

KEPORT ON ORCHARDS.

BY D. S. HOLMAN, SPRINGFIELD, MO.

Officers and Memhers Missouri horticultural Society :

As one of your committee, I am again expected to report some-
thing of the yield, growth and condition of our orchard in the southern
portion of the State.

Our prospects for an apple crop, as reported to you at Louisiana
in June, have been realized pretty generally in that quarter — in Greene
county. I think I may say we had a yield of 80 to 90 per cent, in quan-
tity and the quality was very much better than last year. The devel-
opment of full size of late varieties was perhaps prevented to some
extent by drouth which came to the country generally in the latter
part of summer, but even this was not very hurtful, as they ripened
better for winter keeping, than had autumn rains prevailed.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. " 147

Our trees, too, from same cause are thought to be in good condi-
tion for the winter, having ceased to grow early and were ripe in new
wood to the very tips before winter came.

We had no peaches and most parties are so thoroughly discour-
aged by successive failures of this delicious fruit as to cease planting
the peach. In counties southeast of Springfield, peach trees are being
liberally planted.

Pears are not largely planted, but some of our orchards contain a
few hundred-trees — they were not visited by blight to any considerable
extent last year or this — gave a fair crop of good fruit, which sold
readily at good prices. There is at the nurseries a call by planters for
more pear trees for further planting. But for profit, our orchards con-
sist mainly of the apple, and in our largest orchards more recently
planted we have but few varieties — such as are found to pay best.

The treatment of our orchards, as complained of in former papers,
is not yet much changed — rapid, large extension is the rule with many,
leaving the afterwork too much for nature, as they call it, to perform.
Tliere are many very gratifying exceptions to this nature system or
practice of neglect, whose results must, by demonstration, work a
change which is beginning already to be observed. This class of men
plant new orchards to some suitable crop, potatoes, corn, etc., which
requires about such cultivation as fruit trees want, and the result is
very satisfactory. This treatment is even carried by some into the
mature orchards in full bearing — the result there is a healthful, steady
growth. A more satisfactory crop of apples, freer from insect injury
— larger in size and nearer perfect fruit every way, and this fruit sells
for these few men on the market at better prices, sufficient to bring
buyers into the orchard without coaxing, and the premium received for
good apples pays amply for the use of the plow. AVhereas the orchards
neglected and left to nature, without pruning hook or plow, yield as
best they can apples of size to be expected — most difficult to pick at
harvest and the sales each year of cider apples increases from such or-
chards, which begins already to verify the statement formerly made at
one of your meetings, that barrels^vould not long be wanted by men who
neither prune nor cultivate — since cider apples and worms are shipped
in bulk and handled with a scoop, and, I will say, shaken from the
tree.

I may be allowed to say that our orchards are at least in the right
place. Southwest Missouri has no malaria to sicken men or trees.
The atmosphere, soil and altitude are so adapted to fruit growing as to
make the orchard an assured source of large profit. ^When the general

148 * MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

practice shall find the intermediate and wise treatment, and help nature
to develope the wonderful resources of the fruitful highlands of the
Ozarks. Eespectfully submitted,

D. S. HOLMAN,

One of Com. on Orchards.

EEPOKT ON ORCHARDS. '

BY CHAS. PATTERSON, KIRKSVILLE, MO.

Considering the short crops and general depression of agricultural
products, and the very light attention generally paid to orchards, I
think the latter have much better returns in proportion than most any-
thing else the past season. Notwithstanding the very severe drought,
and a full average depredation of codling moth, etc., we had a fair pro-
portion of good, marketable fruit. In the early part of gathering time
the outlook for disposing of our surplus looked very unpromising, as
few, if any, have ever been known to make money by buying to ship,
and therefore refused to invest; but a very unexpected demand sprung
up by farmers' wagons from close by in Iowa, where the crop was said
to be destroyed by a severe storm, and hail in places in early summer,
qnite extensively. This may never occur again, and even be reversed,
although the people of that State make quite discouraging reports of
disasters by winter damage and killing. The price realized probably
averaged fully 25 cents per bushel in the orchard, the buyer generally
helping to gather them, and sometimes doing it all, and considering
how they were graded, this must be accepted as very satisfactory.

My own experience is again somewhat contradictory and confus-
ing. Some of you may recollect my last year's report, stating how I
had fought tbe codling moth with some $40 or $50 worth of labor, and
found my fruit far worse eaten than that of any of my neighbors. This
year I was fully determined to make a change of tactics and steal a
inarch on them by sprinkling with paris green, but I let the earliest op-

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 149

portunity slip, and later I dared not do it on account of rasi)berrie8
growin"- under tlie trees. The result was that I had no more than my
average share of damaged fruit. I regret not having experimented on
a few trees, but am rather satislicd to have my §7.00 worth of paris
green on hand, rather than expend more labor on it with misleading
results.

As stated in previous reports, I still keep cultivating my orchard,
and intend doing so as far as I can see ahead at present. I admit that
a certain representative neighbor, who planted at the same time and
about the same number I did, had some fruit two orthree.year8 before
I had any, though he has hardly cultivated any before this year ; I ad-
mit that his fruit this year was fairer, freer from scab and worms, and
rather larger than mine, so far as he cultivated them and had the same
variety. But my trees will average nearly or quite as large again as
his to-day, and I therefore stand chance of four doubling, if not ten
doubling his crop in the future. While he had some api)les before I
did, my first crop three years ago sold for more than his did this year,
which was his first for market worth naming. Part of this is due to
mine being nearly all Ben Davis, while his are only one-third or one-
fourth of that sort, and I think it worth remarking here that this is
probably about the proportion of Ben Davis* trees in the county, while
three-fourths or nine-tenths of the apples sold this year have been of
that despised variety. I will plant small quantities of several others
untried on our soil, but if you would contract to take all I could grow
in twenty years of most well known sorts at $1.00 per bushel, I would
be content to grow Ben Davis at 25 cents.

I regret severely that duty seems to make a stronger demand on
my attention at the Cider and Cider Vinegar Makers' convention at
the same time of your meeting. I have just started a power cider
press and mill, by which I hope to utilize all the small unsaleable fruit
in the county in the future. But I find competition in vinegar and
even cider to be fully on a par with oleomargarine, and a large number
of people prefer to buy and sell and use them for boarders, because
they are cheap. So far I have seen very little vinegar on our market that
was not made of sulphuric acid (except home-made cider). This is ad-
mitted to be very injurious to the teeth and general health. I submit
if your society should not take initiatory steps for legislation to pro-
tect innocent people against such vile stuff, as has been done in some
other States.

CIIAS. PATTERSON,

One of the committee.

150 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Gano — Crops and prices have not been very satisfactory. The
Ben Davis has suffered greatly from the drought, especially the or-
chards that were full. Many of the trees dropped their foliage and
stood there bending with their loads of fruit. These trees are now in
very bad condition. I find some orchards, those that were well culti-
vated, iu a much better condition, and the higher the cultivation the
better the condition of the orchards.

President — We would like to hear from the northwest part of the
State and from Illinois and Iowa.

Mr. Clmhhucli — I would like to call the attention of the meeting to
the use of paris green. Just before I left St. Louis, Mr. Murtfeldt, a
member of this society, called my attention to the fact that Prof.
Forbes thinks that paris green is to some extent taken up by the apple
and that it might be injurious to eat that fruit. He would like to have
the experience of the members of the society, if they have had any, in
the matter.

Mr. LaughUn — It seems that we may fight the codling moth one
year and have it worse the next year. I suggest that Mr. Patterson
caught the enemies of the codling moth more than the moth itself.

Mr. Fatterson — We caught them by means of bands on the trees.
We caught the worms as they descended, so we caught the codling
moth and nothing else. We missed the chance to use the paris green.

Dr. Ooslln — I would like to ask the members of this society if ])aris
green does any good? It is death to everything that eats the foliage,
but the codling moth does not eat the foliage. And I would like to
know if a single member of the society has ever had any benefit from
its use. I don't see how the paris green would have one ])article of
influence in exterminating an insect that does not live upon the foliage.

Mr. Goodman — At the. meeting of the American Pomological So-
ciety, at Grand Eapids, instances were given, in numbers of cases,
where its use had been successful. Mr. Moody, of Lockport, used one
pound of the green in forty gallons of water. He has used it for five
years, and he has had scarcely a fruit affected, and others report the
same. Prof. Cook, of Michigan, examined the leaves and fruit, and
had them analyzed chemically. He put she»p and goats in the orchard,
mowed some of the grass and gave it to a horse, and in no case did any
bad effects follow. The cost of sprinkling an orchard three times is
about two cents per tree, and he found this sufficient to save the fruit.

Frof. Tracy — I think there can be no question as to the efficacy of
the paris green, when it is applied at the right time. When the egg
hatches the green is probably absorbed through the skin of the body,

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 151

just as many other insects are killed by the Pyrethrum powder. I do
not think the green has any effect upon the moth. I don't think you
need worry over poisoning any one. In no case have the chemists
found a trace of arsenic in the apples. Some years ago the same ques-
tion was raised in regard to the use of paris green upon potatoes.

Mr. Riehl — Would not the green destroy vegetable tissue as well
as animals, if it were taken in solution ?

Frof. Tracy — That depends upon how it is applied. A student in
the university tried paris green upon plants in various ways. Put
on the soil in which the plant grew, it had no effect. He made a cut
in another plant and put in some paris green and bound up the cut,
without injury to the plant. Plants were killed by a weak solution
{Fowler's) of arsenic.

THE LIFE OF A Is" APPLE TEEE.

BY CHAS. TBUBNEE, OF LEXINGTON, MO.

A prominent horticulturist made the statement, in my presence,
some years since, that an apple tree was of little profit after its twenty-
fifth year; or, in other words, its time of useful service was then over.
Taking the average bearing tree, under the treatment and conditions
in which they are found in these days, I believe he came near, though
perhaps over, the mark. But I have seen abundant evidence that such
need not be the case, and that we can add from five to ten, or more,
years of usefulness to this, our " king of fruits."

The primary causes which lead to the shortened life of an apple
tree, according to my views, are:

1. Poor or exhausted soil, or such which does not afford proper
drainage.

2. Overbearing.

3. Allowing the trees to stand for years in sod.

4. Omitting to replace artificially to the soil that fertility of which
constant fruit crops (and washes) are fast draining it.

153 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5. The want of sufficient moisture during our severe seasons of
drouth, which leaves the tree in such a feeble condition that if the
drouth is followed by a severe winter, the tree often succumbs, as do
the half-starved cattle on our western plains, under winter's icy blasts.

In short, it is the enfeebled, or exhausted condition into which the
tree is forced which causes it to die prematurely.

There are secondary causes of delay, e. g., such which result from
the injury done by borers, rabbits, mice, cattle and sheep, the plow-
share and doubletrees, heavy pruning, and the sowing of grain among
young trees. These, however, are only so-called "accidents," due
either to carelessness or lack of horticultural knowledge.

In order to give our trees a longer lease on life, we must hold the-
following points in view :

1. A rich, deep, well-drained soil.

2. A strong constitution.

3. Prevent severe drains upon the constitution from overbearing^

4. Proper and sufficient nourishment.

5. Anticipate the enfeebling effects of our severe drouths.

I will try to explain the five propositions just enumerated, taking
them up in the order named :

First point. — Regarding the effect of rich, deep soil, I will give my
experience with an orchard on our old homestead in Hermann, Mo.
On it my father planted in 1847 and 1848 some fifty acres to orchard,
mostly apple trees. About one-third of this orchard was planted on
the flattened ridge of a hill, one-third on the eastern side of it, and the
other third on a lower level at the foot of the hill. In from twenty to
twenty five years the trees on the side of the hill gradually died off,
those on the ridge soon following, but those on the lower ground stood
for years after the others were gone. The reason for this is obvious.
While the trees on the hillside and ridge were being deprived of the
rich layer of top soil, by rains and melting snows, the trees on the lower
ground not only retained most of the original soil, but received valua-
ble additions. I will add that some of the same varieties which stood
on the lower ground were also distributed on the side and ridge.
Similar examples can be seen in almost every large orchard in hilly
sections. It is a serious mistake to plaiit apple trees on poor soil, ye.t
I have frequently h^ard men say they would plant trees on a certain
piece of ground because it was fit for nothing else. I^or should it be
so steep that the best soil is soon washed away. An apple tree re-
quires generous fare, because the large crops of fruit it produces are
a heavy drain upon its system, besides this, it deserves good^fare, be-
cause it brings large returns on the investment.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 153

Second point. — A strong constitution should be built up from the
start, hence it is best to plant thrifty, young trees, keeping them well
tilled and protected from injuries. All planters of experience agree
that young trees give the best results. They start off quicker than old
trees, become better established, and will, therefore, be apt to live lon-
ger. Kich soil and cultivation will not only make a tree thrifty and
strong, but it also tends to save it from the injury due to early bearing.
In thus building up a strong constitution, the trees will require several
years longer to come into bearing, but the future will show a balance
largely in favor. of such trees, both as to product and longevity. To
prove this assertion, I will call attention to the fact that trees which
naturally come late into bearing, and are strong and robust growers,
(probably because of this) as for instance the Yellow Bellflower, North-
ern Spy and Large Romanite, outlast by from ten to twenty years such
early bearers ae the Winesap, Ben Davis and M. H. Pippin and others..
Third point. — By overbearing many young trees are irreparably in-
jured. Many planters, however, are so much afflicted with the nickle
in their eye that they sacrifice the prospective dollar. In other words,
they are so eager for a crop that their trees die of a broken back long
ere their days of usefulness should have been over. Trees just coming
into bearing should be carefully watched, and if the crop promises too
large for their strength, the evil should be averted by thinning out.

Fourth point. — Sufticient nouriaiiment must be supplied. Where
the soil is not sufficiently rich it should be made so by applying manure,
fertilizers and ashes, or repeated crops of clover plowed under. There
is nothing that will begin to compare with wood ashes for strengthen-
ing and renovating apple trees. It is the true elixir (if I may so term
it) of apple tree life. Nothing is so deleterious and exhausting in its
effect upon trees, especially young ones, as grain, while long continued
grass sod comes in as a good second. Sod, as well as grain, enfeebles
trees to a great extent by draining the soil of moisture just at that time
when trees stand most in need of it. Witness the dying off of timber
in tlie woods after the grass has once taken a firm hold. After a few
years of cultivation in a young orchard, clover may be sown to advan-
tage, especially if the first crop be used as a mulch, and the second
crop is plowed under to enrich the soil.

The fifth and last proposition, that of mulching, is within reach of
all. For this purpose straw, cornstalks, grass, and even weeds will
answer, or as already mentioned, clover cut in the orchard is near at
hand and easily applied. Mulch is a prime factor in keeping a tree at
a vigorous, healthy growth ; it is a stone house upon which the roots

154 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can draw for supplies, instead of beino- forced to skirmish around in
the parched soil for a few drops of moisture, like " the ancient cow
with the crumpled horn, must browse on weeds instead of corn." En-
riching the soil in an orchard with manures, is for many an impossi-
bility, but a mulch answers to a great extent the same purpose, because
it retains the necessary " aqua vifrv,''^ and with a plentiful supply of
moisture, trees will flourish even in moderate soil. We have proof of
this in seasons of copious rains, when crops of all kinds will flourish on
soil which in ordinary seasons does not produce enough to pay for the
cultivation of it.

The rain which falls from the skies, and the air about us contains
more plant food than many would suppose. Let me cite a point in
case.

A noted investigator planted in a tub, in dry soil, a small willow,
first weighing the soil, and applying water whenever needed. In seven
years (if my memory serves me correctly), the willow had grown to
quite a tree ; it was then taken up, all the earth washed from the roots,
the water evaporated, and all the soil dried as before. He then
weighed it and found that there was but a slight loss of soil, less than
a pound, yet he had produced a tree which weighed nearly as much as
the soil in which it grew, without having added anything but water.

There is another fact to be borne in mind, which is, that water
predominates largely in all vegetable matter. Take this same willow,
evaporate the water, burn the word and what is left ? Nothing but a
very small proportion of its former weight in solid matter. As with
the willow, so it is with the apple tree, only in a far greater degree, if
we include its fruit, for this contains about four-fifths or eighty per
cent, of liquid matter to one-fifth, or twenty per cent, of solid matter.
An example which forcibly demonstrated the value of mulching came
under my observation the past summer. In my yard is a Ben Davis
tree, about twelve years old, on the body of which the bark was gnawed
off several years ago by mules, to such an extent, that when I pur-
chased the place a year ago, I considered the tree past all redemption.
It had never borne fruit, and the limbs on the injured side, (or almost
one-third of the tree) were in a dying condition. The tree stood where
it was convenient to pile our stove wood, so last winter and spring I
piled wood all around it, four or five feet high, and in a radius of six
or seven feet. After blossoming time, I noticed that fruit had set, and
kept on growing, on the sound limbs, and this part of the tree not only
showed a considerable improvement in growth, but even the diseased
limbs showed renewed signs of life, and even attempted to ripen a few

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON 155

apples. The improvement continued all summer in spite of the drouth,
and contrary to my last year's predictions, ripened one and a half bush-
els of nice apples. I am sure the tree would have died in a year or
two, but for the mulching effect of the firewood.

Before I close, let me add a word of caution to the inexperienced,
if ever apply mulch close to the trunk of a tree, because under cover of
it mice will be sure to girdle the trees, old as well as young, as effect-
ually as a rabbit can do it. Besides, it would benefit the trees but little,
because the fibrous roots or feeders, which are the ones to be bene-
fited, are farthest from the trunk. In order to get the best results
from mulching, it should be put on with a lavish hand, especially on
poor soil, and it should extend out beyond the extremities of the limbs,
leaving an open space around the trunk of from two to three feet or
more in diameter, according to the size of the tree.

I have dwelt at some length upon the subject of mulching, because
I realize its importance more and more, and because I am aware that
but a few practice it as it should be done, and many are not fully aware
of its far-reaching and beneficient effects. I feel confident that if it
was universally applied we should hear less of winter-killing, of sun-
scald, of borers or of short-lived trees.

CHAS. TEUBXER.

ORCHARD LESSONS OF THE PAST YEAR.

BY N.. F. #MURRAY, ELM GROVE, MO.

That experience keeps a good but very dear school, is an old say-
ing, but one the truthfulness of which we all have had demonstrated
on many occasions. Why not, then, give others the benefit of our ex-
perience, map out the road over which we have traveled, marking
plainly the points of failure and of success, that they may prove a help
to our brothers struggling for the goal of success, and often failing to
reach it for want of such friendly guide-posts.

156 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In order that we may assist the horticulturist on his journey, let
us be careful, and, as far as possible, avoid mistakes in putting up our
guide-posts. Let us be sure to have them point in the right direction
and give the correct distance.

The writer still has a vivid, but not pleasant, recollection of either
the absence, or dim and unreliable statements of the guide-boards along
the public highways in new and sparsely settled countries traversed in
his youthful days. So, farther on in life, while following our favorite
pursuit of horticulture, we are often in doubt, bewildered, or even for
a time lost on what at first appeared to be a plain road to success.

From whence come our troubles"? I believe chiefly from the varia-
tions in soil and climate, and from lack of knowing in what localities to
plant given varieties of fruit.

Hence, it is of the highest importance for all who wish to reap the
benefit to be derived from the experience of others, to note carefully
where the trial has been made, character of soil, climate, market and
variety of fruit.

Our orchard lessons' of the past year have been mainly learned
while at work in the orchard, by comparing liotes with other fruit
growers in our local society, and by contact with fruit buyers.

My orchard is located on the hilly, bluff land of northwest Mis-
souri. This formation is mostly a bed of marl, varying from fifty to one
hundred feet in depth, and is perforated with orifices from top to bot-
tom. These perforations constitute the most thorough system of drain-
age that can be imagined, and the material of these marl beds is, to
quote Prof. Swallow, "of inexhaustible fertility."

The land on which this orchard grows has been constantly in cul-
tivation for forty-five years — has never been manured or clovered to
an extent worth mentioning.

Last winter was long and severe, the cold at one time reaching 27
degress below zero. As the winter wore away we grew anxious for
spring to come that we might learn what prospect for fruit the Storm
King had left us.

When at last the trees began to bud out, we w^re agreeably sur-
prised to find the damage much lighter than we had reason to fear, and
we soon beheld our apple, cherry and plum trees one mass of bloom,
and while, of course, we had no peach bloom, we found the young
wood was in good condition, even the young shoots from old trees that
had been severely cut back.

On my Wild Goose Plum orchard I concluded there was enough
fruit set for a crop if protected from curculio and gouger. So went ta

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 157

work with canvass stretched under the tree, and jarring- the tree to
shake the pests down, and carefully killing- them. I found but few —
not one to where there was thirty last year — concluded our last year's
catcliing- had the good effect to hold them in check so far that they
would do little or no harm this year, and quit hunting them.

Cultivated the orchard thoroughly, picked up and destroyed the
wormy fruit as it fell. Began shipping north by express in twenty-
four-quart cases on the 6th of July, and shipped the last July 31. ^Qt
proceeds, 81.75 per case; total from one-half acre, 8156.

The Wild Goose is grafted on Wild Plum — Sloe — stocks. About
ten years ago a wind storm broke off several trees near the ground at
one end of the orchard. Several shoots from the Sloe stocks grew
into trees and bore abundantly. I found that most of our Wild Goose
fruit grew on those trees nearest the Sloes, and I feel safe in saying
that three-fourths of all the Wild Goose picked from that orchard came
from the one-half of the trees that stood nearest to the wild trees. I
am satisfied beyond a doubt that in order to make sure of good crops
of the Wild Goose, they must be fertilized by the Pollen of other varie-
ties. I made one small shipment of very nice Miner Plums for a neigh-
bor. Net proceeds, 81 per case. Eeported slow sale on account of
native plums being- plenty in the market I am confident that the early
varieties of our native plums are the most profitable for market.

EARLY APPLES
•

were abundant. I began with Early Harvest, our standard earliest
apple. Shipped north by express, netting 90 cents per bushel at first, and
dropping to 35 cents, but coming- up again on good fall apples to 50
cents.

From experience of years I am convinced that good varieties of
early summer and fall apples, selected so as to ripen in succession, will
pay well if properly picked and handled.

WINTER VARIETIES

m

mostly set very full. Winesap, as I then thought, had enough for one-
half crop. All varieties grew well till checked by the severest drouth
we have had for years.

Ben Davis seemed to suffer most, which I attribute in part to the
roots running nearer the surface than the roots of most varieties, and
partly to the fact that being so large an apple there were too many set
for the trees to mature well. By July they were badly crowded, and

158 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it seemed impossible for them to make merchantable apples. Later
many of them were crowded off, and light showers in August and Sep-
tember brought tliem np to a passable size.

Wines ap.^-H'dd plenty of room to grow, and grow they did till the
trees were full and loaded down with the finest crop we ever had.

I sold my whole crop of winter apples, without having them culled,
to one buyer — Mr. Hatfield — at forty-five cents per bushel, at home
station.-

jSTet proceeds from seven acres, $1,000, clear of all expense for
gathering and hauling.

The price received was at least ten cents per bushel more than the
average price paid for apples in our county this year. I attribute our
s-uccess to

THOROUGH CULTIVATION

and careful pruning. By no other means could we have grown such
apples in such a dry, hot summer, on trees planted sixteen years ago
on land already very much worn, and at the same time secure six to
twelve inches of new growth and plenty of fruit buds for a crop next
season.

This agreeable lesson confirms my faith in thorough and continu-
ous cultivation, and careful annual pruning from the time trees are
planted till they cease to produce paying crops; then cut them down
and burn them. Why should old, dilapidated, half-dead trees, full of
disease and prolific breeders of insects, cumber the ground ?

ONE ADVANTAGE

of cultivation is that the rough, broken and mellow condition of the
soil fits it for receiving the rainfall more rapidly than a smoother, more
compact surface, and for retaining moisture much longer. I think this
the best way to irrigate in Missouri. Another advantage is the cutting
and breaking of roots, thereby greatly multiplying fibrous roots, in-
creasing the vigor and fruitfulness of trees. In our own orchard — the
seven acres of sixteen-year-old trees — we have but four dead trees, and
only ten that are damaged to an extent worthy of notice. We learn ^
through our local society, of one man in our county that can hardly
read or write, yet he has an orchard which lie plows deep and culti-
vates thoroughly every year; and lo! we behold this man growing the
finest apples received at the i)rincipal shipping station of our county—
the wonder and adnjiration of all who saw tuem.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. ISO-

Ill the early part of last summer I noticed but few apples damaged
by tlie

CODLING MOTH,

and was led to believe that they had received a check from some nat-
ural cause, and that for once we raio-ht escape. But later, when the
second brood got in their work, I found plenty of wormy apples. I see
no hope of getting rid of this pest without organized, systematic and.
general effort for their destruction.

One of the greatest discouragements to the fruit-growing industry
is the high rates charged by the railroads for transportation. These
rates are based upon " what the article will bear," not upon what they
can afford to carry for. The rate now charged for 100 or 200 miles is
as much as it should be across the continent. When, last summer, a
committee from our county society made an appeal to one of our rail-
road officials for a reduction of rates on apples, we were told: "You
Missouri farmers want too much for your apples. Michigan growers
are now selling apples at forty cents per barrel." Their plan on this
subject, seems to be based on the theory that the grower will take a
mere pittance for his apples, rather than let them rot in the orchard-
Grant that to be true, and that it might be wisdom on the part of the
producer, where is the encouragement for further enlargement of the
business if the net proceeds must go to swell the purses of the railroad
kings of this republic. These very roads were mainly built by gifts
from the government and the people, in lands, money and bonds. These
were given in the belief and expectation^based on the promises of the
men who solicited them — that transportation, like other business affairs,
would be a matter of competition ; that rates would be reasonable and
just to all concerned. Instead, we see too much of combination and of
extortion.

I learn from Mr. Hatfield, to whom I sold my winter apples this
year, and who has been in the trade for a number of years, that he sold
Missouri apples this year in competition with apples from Michigan ;
that there was a decided preference among buyers for Missouri apples,
because of their better appearance and quality, and also the fact that
they were keeping much better; that this year it took two bushels of
^S^ebraska wheat to pay for one bushel of apples; that buyers prefer
apples in bulk to having them barrelled. ^Iv. Hatfield also thinks there
is no danger of overstocking the market with large, high-colored,,
smooth apples.

160 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTRAL SOCIETY.

HOW SHALL WE GROW THEM?

Select good and suitable varieties.

Plant none but sound trees.

Plant tbein carefully.

Give them plenty of room, so tree and fruit will have sufficient air
and sunshine.

Prune, cultivate and feed them.

Fight the codling moth.

Visit the orchards of our most successful fruit raisers at the time
of their harvest.

Join our horticultural societies; attend their meetings; learn all
you can, and put it in practice;

Labor diligently and wait patiently, and in due time you will reap
the grandest of all harvests — rich, beautiful fruits, that will repay you,
in both pleasure and profit, for all you have invested.

WHERE SHALL WE PLANT OUR ORCHARDS, AjS^D WHAT
SHALL WE DO WITH THE OLD ONES.

BY J. A. DURKES, WESTON, MO.

On yonder hills, where the primeval woods,

Form a barrier to coid winter's blast,

Those hills, whose shelving rocks o'erhang

The flowing stream, from wlience cool dews and vapors mild

Arise, and nourish plant and tree and flower)

Here, let our orchards planted be, and here

Will our Pearmain's crimson, and our Pippins blush

With rip'ning fragrance 'neath October's sun.

— Axox.

The improvement upon the adaptability of all our standard fruits
to difl'erent sites and soils for untold ages has been the study of man,
and to-day we see how kindly they have yielded to all the varied arts

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 161

of cultivation, his wants and desires have subjected them ; and it is
with a widespread interest and an unflagging zeal that we still pursue
the beaten track, hoping by experiments and discovery to improve and
find the suitable kinds for the immense domains yet uuplanted.

The ditticulties, the successes and failures of the fruit grower are
so various in results, an attempt to prescribe for the ills, or point out
the proper methods by wliicli better results could be attained, would
task indeed the wisest among'us.

Favored as the great fruit regions of Michigan and other States
bordering the great lakes have been, many fears are entertained al-
ready that the continued clearing away of the forests will so change
the temperature by the freer admission of colder currents of air from
more frigid fields that the fruit crops of the future will be changed
A'ery materially.

The pioneers, in their settling of the west, chose always, where
possible, some spot sheltered by surrounding hills, near a living spring,
where their first clearing was made. In those ])laces their first few
fruit trees were set, while in the corner of the fences the seeds were
planted. Thus doubly protected by the surroundings, the continued
gathering of vegetable mold accumulating in those corners, the trees
of all kinds, we are told, bore abundantly and almost annually. Old set-
tlers claim that before the vast forests were cleared the Indian sum-
mers were longer and the winters milder. The decaying masses of
vegetation, the heavy coating of leaves spread over the soil, which the
undergrowth and fallen brushwood kept from being blown away, pre-
vented the freezing of the ground through which the warmth could
ascend, and this, with the vai)or8 arising from the mouldering masses,
had such an effect upon the atmospheric condition as to ameliorate its
harsher aspect and afford a more genial temperature.

But the design of this paper is to speak of the apple orchard, its
location and some of the soils most suitable to the tree.

The apple has been acclimated in almost every part of the temper-
ate zone, made to thrive and produce in soils, conditions and situations
far removed from its original haunts, and both as a food and luxury
made subservient to millions, and highly honored in mythology and

song.

The apple tree thrives best upon soils containing vegetable loam,
such as is furnished by decaying leaf and wood, hen<re the reason why
timbered lands are preferable to prairie, for healthier, long lived trees
and more perfect fruit.

H. R. — 11

1G3 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The best districts for the apple tree, says Loudon, through the Isle
of Britain and the continent, is where the soils are more or less cal-
carious, and in all districts most famous for their jjroductiou limestone
gravel and subsoil predominate.

A clayey loam, porous enough to give good natural drainage, with
an underlying stratum, stiff and in some degree tenacious, so as to hold
the summer's moisture, gives the most perfect, best flavored and high-
est colored fruit.

The hillsides, the valleys, we may say the blufi's that border the
Missouri river, possess these qualities in a high degree, in fact our
State orchard products are becoming more noted every year.

The fruitful banks of the Hudson, the beautiful hills of the Oliio
and the limestone bluffs of the Mississippi, have long since attested to
these facts by the excellence of their productions.

Soils, though rocky, apparently poor and possessing only small
proportions of loam, are well adapted to nearly all our fruit trees. The
continual disintegration of the rocks by heat and frost are constantly
producing the elements requisite for the development of trees and
fruit, besides there is warmth in such positions well adapted to special
varieties.

In well sheltered locations we cannot see tliat the inclination of
the ground toward any point of the compass makes much difference ;
changes of seasons would be more noticeable in its effect upon these
points. When the season is a very dry one, the inclination from the
sun's rays would be most desirable, and vice versa.

Should our springs be foul, cold and damp as a rule, south, south-
eastern and southwestern would be our choice to produce desirable
qualities. While the higher elevations are the best for all purposes,
many varieties will be found better suited to the lower parts than
others, the richer soils, damper atmosphere seeming to suit their
wants. Of these we have examples in the ^N^ewtown pippins, Eawles
Janet, Stark and others ; those of late blooming habits will be such
should be planted there, since they will more likely escape the late
spring frost such localities are subject to.

In this latitude apples of northern origin, sucli as the Baldwin, Spy,
King and Jonathan, to prevent their premature dropping, it has been
thought that a northern exposure would be best. That the more
equalized dampness the soil held would equalize the ripening of the
fruit also.

All low, damp, marsh;y ground and places holding water, though
uplands, are well known to be unsuitable locations. We have long

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 163

since come to the conclusion that none can definitely fix the proper
site where an orchard should be i)lanted in any given locality until all
the surroundings are studied. In our horticultural literature we have
so many rules given and examples set forth that by study only can we
arrive at a successful conclusion.

In open lands, or prairies where strong winds prevail during the
growing season from certain directions, it would be advisable to plant
on slopes, receding from the direction whence the wind comes; the
brow in this case would be a wind break, as it would rise and blow
over when coming in contact with the earth.

From every source we are constantly reminded of the importance
of wind breaks, shelter belts, and those whose good fortune it is to
possess naturul protection in some form or other are most happily
situated.

Of orchards on prairie lands, an extract from a paper that appeared
in the Journal of Horticulture will be found full of useful hints and
interesting points of study.

" Scattered over our prairies, are found groves of timber generally
on higher ground than the surrounding country, and on that account
are less subject to frosts than the lower grounds. The soil also is dif-
ferent, being much poorer. The original growth cut away, leaves a
mass of decaying roots in the ground which serve for a number of
years as underdrain. These reasons make these timber spots most
eminently suitable for orchards. The poorer quality of soil is favor-
able in that the wood is not stimulated to make a late fall growth, and
is thus well ripened and prepared to endure the rigors of a severe
winter.

" If no other alternative is presented but to plant on low prairie, or
not at all, prepare the ground by throwing up into ridges for the tree
TOWS. Then protect your trees by belts of evergreens- This protec-
tion being one reason of success in the timbered portions, since the
forest trees left standing serve to protect the orchard from the force of
the winds.

" Southern exposures are mor^ readily affected by the rays of the
sun, causing the blossoms to open earlier, and thus suffer more from
spring frosts.

"When blossom buds are frozen, those in the southern and eastern
exposures are thawed suddenly and killed, while those on the north
side of the hills thaw more gradually, and remain uninjured. The
slower warming of the atmosphere forms into a kind of dew or vapor,

I

164 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that aids to extract the frost, very much like plunging' frozen plants in
cold water.

" The frequent thawing of the bark of the trees during later winter
and early spring, causing in many cases sun scald and bursting of barky
caused also by the sudden action of the warniing rays of the sun,
make in these respects, grounds lying t*o the south or west of south
the worst locations, and north the best."

In the peach districts of Delaware, Maryland and New Jerseyy
when a peach orchard has become old and useless it is claimed that it
requires at least twenty years with changes of crops before the soil
has fully recovered and become adapted again for replanting-. From
these facts we may judge how our fruit trees are constantly exhausting
the soil, and how liberal we must be in supplying what we are annually
hauling away. The trees, then, of our old " orchards" that still have
life enough, and give promise of years of usefulness, must receive our
attention to bring them back to this condition. Therefore, clear out
their decaying limbs, trim oft" the superfluous branches, rub the mosses
down from their shaggy trunks, turn over the soil deep and well, let
the manures we must add be of the best ingredients, and then our
faithful old friends will be in a state, able again as of old, to repay us
for our care.

When the trees are of inferior kinds, or so far decayed that it
would be best to remove them, and the i)lanting on the same ground
not an object, it would be best to clear them away ; use the ground for
other crops a series of years, and plant young trees on original soil?.

Where it is desirable to keep the old plantation and till the vacant
places with other trees, let the holes be large and deep and in a great
measure be refilled with new soil and that dug out thrown aside. Good
cultivation following the results will be satisfactory. The interming-
ling of long with shorter lived varieties will be found in orchards,
planted in past years more so than the present; the object of the pres-
ent age being to get " quickest returns for every commodity."

We can only say in conclusion, spare some of the old trees, still
let their swaying branches be a landmark of the past, but plant in
other fields, plant newer kinds, keep on with experiments and let not
the good work flag, but be a task for the love in it as well as the profit.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 165

THE ]\IOST DESIRABLE APPLES.

BY P. M. KIELY, OF ST. LOUIS.

Presumming it would interest the members of the ^Missouri State
Horticultural Society to know what varieties of apples were most
sought for during 188G, I have made a few notes during the selling sea-
son to enable me to present the facts as concisely as possible.

The Early Harvest, the first apple of the season, tinds little favor
with the public and has nothing to recommend it except earliness, and
it is generally neglected if other varieties are in sight. Occasionally,
however, it is alone in the market and then finds its way into the hands
of the consumer. I pass over the other varieties until the advent of
the Early June or'Red June, which is a prime favorite with the general
trade. The local and order trade take hold of it freely and its showy
appearance on the fruit stands attracts purchasers.

■ After this there is really no variety which receives much notice
until the arrival of the Maiden's Blush, which I find in most of the
catalogues among the fall varieties, but in this market a regular sum-
mer apple and its season is about over when the regular fall apples ap-
pear.

The Maiden's Blush is purchased by all class of buyers. The
shippers like it, and many of them do little in the way of shipping be-
fore it is offered. Its handsome appearance, as in the case of Red
June, being the great attraction, and during the month of its existence
in the market here, has a better sale than any other variety. At this
time several varieties of sweet api^les appear, but all the sweet sorts
have a very limited sale. The shipping, or order trade — the very best
we have — will not touch them at any price, they being too perishable
for their purposes. The local demand for them is exceedingly small
and hence I urge the cultivation of but few of them, as the market is
easily glutted.

The Rambo, which soon follows, about the first of the fall varie-
ties, is recognized by everybody, and has a big local demand, although
the shippers touch it very lightly, it being short-lived. About this time

166 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

also appears the Yellow Bellflower, which in this market has, for so-
many years, sold higher that any other variety during? its season, while
it lasted. The supply of the Yellow Bellflower the present season
has been the smallest known in the experience of the writer, a fact
which enabled the Jonathan, an apple of great merit, to take a decided
step to the front. Indeed the Jonathan was almost unknown to the
general purchaser until this season, when it became all the rage, sell-
ing as it did, when the market was glutted, at $2 per barrel when fine
Ben Davis were offered side by side at $1.40 per barrel. However,,
this is no reflection on the Ben Davis, since any orther variety would
have suffered by comparison during its season in the market. For a
month or six weeks the local demand would take but little else, and
were willing to pay the difference and the shippers, too, were liberal
patrons. The grower who has a crop of Jonathans next season is sure
of fine prices regardless of the general supply or condition of our
market, a fact that should stimulate growers to raise more of them. It
is, I think, the finest eating apple before the public. That excellent
variety, the Eome Beauty, which always figures conspicuously in the
apple market from September, did not even have a ghost of a show
with the Jonathans. The supply of the Rome Beauty was unusually
light this year, a fact regretted by most of the dealers, and its absence
at this time leaves a void in the market not easily filled.

The Willow Twig and I^ewtown Pippin are purchased freely dur-
ing November for storing purposes ; the latter, however, is not as de-
sirable as the former variety, lacking in size especially.

The Ben Davis, which comes here so freely during October and
November, notwithstanding the great crop thrown in the market thi&
season, stands undisturbed, the great apple for commercial purposes^
For a while nearly half the entire receipts were Ben Davis, especially
during October. No variety was ever before put to such a test. How
could it head the list of high priced apples ? No other variety grown
would bring the same price if shipped in such quantities or comprised
such a large portion of the receipts. We can readily see the Ben Davis
could not be replaced. Give it a better show in the struggle for exist-
ence by planting a few more Eome Beauties, Winesaps, Willow Twigs
and Huntsman's Favorite. The latter variety has caught the public
eye and commanded fancy prices, appearing about the first of November
and now (Dec. Gth) nearly gone.

.1 had almost forgot to mention the Domine, which appeared here
in large quantities this fall. The price paid' for it averaged lower than,
perhaps, was offered for any other variety. It has nothing in particu,-

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 167

lar to recommend it, and is hardly worthy of a place in the orchard,
unless you plant a few trees for the sake of variety. The Winesap
does not lose its hold on the public and commands at this time good
prices and will continue to do so till spring. There is a growing scarcity
of the Eussets. They sell at good figures every spring, also during
the winter, but most of those offered are grown in the east.

For the apple growers in the territory tributary to this market here
is my list, running from early to late : Red June, Maiden's Blush, Eam-
bo, Bellflower, Jonathan, Ben Davis, Eome Beauty, Winesap, Willow
Twig, Huntsman's Favorite and Janeton. The list might embrace
Northern Spy, Smith's Cider, Pa. Eed Streak, or be enlarged according
to circumstances. I base my claim for these varieties on the public
taste or demand. Were I to use my individual taste, or that of many
experienced cultivators, I might alter the list somewhat, but as you
are growing fruit for profit, you must furnish that which the public
demands or pays the most money for.

Motion that the society receive the delegates from the sister State
societies.

Mr. E. H. Eeihl, of Alton, 111., delegate from the Illinois State
Society; Mr. F. W. Taylor, of Creston, Iowa, delegate from the Iowa

State Society, and Mr. — - Scott, of Doniphan county, Kas., were

introduced to the society and invited to make themselves at home and
take part in the discussions.

Mr. Burrows — I will open the discussion by referring to the first
paper read. Aft?r twenty-eight years' experience I think that was the
best paper that ever was written on the subject. I think if the teach-
ings of that paper were fully made known to all planters of trees it
would do immense good, but all planters do not receive a copy of our
report. I emphasize the importancre of cultivating and fertilizing or-
chards. We plant our trees and fast neglect them. We don't con-
sider the great tax on the soil the trees cause by growth and the ma-
turing its crop. It is very great. We refer to the Ben Davis being-
short-lived. It is the greatest bearer we have. Hence, it soon wears
itself out. I feel a particular interest in orcharding — apple growing.
We cannot pay too much attention to it. Something was said about
judicious pruning. I will say brietiy the best pruning is no pruning
at all.

168 Missouri state horticultural society.

Br. Goslin — Tliis society should be careful to send out only good
teachings. I was damaged by following some teaching I heard at
Carthage in regard to no pruning by Col. Haseltine. I went home and
said I would not prune any as that would be easier, and if no pruning
was better than pruning, it would be very easy to do the better way. I
reaped my reward. I have learned that an apple tree must be culti-
vated. I have experience, and know what I am talking, and I know
an apple tree requires cultivation just as much as a hill of corn requires
cultivation. The growing of apples is becoming a profession. The
early settlers grew good apples without cultivation, but ,we cannot do
that now. My apples were small, and the men who bought them asked
me why I did not go to another horticultural society and make them
still smaller. I knew a German to whom I once sold apples who pre-
ferred small apples, as they would go farther. If we can raise first-
class apples we need not fear about selling them. Buyers will come.
To have such apples we must prune carefully. Taking a tree when it
is first planted it requires careful training, just as a boy requires train-
ing. Continue it from year to year, and you will never have to prune
heavily. This year our trees have over-borne, and the constitution of
the trees are somewhat iuipaired by the long, dry, hot summer. You
can't expect to have many apples next year, unless you nurse your
trees carefully. The teaching of the papers this -morning is good.

President — This gentlemen must not hold this society responsible
for the teaching of Col. Haseltine, as it did not indorse his teaching.

3fr. Murry — 1 confess I was wrong in advocating no pruning some
years. A gentleman just across the Missouri river planted trees from
the same nursery as mine. His theory was no pruning. His trees
produced some immense crops for a few years, but they have now be-
come so small that the same buyer paid ten to fifteen cents more per
bushel for our apples than for his. I would not have gathered the en-
tire crop of the orchard of which I speak as a gift. It is just a mass of
tangled brush. It is done for. The land is much richer than that
where our orchard is. With the let-alone system you may get two or
three good crops, after which you will not have to cull them much.
They will be all culls. I am satisfied that careful cultivation will
double the value of a crop of apples, especially in a dry season.

Mr. Maitland — I think the distance apart trees are planted is a
very important factor. Those planted farthest apart live longer and
bear more regularly. I think forty or fifty feet none too much. I
gathered sixty-four bushels of apples from one Janet tree, about thirty-
five or forty years old, standing far away from other trees. Most of

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 169

the trees in the same orchard are dead. It has been pruned to death,
all the water sprouts being kept cut off. I think water sprouts are the
result of effort on the part of the tree to form a new top and keep
itself alive. If this is true, some of the best water sprouts should be
left on old trees.

Mr. Scott of Kansas — The orchard in Kansas, of which Mr. Murry
spoke, was planted only sixteen feet. Too close planting is one cause
of its failure. I think clover does an orchard no harm. A hill of corn
will grow well in a bunch of clover. So in a meadow, if you sow half
timothy and half clover you will have more timothy than if you sow
timothy alone. I would plow under the clover occasionally and hog it
a little.

M7\ Teiibner — Here are some apples from a twelve year old or-
chard; you see how they are spotted. The orchard is now in grass
and seems to be on the decline. I venture that if it is left alone three
or four years longer the trees will fail very rapidly.

Mr. Taylor of Iowa — The apple crop is a failure in my part of the
State of Iowa, the southwest part. In the eastern part the old or-
chards are nearly all dead. We have had trying times on orchards for
four or five years. In western Iowa the trees are in bad shape.

Mr. Follet — We find references in the books as to growing sweet
apples for stock. Would it not be profitable to grow them to prevent
hog cholera ? Is a sweet apple less likely to be worm eaten than a
sour one ? Are they not better for cider ? They are very wholesome
baked. Would it not be profitable to grow them extensively?

Mr. Nielson — You all agree that it is better to cultivate an orchard.
Why is it better ? It is all very well to say that such and such a thing
is better, but we want to know the reason. The principle of the thing-
is what we wish to know. Does not cultivation let in the air, the sun-
light and save the moisture in the ground ?

Mr. Burrows—In five years' experience in allowing hogs to run in
the orchard we have not lost a hog, even when they were dying on the
adjoining farm.

Mr. Murry — I confirm the gentleman's experience. Before I had
fruit I lost hogs from cholera. My county has lost thousands of hogs.
They benefit the orchard by eating the wormy fruit, and the fruit keeps
the hogs healthy. Two bushels of sweet apples are said to equal one
bushel of corn in fattening hogs. Thousands of trees have been
planted in the east, but I do not know what has been the financial
result.

Mr. Menifee — My hogs run in the orchard, and for five years I have
regularly not escaped the cholera.

170 MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Speer — The doctors seem to disagree on this matter as well
as on anything else. I have had no cholera for five years with my hogs
in the orchard.

In reply to a question as to what the Agricultural College was do-
ing with the experimental orchard, Mr. Taft said in regard to pears
that the Japanese varieties were hfirdy and fruitful. The Keifer was
fruitful and good for preserves. The LeConte had borne a few small
pears, but not enough to test its value. They have thirty or forty va-
rieties of plums, but none of them are of value except those of the
Wild Goose class- Sweet cherries do no good.

The young orchard has not been cultivated for two years. The
trees are making a fair growth. The trees have been pruned.

Society adjourned until 2 p. m.

WED]!^ESDAY 2 P. M.

It was moved and adopted that each member be requested to
make a list of the twelve best varieties of apples, all things considered,,
to annex his name and address, and hand the list to the secretary for
publication.

FOLLOWING ARE THE LISTS :

Apples. — Early Harvest, Eed June, Benoni, Maiden Blush, Eambo,.
Baileys Sweet, Golden Sweet, Tulpahocking, G. G. Pippin, Jouathan,,
Winesap and Ben Davis.

Cherry. — Early Richmond.

Pears Bartlet, Duchess, Seckel and Keifer for canning.

Strawherries Crescent, Downing and Glendale.

Raspl)erries, Black Cap Hopkins.

Raspberries^ Red. — Cuthbert, Turner and Shaffer.

Blacl-herries Snyder and Freed.

M. BUTTERFIELD, Lees Summit, Mo.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON 171

Apples. — Ben Davis, Winesap, Janet, Huntsman, Newtown Pippin,
Stark, Willow Twig, Jonathan, Rambo, Duchess of Oldenburg, Red
Astrachan and Early Harvest.

Pears. — Bartlett, Seckel, Duchess, and Clapps Favorite.

Strawberries. — Crystal City, Crescent and Charles Downing.

Baspberries, Black. — Tyler, Mamoth Cluster and Gregg.

Baspberries^ Bed, — Turner, Thwack and Cuthbert.

Blackberries Snyder, Wachussett and Kittatinny.

Peaches ^Anisden, Missouri Beauty, Foster, Lemon Cling, Heath

and Steadly.

G. F. MAITLAXD, Lexington, Mo.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Red June. Maiden Blush, Buckingham,
Grimes Golden, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Huntsman, Winesap, Ben
Davis, Janet and Willow Twig.

J. T. STEWART, Blackburn, Mo.

List of apples recommended for Montgomery coiinty, by F. Lion-
berger, New Florence, for home use and shipping. For the planting of
1,000 trees I should recommend the following selection :

Apples. — Early Harvest, Red June, Maiden Blush, Lucy Pew, Pa.
Red Streak, Grimes, Jonathan, Janeton, Huntsman, Ben Davis, Wine-
sap and Rome Beauty.

For a good local market I should plant more of the earlier sorts,
indicated in the above list.

F. LIONBERGER.

Apples. — Kentucky June, Red June, Kirkbridge, Maiden Blush,
Wealthy, Col vert, Rambo, Grinxes Golden, Rome Beauiy, Jonathan,
Ben Davis, Janeton and Clayton.

J. H. MONSEES, Beaman, Mo.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Sops of Wine, Oldenburg, Lowell, Maiden
Blush, Jonathan, Mother, Smith's Older, Winesap, Willow Twig, Ben
Davis and Janeton.

HENRY SPEER, Butler, Bates Co.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Maiden Blush, Lowell, Mother, Penn. Red
Streak, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, Ben Davis, Gano, Winesap, Willow
Twig, York Imperial.

Pears. — Seckel, Sheldon and White Doyenne.

W. G. Gano, Parkville, Mo.

172 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Maiden Blush, Early Pennock, Eainbo,
Jonathan, BelleHower, Pryor's Red, Ben Davis, Winesap, Willow Twig,
W. W. Pearmain and Rawles Janet. *

Fears. — Bartlett, Duchess, Clairgeau and White Doyenne.

J. A. Durkes,

Weston, Mo.

Apples. — Red June, Duchess, Maiden Blush, Mother, Jonathan,
Grimes, Rome Beauty, Smith's Cider, Winesap, Ben Davis, Willow
Twig and Ladies Sweet.

Pears. — Duchess, B. Clarigeau and Lawrence.

L. A. GOODMAN.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Red June, Maiden Blush, Rambo, Jona-
than, Rome Beauty, Huntsman, Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Janeton,
Winesap and Small Romanite.

CHAS. TEUBNER,
' Lafayette county.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Craghead, Maiden Blush, Rambo, Wine-
sap, Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Willow, Huntsman, Ben Davis, Gilpin
and Limber Twig. R. E. BAILEY,

Fulton, Mo.

GRAPE CULTURE.

ADDRESS BY JACOB ROOIEL, OF MORRISON, MO.

Grape culture has, for the past few years, been all but encour-
•aging. Extreme cold winters and wet seasons have caused crops to
be very light.

The rot in grapes has been most fatal and has been on the increase
from year to year. Concord, in many places, for last years almost a

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 173-

failure by rot, while Nortons or Cyuthiana, Ives and Elvira have done
best, belMg the least affected by rot, and produced fair crops, however
not entirely exempt from rot.

The rot is most prevalent in the older vineyards, as the poisonous
matter that causes the rot is increasing with age of the vineyard. This
has been proven, as young vineyards at all times are least affected. by
rot. The vines appear to undergo changes at certain ages. For in-
stance, the Concord and many of the old kind, where first introduced,
have for years proved almost exempt from rot, likewise many of our
newer kinds. All appear to share the same fate in time, with the ex-
ception that some will resist it longer than others.

There have been many remedies for preventing rot, but none has
proved a success. Many experiments have been made to prevent rot,
but so far all have failed except to cover the vines over head or to run
them under an eave; this however, is too expensive.

Paper bagging the grapes in their early stages is at present much
practiced and considered the cheapest preventive we know of. It m
however attended with much labor, and may only be profitably em-
ployed on the finer varieties. A cheaper rot preventive is anxiously
looked for, and the man who will discover such a preventive of pear
blight may be called a great benefactor to fruit growers, as I consider
the grape and pear the finest fruits we grow. It is hoped that we may
all soon be blessed with such a discovery and be able to hail such a
benefactor. Then we might succeed in growing the most delicious-
fruits of our soil— the grape and the pear.

Let all, therefore, strive with zeal and patience to discover such a
remedy and become this immortal benefactor. Until such a remedy is
discovered, our policy must be to plant new vineyards from time to
time in new places, and selecting the best new varieties, and to con-
tinue to raise new seedlings to take the place of older sorts that may
fail.

These hints apply more particularly to the older districts, but if
heeded by the younger, many of the evils attending the older may be-
averted.

174 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following- letter was read :

BusHBERG, Jefferson County, Mo., Dec. 6, 1886.

My Dear Mr. Goodman — Unforeseen circumstances almost at
at tlie last moment, prevent my attending your meeting to-morrow, at
which I had confidently hoped and expected to be present. While I
regret it sincerely that I must be deprived of this pleasure, I may, at
least, express the hope that your meeting- will be a very pleasant and
profitable one, and will be greatly enjoyed by all who are present.

I must also offer yon my apology that I have not prepared a report
on vineyards, as you will have expected from me. The fact is, how-
ever, that there has been so little of encouraging and cheering result
in the grape crop of this section, owing to the very unfavorable season
which we had here, that I have had no heart to make a report, and I
intended to ask the society rather to excuse me for this time.

I hope that under the circumstances my failure to make such a
report, which in itself could have reported but little else besides failure
of crops, may meet with a kind and charitable indulgence for

Yours very truly,

G. E. MEISSNER.

Mr. Teubner — I have no material of which to make a written report.
The few vineyards we have are mostly Concord. It has rotted badly
thisyear, but not as bad as last year. We have had, perhaps, half a crop.
In some vineyards three- fourths of a crop. Sacking, in a small way,
was successful in preventing the rot, and also in keeping the berries
from being- wormy.

Mr. Ambrose — At what time should the sacks be applied to pre-
vent rot "? Many have failed with the system, perhaps from the fact
that they did not sack the grapes at the right time.

Mr. Teubner — That is an important question. I think the sacks
should be put on as soon as possible after the berries are set — say
within four or five days after they are set.

Dr. Gordon — I had bunches affected on the 10th of June, before
the berries were as large as goose shot. I am satisfied that any family
can sack enough grapes for their own use.

Mr. Irvine — The matter was up at the Warrensburg meeting. I
believe it was said there that the disease was caused by the exhaustion
of some necessary element in the soil. One gentleman laughed at the
idea. I know of a gentleman who had a large vineyard in good soil.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 175

He had good grapes at first, then they began to decline, with the ex-
ception of twenty-one vines upon an old chip pile. These continued
to bear grapes free from rot.

^[r. Teubner — I know of a somewhat similar instance. A man not
far from me has some Clinton vines upon the side of a house, and also
some in a vineyard near by. Those upon the house never rot, even
in a wet season, while those in the vineyard do rot. The vines upon
the house are probably larger.

Mr. Patterson — Our best grapes grow upon low ground, tile drained.
There was very little rot in north Missouri this year. We have scarcely
-any other than Concord vines.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE OX SMALL FEUITS.

BY SAMUEL MILLER, BLUFFTON, MO.

• Friend Goodman : As it falls to me to furnish a paper on the
above subject, it will be prepared, whether I will be there to read it
or not.

Strawherries — Of these we had quite a variety, in a mass, not giv-
ing them much attention the season before. The varieties that gave
us the best returns were Crescent, Captain Jack, Vick, Cumberland,
Cornelia and Glendale. Of these we now have half an acre in as good
condition as such a dry summer would allow. These with Crawford's
No. 6 are all that are retained. This latter is about the largest straw-
berry I have grown, moderately productive and good. The Cornelia
is with us a splendid berry in all respects.

For several years in picking this fruit I have often observed that
where some animal had crossed the patch when the ground was soft
(a thing that will occasionally happen) that on the edge of this hole or
impression the finest berries were usually found. Whether this is be-
cause this hole gets more water in it than the rest of the ground or

176 MISSOUET STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

what, I don't pretend to say, but such has been the case. The idea
has suggested itself to me that perhaps if we had theground where the
row is a little elevated, and the furrow between deeply mulched
whether it would not be well. Another matter I observed, that around
a place where my dog dug after a mouse in the fall, and to all appear-
ances had demoralized a square yard or two, when leveled off in the
spring the plants looked well, and they were the finest berries also.

One thing is certain, that if the crown of a strawberry plant is a
little too deep it will be smothered, and little or no fruit will be pro-
duced, and if the crowns are too high and a severe winter follows, un-
less verv well mulched, the result will not be satisfactory. One time
I trenched the ground eighteen inches deep, manured freely, planted
a specimen bed of some dozen varieties. Kept all the runners off dur-
ing the summer, except the Windsor Chief, which I had but a dozen
plants, which were left to run.

The following spring the plants all looked grand, and a big crop
was looked for. With one exception, the thing was as near a failure
as I ever saw.

There were twelve plants of each and none gave fruit worth look-
ing at except the Capt. Jack and Cumberland, and even these had not
a fourth of a crop. Crescent was not among them as it was not in my
collection then.

The exception alluded to was the Windsor Chief, which produced,
the biggest crop of big berries I ever saw. A friend who measured
the space the plants covered, and measured the fruit carefully, takgn
into calculation, showed that it was at the rate of 14,000 quarts to the
acre.

It will be a long time before we can tell exactly how to treat the
different varieties to the best adv^antage.

Easpberries were a fine crop. Hopkins pleased me well. Marl-
boro disappointed me, but may do better next season.

There are two ways of doing most things, a right and a wrong one,
but I do not know a fruit that will vary more than this according to
treatment.

Take the same variety of Black Cap, plant one lot in good soil,
keep clean, and pinch the young canes at the proper time, two or three
feet high is the proper time, trim properly in the spring, mulch and
keep clean and you will see fruit that will gladden the eyes of even a
connoisseur. Plant the other in poor soil, omit pinching, let the weeds
take a share in the operation, and the crop of fruit will not be worth,
picking.

ANNUAL, MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 177

The latter is the treatment thej usually get from the common
farmer, and then they say th6y don't do well.

For the suckering varieties, let but three or four canes grow in
good soil, pinch at three feet, keep clean as above stated and the fruit
will be tine. While if left to sucker all over the ground and the weeds
left to grow, the fruit will be small and inferior. It is so with nearly
all fruits.

Blackberries, we have but three varieties in fruit here, Snyder,
Western Triumph and Taylor ; the latter bore some excellent berries
the past season, but were too small to suit me. This may, however,
have been caused to some extent by the mass of suckers that spring
up, which we want for future planting.

Snyder and Triumph are good ones and don't fail to bear good
crops. The latter suti'ered somewhat one winter. Kittatinny and Law-
ton are winter killed too often here in our rich soil. Cheriies were a
failure. Gos8berries,as usual, a splendid crop. The Orange and Rocky
Mountain or Oregon promise well. These with Downing and Hough-
ton are all we have.

Currents were fine. Eed Dutch and AVhite Grape. These and
Fays Prolific are all we have, the latter has not born fruit yet.

Grapes were a full crop at the start, but the rot levied a heavy con- •
tribution on them, and what ripened were nearly all claimed by the
birds, bees, wasps, hornets and yellow jackets. I never saw such an
outslaught as they made for a few days. About all we got were those
put in paper sacks.

The ]S'iagara, Empire State and Woodruff's Eed have made a fine
growth, and may show us fruit next year.

,0f one thing I am convinced, that is, that to lay down the half
hardy vines in the fall and cover lightly, and as sOon as the fruit is well
set put paper sacks on the bunches, we can raise some of the finer
kinds that will almost invariably fail with ordinary culture. The past
season I grew the first bunch of Black Hamburg out doors. The vine
grew well and is down and covered now for next season.

As to the profit, the growing smaH fruits depends on situations. As
I am, there is no profit in it, but as the boy said, what fun ! But a few ^
hours ago I finished dinner with a dish of strawberries and cream
that was easy to take.

If farmers would raise and eat more fruit and less meat there
would be fewer doctor bills to pay and much sickness avoided.

I eat less meat in a week than many a man consumes in a day, yet

H. K.— J2

178 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can do as raucli work, and that pretty hard work, as any man of my weight
and years that I am acquainted with. But this is like everything else,
must have an end. With my best wishes for a pleasant and successful
meeting at Lexington, whether I be with you or not, I am with you iu
sentiment.

SAMUEL MILLER.
Bluffton, Mo., November 28, 1886.

A TREE WASH.

Editor Rural World: For nearly twenty years 1 experimented
how to save my fruit trees from being killed by insects, and have long
used the following as the best. Take one peck of unslached lime, four
pounds of the flower of sulphur, mix and slack witli about eight of
boiling water. Whilst yet hot, add one-half gallon crude carbolic acid,
and the same of gas tar, stirr well and mix thoroughly. When cold it
is ready for use. A flat brush I find to be the best. For mice, rabbits
or sheep put on the wash high enough to cover the trunk out of their
reach.

For a spring wash against borers, leave the gas tar put and add in
its i)lace one gallon of soft soap. Wash thoroughly so as to reach
every crevice or hiding place when the trees are iu bloom, or not later
than three weeks after they reach that state. The millers or bugs will
not lay their eggs on that wash, but if they do it will surely hill them.
But on neglected trees, where the borers have gotten under the bark,
nothing will do but the knife and to surely cut them out. This wash
will not only protect the trees from insects but give them a smooth,
healthy bark. One person can wash from 100 to 800 trees a day,
according to their size and height of washing. I have 400 trees, apple,
pear, peach plum, etc., and this wash proves successful against rabbits
and borers, which are very numerous in this locality. I have seen
sumac and other bushes close to my trees gnawed by rabbits whilst the
trees were unharmed.

Lime in a wash makes a body, and is not only a protection against
the insects, but also against the weather. Sulphur is poison to insect

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 179

life. Carbolic acid is a deadly poison to insects, and retains its strength
for a long time. Gar tar will make the wash stick well, till spring rains
wash it off, but it or anything- of a greasy nature should not be used on
.trees in summer.

JACOB FAITH, Montevallo.

REPORT BY W. :.I. HOPKINS, SPRINGFIELD, MO.

To the Missouri State Horticultural Society:

As one of the committee on small fruits I submit this brief report.
As a new comer here it must not be expected that I am sufficiently
posted to do the subject full justice or add anything new. I learn from
growers of small fruits in this vicinity that the strawberry crop was
about an average, but a two weeks drought caused the fruit to ripen up
all at once, causing too many small berries and a glut in the market and
very low prices. One large grower became disgusted and let much of
his crop go to waste. Red and black raspberries only a fair crop with
very good prices. Blackberries a very small crop on account of the
rust (as usual all over the west) with good paying prices. One grower
near Springfield has had the same plants on his place nearly twenty
years and no rust yet. I saw the Red Dutch Currant growing here
Tinder treatment that surprised me, and loaded down with that beautiful
fruit. I think with the right kind of treatment and proper care it will
be a paying success. I think from what I can see that southwest
Missouri is well adapted to the raising of all the small fruits. Let me
again urge all engaging in the business to ])lant no more than you can
cultivate well, and handle the fruit better than is generally done. I
know from fifteen year's experience that it does pay to handle fruit
well. As far as I see and can learn, all small fruits that have been
properly attended to since fruiting are looking very well. The straw-
berry crop will not be so large the coming season as last, many patches
have gone to waste and not many set last spring. It might not be out
of the way to add that I consider -winter protection indispensible to
success in raising strawberries. Cover with clean wheat straw from
one to two inches as soon as the ground freezes hard ; as soon as spring
opens rake the straw lightly from over the plants and let it stay between
the rows for a mulch and to keep the fruit clean till the fruiting season
is over. /

Springfield, Mo., Dec, 1, 1888.

ISO MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTEAL SOCIETY.

The members were requested to name three best kiuds of straw-
berries.

Mr. Rohards — Crescent, Sharpless and Cumberland.

Dr. Goslhi — Crescent, Sharpless and Miners Prolitic.

Mr. Maitland — Crescent, Crystal City and Chas. Downing.

Mr. Lionherger — Cumberland, Capt. Jack and Crystal City. I have
not had much experience with the Crescent. I know a patch that died
last summer during the dry weather.

Prof. Tracy — I would have Crescent, Cumberland and Jersey
^ueen. The last with hill culture is very fine.

Mr. Murry — The Crescent stands drouth well. My berries were*
large aud fine.

Mr. Irvine — The soil might have something to do with it. Mr..
Murry lives in a country where tho roots go down thirty or forty feet.

Mr. Teubner — Wilson and Capt. Jack will do well on rich soil. Jas.
Vick and Glendale will succeed upon poor soil.

Mr. Menifee — In my deep, black sandy loam the Crescent, Miner
and Glendale are the best, or Mount Vernon instead of the latter, both
being late. The Sharpless is very liable to be destroyed by late frosts^
It can't stand frost at all. The Crystal City is too shy a bearer; it is
not profitable. Miner is the most productive of all, but a poor ripener^
one side being green when the other is ripe. Cumberland is not quite
so productive.

Mr. Lionherger — The Crescents of which I spoke are on very rich
ground. Plants from the same bed stood the weather tine on my
ground. The Crystal City is too shy. The Daisy Miller is not a daisy.
Piper we like, but it is too dark in color and not firm enough to ship.

Mrs. Goslin. — ^I grow the Crescent, Sharpless and Chas. Downing.
The Crescent is rather too small after the first week, but the Sharpless
is then fine and I always have the boys put the large berries on top of
the boxes, and the small ones in the bottom. The buyers want them
to look nice. (Laughter).

Mr. Patterson. — The Crescent is the best we have on our hardpan
soil. The Cumberland with good soil, good cultivation and good treat-
ment generally, is a good home market berry.

Mr. Murry. — I think there is danger of us drifting too much to the
strawberry, I find there is a growing demand for the black raspberry
and the blackberry. We can not stock the market with blackberries.
The very finest strawberries sold as low as seventy-five cents per case
in St. Joe, while blackberries never sold nearly as low. Plant the Sny-
der on the very richest land and you will have a good-sized berry.
The Snyder gives good satisfaction where people have tried it.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 181

Mr. Teuhner. — I agree with Mr, Murry. I find even many farmers
are planting blackberries, as even the wild plants will winter-kill.

Mr. Durl-es. — In a conversation with a gentleman who ships vast
quantities of fruit to the northwest, he said tbat if we could furnish
such a supply that he could ship by the car-load, it would create such
a demand that there would be no danger of an over supply. He liked
the Snyder best.

Mr. Speer. — I would like to know how to overcome the rust. This
season we had one picking of very tine fruit, one of indifferent fruit,
and then the rust wiped out the whole thing. The Snyder was just as
bad as the Lawton.

Mr. Maitland. — I planted the Kittatinny on both rich and poor
soil. Those on the poor soil rusted badly while those on the rich soil
had no rust.

Dr. Gordon. — The Kittatinny did not rust on rich soil with me.

Mr. President ^I will say that I know of a great many patches of

Itlackberries, and of but one that did not rust. It was in a rich clover,
sod, grazed a part of the time by horses; and the horses are very care-
ful not to tramp the bushes down.

Mr. Speer. — What does Mr. Holman think of the president's plan
of raising blackberries by horse power!

Mr. Ragan. — I had for eighteen years a plantation of Kittatinny
and Lawton which never rusted, though they would sometimes winter-
kill.

Mr. Bobards. — I would like to suggest that Shaffers Colossal is
the largest, most productive, hardy berry we have. Its flavor is good.
I regard it as superior to Cuthbert and Turner.

Mr. Durkes. — I indorse all that has been said in its favor.

«

3fr. Patterson. — It is a large cropper. The berries are good for
<}anning, and some like them to eat.

Mr. Bailey. — I find a demand for it in preference to the Turner
after I have induced people to try it. Fifty plants two years planted
made more berries than five hundred Turners.

Mr. Menifee. — I have fruited it 'for a number of years and consider
it one of the best.

Mr. Teuhner. — I like it except its color.

Mr. Speer. — I like it better than all others combined. I would let
all others go and keep Shaffers. , It don't sprout.

Mr. Lionherger. — I indorse what good has been said of the Shaffer.

Mr. Goodman. — In reply to the question which is the best Black
Cap. We want the Hopkins, it is the only one good for anything in
our countrv.

182 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Holman. — I have a seedling, somewhat like Gregg, almost as-
large, hardy as any. It will follow the Hopkins and with that variety
will be all we want. The Gregg is not hardy enough. We call the
new kind the OzarJ;. It is a very strong grower. We have another
hardy berry that we call the Bronze Queen, on account of its peculiar
color. It is a strong grower. The canes are immense. It does not
sucker but roots firm the tips. It is like the black cap in growth of
wood, fruit quite sweet and very good, fruits well and is hardy.

Mr. Taft. — I have been growing about fifty varieties of strawber-
ries, fifteen of raspberries. Of the older kinds of strawberries I like
Crescent, Cumberland and Capt. Jack. Among the new kinds Jewel,
Belmont and Prince, promise well. The Belmont had just a few ber-
ries, fair in quality. Jewel is a very strong grower, large, handsome
of fair quality, but does not make many new plants.

Parry — Weak, I saved only four plants out of twelve, berry soft,
not good.

Henderson — A strong grower, fairly productive, of excellent qual-

ity.

Prince — Strong, vigorous and promises to be very valuable.

May King — Early^ much like Crescent.

Among the red raspberries Turner is our stand-by.

Marlboro is not productive.

Shaffer's Colossal — Extremely productive, the best.

Souhegan — Early, productive, rather sour.

]Sremaha — Promising.

Carmen — Promising well.

Among blackberries the Early Cluster is hardy, so is the Agawam.

TRAKSPOETATIOis^,

BY CLARKE IRVINE, OREGON.

There is a fact that w-e habitually ignore, although it is pressed on
our attention by experience. It is that the desire of the human race ta

ANNUAL, MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 183

consume is insatiable and keeps pace with its ability to procure. It is
useless to refer to the almost numberless instances to prove it. The
post office, the cheap newspaper are sufficient to name. It is true also
that revenue accrues to the producer and furnisher more and more as
his price is reduced and consumption increases, provided, always he
receives something- over and above cost. And yet legislators and
business men often disregard this law of trade. The first proposition
to reduce postage to a penny per ounce was received with roars of
laughter. When the street cars were started at half hour trips and 25
cents per trip, he was deemed a lunatic who suggested a car per minute,
at two cents per trip. Two cents for a newspaper was a price looked
on as a fraud on creditors.

It is remarkable that all those who get a monopoly or patent on
any supply or means of supply grow entirely oblivious of this law.
The thing they desire is scarcity — the smallest possible use at the
highest price. If A can make as much money by the use of a thousand
dollars, he is not going to use twelve hundred on the slightest risk.
He piefeis to receive his income from one hundred customers rather
than from two hundred. Where the source of supply is not monopolized
but the market is controlled the case may be different. The street cars
have always a competitor in the customer who can always serve him-
self; hence, although the routes are monopolized, the system has
developed as if under wholesome competition.

Forty years ago the whole transportation of the country was over
public ways, such as roads, rivers and canals. You used your own
vehicles or vessels, or hired your neighbors'. Life at home was more
intensified, and a journey of one hundred miles was a great undertaking.
The raw material was largely consumed at home, as distant shipment
was expensive. Wheat was ground at home and the flour sent to Kew
York by wagon and canal boat — now the wheat is sent to New Y'ork
and the flour is shipped back. The country roads were scenes of re-
markable activity; droves of cattle, hogs, turkeys, horses and sheep;
convoys of monsterous wagons Avith from four to ten teams to each,
travellers on horse or afoot, now a private carriage came lumbering on
and then the U*. S. mail in a splendid coach drawn bj' six horses
thundered by, often followed by half a dozen. Familiar as the scene
was to the village, no one ever lived in one but felt, when stage time
came, a hushed expectancy in the air. At every five miles was the
half way house with its stable and bar; at every ten or twelve the
station with its immense barns bursting with feed, its great stables full
of horses, its solid comfortable public house, large dining room and

184 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

bar. On all roads leading" to important towns and county seats the
travel was immense. It was indeed a sight to see as many as twenty
six-horse stages following- each other all from the same direction, arriv-
ing- on time; the hostlers rushing out, the grand dignified drivers
tossing- lines and whip to waiting boys, travellers pouring out to stretch
their legs, take a bitters and dinner. Inquiries were naturally made as
to the whereabouts of the mail coming from the opposite direction. On
some hill or house top were watchers, signals were given, " She is com-
ing'' ! and perhaps, if travel were brisk, a dozen or twenty stages came
rattling in, the horns of the guards playing in a lively "toot tooing" as
they thundered on. Dear delightful sounds still lingering- in memorys
ear. This is no exaggeration. And at some .great mail centre where
some half dozen roads crossed, leading to county seats in every direc-
tion, it was a wonderful and a glorious spectacle. Just think of as
many as fifty stages within a little time passing one point in all direc-
tions — every five miles a half way hotel — every ten a regular station on
the many mail routes among this centre. And now all this life has
utterly vanished. All that bustle, that crowding, human life and animal
life manifested by hundreds of horses, crowds of people, several hotels
and barns is now represented by a momentary roar and shriek, the ring
of a bell, the rush of half a dozen men to and from a station and all is
over in just about three minutes.

I was reminded to write this because of a young man saying in my
hearing that he '' wondered how people got on in the days before the
telegraph and ra,ilway, and how lonely the country must have been."
I^ow I have traveled back over the very old stage routes and that old
national pike, so crowded with life in the days of 1810. Then you were
meeting people constantly and the open doors of noble country taverns
invited you in every few miles. Xow, " Look out for the locomotive,"
you will probably not meet a soul all day, and every old public house
is closed up. Life has been drawn from the country to the city.
Everything is sadly changed. Had anyone taken you, forty years ago,
upon some high hill and shown you all the roads and ways of travel in
your region, crowded as they were with all the motions of life for bus-
iness or pleasure, and said "You will live to see the day when these
ways will be as much disused as though non-existent. They shall be-
come as dead and buried, and over them shall be erected private ways,
upon which none but the owner can carry vehicles, and all you want to
have carried and your own journeys shall be by their permission.
Another thing- will be. Much as you think is carried to-day there will
be more carried then ; much as we travel now we shall travel longer

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 185
— 1 ,

journeys then. In fact travel and transportation which are today
quite an important feature of life, shall in the days to come be the all-
absorbing occupation. Travel will be increased, carriage also beyond
jour powers of conception, and the whole life of society will adjust
itself to the new conditions."

You could hardly have believed it possible. And yet it has oc-
curred. And the rapid, prompt transfer of commodities by ways abso-
lutely controled by companies has directed business, has scattered
here and concentrated there, so that its mighty streams and tides are
as much under our control as the regiments of an army in action.

But a thing never dreamed of has also occurred. Competition has
heen as much destroyed and prevented from developing, as though an
absolute monopoly of this all absorbing business had been granted to
a few persons. Xot only have the hundreds of companies made agree-
ments, but they are being absorbed gradually by a few great systems
until, in all probability, the great systems shall evolve into one or two.

A very remarkable paper, lately published in England by Mr.
Charles Waring, exhibits the same tendency and condition there.
Briefly he shows that, some twenty years ago. Sir Henry Tyler in Par-
liament remarked that '"the state must own the roads or the roads will
own the state," that several hundred companies originally are now
^ 'Comprehended in four great divisions ; that every term of Parliament
sees bills passed transferring harbors and quays to the railways; that
all other convenient ways of transport are now controlled by the
•roads; that the House of Lords is composed mostly of railway dele-
gates ; that while dollars are charged for carrying freight a short dis-
tance, a few cents comparatively are charged for carrying long dis-
tances on the same road; that the value of railroad property has
doubled in a short time, that railway stock pays seven per cent, while
the best of other investments pay but three, and finall}', at the present
rate, all the land and other property are rajiidly gyrating to the rail-
roads. He concludes that it is imperative that this great necessity of
modern life, railway transportation, shall be controlled directly by the
State, and that freight shall be cBarged per weight and not per dis-
tance, and the cost of travel be so reduced as to be nominal.

When public burdens become too heavy the people revolt. The
poorest head of a family in the United States is bound to patronize the
railways to some extent. He is obliged to contribute to their support
so long as he is a consumer. When a railway official, by authority,
puts a fraction of a cent more on the pound of freight, he is virtually
taxing his subjects, perhaps, hundreds of millions of dollars. In every

18G MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

government tliat has ever existed the power of taxation was the high-
est attribute of sovereignty, the most obnoxious to abuse, and when
abused, the most intolerable and irritating of all burdens. Every
great convulsion, under every system of government, has had its rise
in some abuse or some necessity in the exercise of this power. And
of all the taxes ever derived by the ingenuity of man, that which is
laid upon production is the most hateful, the most impoverishing, the
most annoying. The charges that are placed upon the surplus products
of some five million agriculturalists of these States who are far from
market and the sole consumers of whose surplus are in Europe, is the
chief cause of the labor troubles in the United States. For what is
their surplus ? It is that which supplies to them not food, not fuel, not
capital to any great extent, but manufactured commodities and means
of paying direct taxes.

They with their families and dependants are not less than twenty-
five million souls, ordinarily the heaviest consumers of manufactures
and largest patrons of the railways [not.as passengers but as producers
and consumers]. Here you have some twenty-five millions of your
best customers driven into an economy fatal to your manufactures.

If, now, we expostulate with the railrway magnates, they point us
to their reports and show us they are not making money. Still, rail-
way improvement and extension seem to be the most thriving business
we have. There are two or tliree matters I wish to mention in this
connection and then leave the question for your reflection and discus-
sion, "for in the multitude of counsels there is wisdom."

Let us then admit that the railroads are not making money. They
say so, and we will not be ungentlenjan like and dispute it. And then,
let us see if the business cannot be conducted so as to make money
and serve the public well at the the same time.

First — Let me state that the Pullman company is a very wealthy
concern. It began poor; it paid six times more for its cars than the
roads; it hired one conductor for each car, one porter, two brakesmen*
It paid the roads to haul the cars a sum equal to its proportion of cost
of building the roads. It charged passengers from one-third to one-
fourth as much for hauling them as did the railroad companies. It
rarely had its cars one-half full, but grew to become enormously
wealthy very soon— so much so it now compels the roads to haul them
and pay for the privilege. It has become a giant. Do you understand
it ? You paid the railroad company $20 to carry you from Omaha, say,,
to Chicago. But the Pullman carried you for $5, gave some of it to
the company and got rich. The railway company did nothing, but it

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 187

gave your seat to another and charged him the same. If the Pullman
got rich doing the service in a style so much more costly, why did not
the railway company make money? Here is a question I never have
heard asked yet ; it puzzles me exceeedingly.

Again, the express companies do a very good business, entirely at
the expense of the roads. This matter has been often referred to..
These and other ways of tapping the profits tend to make the roads
poor. Moreover, they have built one hundred thousand miles and
relaid some fifty thousand more, at the unnecessary cost of some $28
per ton, tariff, at their own instance and request.

Railway gentlemen when replying to expostuliitions against the
restrictive charges on travel, often sneer at the profits from that source
and make light of them. I believe the reports make the profits from
freight to the roads about three times more than profits from travel.
One great element of cost in railroad operation is time. Necessarily
freight trains are much slower and they are much more wearing on
the roads. I am satisfied that the road magnates are as slow to learn
'the great truth of political experience — the lower the tariff the higher
the revenue, as were senates and parlismients in the past. They seem
to detest serving the public on such cheap terms as will invite the
masses. Four-fifths of the people ( i.e. women and minors ) never travel,
and none but the rich ever journey by rail for pleasure. "But the
people don't travel when we give rates," is said. Your rates are heavy
exactions. Imagine a poor man with his family, say seven in all, taking
a trip of one hundred miles on ''rates" — $21 at least — and how the
poor people do love to travel; how they enjoy it !

Why will a railway carry a hog a thousand miles or more for a
dollar, load it, take care of it, unload it — all for $1, and charge a man
w'ho waits on himself $30. I say to the roads that if they will charge
the people as freight they will be compelled to double their tracks and
increase their cars one hundred for one. Any difference in the extra
cost for finer cars is equalized by the profits from greater speed. Were
the roads to attempt this, such a revolution in the travel of this coun-
try would take place as they had a foretaste of during the great cut
rate war. Roads then, by carrying only a few more freight cars with
windows and seats in them, took in from $15,000 to $50,000 per day
each, for passengers; and yet the companies restricted all local and
prevented much through travel by exacting a large sum of the passen-
ger to be returned to him at the end of the route. Enormous as was
the travel at these restricting rates, a mighty deluge of people breaking
upon the repose of the roads, scarce a drop of it came from the vast

188 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

_ ^ ■

ocean of humanity. Thej who traveled were village people and a very
few well to do country people. From the counties along the Missouri
river not five people in a thousand took advantage of the low rates.

The experience in all the history of business shows that the old
saying is true, "a miss is equal to a mile," when your price, or rate, is
above our reach it matters not how liigh or how low you run it. A
fifty dollar trip is out of the reach of a poor family, and so is a five
hundred dollar one. If the rates can not be reduced to something like
.trip charges of ten cents per one hundred miles, the great mass of the
people can not travel for pleasure. Ridiculous as this rate may seem,
it is not more so 'l.han penny postage semed to those accustomed to
pay 25 cents per letter. Had the postal service been monopolized by
individuals, the thousands of mail routes would now be stocked and
bonded and set to earning dividends for stockholders. This wealth,
which would, in that case be represented by stocks or bonds, is now
the common wealth, and every soul in these States is made happier
and more comfortable in its enjoyment. And if every public necessity
were administered in the same way, the amount of wealth vested in the
commonwealth would be enoy^gh to make the poorest, most hopeless
citizen of the land comparatively well off.

Did you ever consider how it would be with us to-day if tlie postal
service were as dear as it was in 1840 ? Did you ever try to estimate
what tremendous results stood behind the seeming trivial bill to give
the people cheap postage ? What inventions, what infinite quantities
of cheap publications, how much nearer it brought us all together!

Mighty as were those effects, they are small as compared with
what will follow such cheap transportation as the times demand. I
verily believe that the mystery of these hard times, this blight on busi-
ness, this unrest, suspicion and indignation, now pervading the great
bosom of humanity, lies right here — that whereas the times demand
the utmost freedom of intercourse and of opportunity, here are these
everalsting restrictions. Fifty years ago the difference between the
rich and poor, except in the great cities, was not much, and it consisted
in things the working class cared little about. There was the same
freedom of movement and opportunities in the pursuit of happiness.
If the rich man went in a carriage the poor went in his cart, and per-
haps got there tirst. To-day the poor feel bound like serfs to their
localities, while the rich fly to the ends of the earth. This is felt like
a weight or shackle. Imagine a contrary condition, and that this grand
invention had been developed in the interest of the commonwealth, so
that milUons of tons of freight, now rotting or useless, can be moved

ANNUAL 3IEETING AT LEXINGTON. ISO'

and operated upon by labor; so that all the people, everywhere, can
take long- journeys. Again you shall see the country instinct with
human life and motion — people going and coming on business or pleas-
ure everywhere. The man toiling in the lowest, darkest mine feels a
thrill of hope as he thinks of that vacation trip he will take with his
family to some far-off region, where he can earn as much, if necessary,
as will keep them; or can fish or hunt for amusement. Verily, this is
the grandest idea of the age ! Without one knowing it, the pressure
for its realization is becoming dangerous to the point of explosion-
Eight this thing and a thousand evils that are but symptoms of this
disease — restriction will disappear. Right it wiselj^ and peacefully,
else war !>hall come to do the work and perhaps leave as great evils to
grow up in its path.

\Yhile perhaps one million people travel on business or pleasure a
great deal, forty millions, in effect, never journey at all. Convince the
public mind once that low rates, such as have been indicated, will pay
the roads best by spreading knowledge of the truth and the reform
must come. The blessings that come from the genius of man are as-
much the dower of our common humanity as air, light, sand and water.

Mr. Goodman. — I will just call attention to how the Illinois Central
railroad has done in regard to strawberries. They made low rates, and
during the season they had thirteen cars of berries a day to carry from
Ceutralia. Xot so at Alton ; hence they have no market for fruits. It
will be just so with the transportation of persons, the travel will in-
crease with the lowering of the rates, so that the companies will make
more money at the low rates than at the high.

Mr. Follett. — -This is a big question, we are in a town that is being
ruined by the management of the transportation companies. Their
discriminations center the population in the large cities. There is only
one way it can be taken in hand and remedied, and that is by the
people, taking hold of it through legislation, State and National, and
compelling the companies to do right. The rates should be fixed at
one set price, so that the big dealer can not undersell the small dealer.
I was in Iowa this fall. In some of the interior counties a cattle car
to Chicago cost seventy dollars, while at Omaha, seventy-five miles-

190 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fartlier the price was thirty-five dollars, thus ruining- the man by the
way for the benefit of the one at the terminus. oS^o merchant can
prosper here if they can undersell him at the end of the road. We are
too kindly with the railroad companies. They take all out of us we
can bear. The roads of this country have $7,000,000,000 of watered
stock upon which the people must pay dividends. That watered stock
is so much highway robbery as it would be to write a mortgage upon
your farm and compel you to pay interest upon it, you have to pay
dividends upon it because you have to ship over the roads to reach a
market for your products. If you submit to one wrong they will do
another greater. Let us demand justice, and right and square dealing.

Dr. Gordon. — Let them pay taxes upon their watered stock.

Mr. Follett. — That will not reach the case. If you give me a mort-
gage upon your farm I will pay the taxes on the mortgage.

Mr. Irvine. — I don't believe we can control it by legislation. It
can be done only by the people rising up in their might and demand-
ing it.

Mr. Lauglilin. — I spent five years of my life fighting a railroad
company. I know they procure and adapt legislation to suit them-
selves. It is a great danger to the liberty of the American people.
They are shaping the decisions of the courts, even to the Supreme
Court of the United States. The homes of thirty thousand people
were taken away from them and given to James F. Joy by a decision
of this court.

SOIL CULTIVATION.

BY NATT. STEVENS OT FORNEY, TEXAS.

Mr. President : We have in this part of Texas a very black
waxy soil. This soil is of a consistency — of ingredients composing it —
to cause it to bake and crack in drying the moisture out of the soil

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 191

and to a depth corresponding to its extraction from below the surface
of the ground surface. It lacks a little in potash to make it best. It
is covered over generally — in its new state — with an uneven surface
called hog wallows, created not by hogs, but by the soil cracking —
shrinking, and in time having the appearance of being made by hogs ;
and it does the same ttiihg to-day where our crops are not properly
cultivated. It is a soil that retains its moisture M^ell, and it will raise
large crops when vf ell cultivated. This year has been the dryest one
since I have been in Texas. It has tried us severely, and those who
have trusted to God and nature, without a continual stiring of the
soil, have come very short of a crop of anything, and those who have
been constantly stirring the soil in drouth, have reaped a full and rich
reward for their labors.

In fruits generally this season they were two or four weeks late
in blooming. The drouth struck us in June. Grapes were very small
on land not cultivated extremely well; no rot, but little mildew;
early varieties ripened well until the last of July, though small;
August ripening varieties did not ripen until the last of September.
The leaves dried up and fell off in September and an entire new growth
started in September of the vine and blossomed some this fall. Some
peach, apple and pear trees also blossomed again this fall from the
same cause. The Vitis Rotundifolia variety of grapes did not shed
their leaves at all, but remained green to the end of the season.

In pears, they were late ; Bartlett's ripened in September — some on
the trees in October ; Duchess in October ; LeConte later than usual ;
Lawrence and Keiffer ripened in November ; fruits generally small this
year, but where there was continued cultivation in our orchards our
fiuits and fruit trees and vines have done well. For Texas I recom-
mend tbe constant stirring of the top soil every eight or ten days dur-
ing the months of June, July and August, so as to prevent the evapo-
ration of moisture from the soil, both for fruits, trees and vinyards.
Without moisture in the soil we get no crops; without continued cul-
tivation of our crops in a dry season like the past, we keep but very
little moisture in the soil for growing our crops.

The planter should strive to retain in the soil all the moisture nec-
essary for growing crops to be grown, and this he can do to a great
extent if he will only use all proper means at his command to do it.
Cultivation acts beneficially in other directions, for, by losening of the
soil, it allows the air and warmth to penetrate more readily to the
roots of our growing crops. Eain, as it falls, is taken up by the soil
and it is carried down by the power of gravitation. This continued

193 2H1SS0UIII STATE HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

movement of the water is more or less active in proportion to the
quantity held by a soil. There is a saturating point varying- in the dif-
ferent soils when the water moves with reluctance. There is a power
directly the opposite of gravitation — the tendency to go down, namely,
capillary attraction, the power for liquids to raise themselves in air,,
like spaces or tubes. You can see this power by taking a cube of su-
gar and dipping the tip of it in your coffee, when the liquid will rapidly
rise to every part of the sugar until it is filled to its saturating point,
when there will be no further movement of your coffee liquids. Again,
the same thing may occur when you take the wick of a lai'np and as
soon as one end touches the oil, the oil at once rises in the wick, filling
all the tubes or spaces in the wick, and to that extent diminishes the
oil elsewhere in the lam]) ; but when saturated to full extent of the
wick all movement ceases. Light, however, the end of the wick, when
oil will be consumed to feed the flame, and the movement of the oil in.
the wick will begin, which will continue as long as it burns or until all
of the oil in the lamp is exhaused. This is the way water and moist-
ure is removed from our soil. The sun is a burning fire-place ; a
hard surface soil with unbroken tubes or spaces, or growing plants,
are the wicks, and the soil, to a number of feet in depth, is the reser-
voir. As long as these wicks, the crust of the soil and plants or weeds
— for these are wicks — remain, evaporation will continue until the soil
is exhausted of its water to many feet in depth. This water is being
removed by the sun, or heat, from near the surface, while the water
is being continually brought up from below to supply the suns action,
until eventually but little more is to be had to supply growing vegeta-
tion or the suns demand for water, and as a consequence all kinds of
crops suffer. This being a fact, it becomes the planters duty to study
how to stop this constant evaporation of water from our soils. To
stop all unnecessary evaporating is the highest duty of the planter that
he owes to himself and to his; for every tree, plant, spear of grass,
weeds of all kinds, and everj^ living growing thing is an evaporator of
water and moisture from the soil that it grows in, is a fact, and as long
as they continue to grow each of them will absorb and throw off
moisture is equally true. Now to stop this unnecessary evaporation
we find that the planter can, to a very great extent, regulate it at his
will.

We find that capillary attraction goes on very easily through hard
but porous substances where spaces are wide apart or somewhat bro-
ken up. For instance, take a dry brick, place it on a wet sponge and
it will draw the water or moisture out of the sponge, and if placed in

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 193

the sun it will draw the water out of both in a short time. jSTow re-
verse the order, put a dry sponge on a wet brick and no water will be
taken up, and if placed in the sun the dry sponge will protect the wa-
ter from evaporation in the brick. Thus it that by plowing we break
up the hard crust (a favorable condition for capillary attraction) with its
tubes and small continuous spaces, changing it to a loose earth with-
out continuous spaces for water to climb in, which acts like a sponge,
as it forms a loose pulverized mulch that protects the moisture in the
soil underneath it from evaporation, for then there is no water exposed
to the sun to evaporate into the above, for the wick is thus cut off.
Thus lands cultivated, but not planted in crops, will retain their moist-
ure all summer, as all of you must have observed. These conditions
are quickly changed when such ground is growing weeds or planted in
some crops. The reason of this is very simple and easily understood.
Moisture and sunshine, or warmth, are a necessity for the growth of
all plants. Water is taken up from the soil by the plants or weeds
roots and it is carried to every part of the plant — leaves and all —
where it is exposed to the sun and evaporated, and this movement
continues, as in the lamp, until the soil is exhausted of its water, when
growth ceases. This should teach us to keep our ground all clean of
weeds and every unnecessary vegetation, ; to allow them to grow at
all they rob our soils as well as our crops of water needed for their
use. It follows, therefore, that the larger trees, plants or vines are, the
more leaves there will be, and consequently the more evaporating sur-
face for the sun to act upon, and the more water will be required and
•evaporated. You must readily see that if you raise weeds you will
Jiave additional wicks to draw the water from the soil, and to rob the
crop you wish to raise. Therefore, plowing and cultivation of the soil
accomplishes both purposes by keeping the soil loose and by destroy-
ing the not wanted vegetation. Cultivation should be as often as a
Jiard crust begins to form on the soil ; this may be sooner or later, for
different soils differ in this fespect.

Eaiii will form it as soon as the Siirface dries, and for this reason
light cultivation should follow every rain, when possible to do it, as
soon as the soil will work kindly, and then it will be found that such
rain will do twice the good and the ground will remain moist twice as
long as when it is neglected; and as often thereafter as eight or ten
days through the seasons growth, and your crops will show the benefit
of it in no doubtful manner by renewed growth and vigor. By this
coniinued process it is possible to stop the bad effects of a drouih on

H. R.— 13

194: MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

our cultivated crops in this region of our state. Our soil is such that
it stands any ordinary drouth well, and by the process mentioned
above, preventing, or at least neutralizing, its effects is as good as a
cure.

Hoping our ])lanter8 Avill see the necessity for a more vigorous.
and energetic action,

I remain yours,

NATT. STEVENS.

WEDNESDAY, 7 P. M.

This evenings session was one of the most enjoyable ever held by
our society.

REPORT BY MRS. WADE BURDEN, SPRINGFIELD, MO.

L. A. Goodman^ Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society:

Dear Sir: It will be impossible for me to attend the meeting at
Lexing-ton. I re'gret this exceedingly, as I enjoy the meetings, they are
so instructive and inspiring. Your society is doing noble work and
have the sympathy and good wishes of very many not identified with
the society.

You remember a paper written by Mr. Phcenix, of Charleston, Mo.^
on keeping tender roses through the winter; it was read at the summer
meeting in Springfield. We tried his method with the greatest success,
not losing a plant out of sixty-five. We bad Catherine Mermet, Etoile
de Lyon, Perle de Jardins, Marshal Niel, and many other varieties, and
had strong healthy plants this summer from all of them. One Marshal
Niel had four branches from twelve to fifteen feet long. It did not
flower during the summer but budded in the fall from every joint.
Unfortunately the season was not long enough for the buds to mature^
We cut from forty to sixty roses a day during the hot dry weather of
August and September. We planted deep and only watered till the
plants were well set. We shall try the same plan this winter with the
addition of laying down the tops, hoping to preserve some of the old

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 195

wood. This we did not do last winter. Our plants tliis spring were

all from the ground.

Hoping you may have a pleasant meeting,

I am yours respectfully,

MRS. \YADE BUEDEN.
Springfield, Mo., Dec. 5, 1886.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Xiehon keeps tender roses alive in the open ground by taking
away some of the soil from one side of the plants, pegging them, cover-
ing with sods, and taking them up in the spring. Plants thus treated
he found alive "and ready to grow in the spring, and he never had roses
do better than these.

Mr. Eohards suggested that the geranium was very easily kept over
winter in the cellar in almost any way to keep them from freezing. It
can be tied by its roots and hung to the joists. They may be planted
thickly in a box, given one good watering and thus kept over for the
next season.

Mr. Tracy — They must be well cut back to be kept over in good
condition. I know of no way to keep Verbenas in the cellar.

THE QUEEX OF FLOWERS.

BY HANS NIELSON, ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI.

In history, song and poetry, the rose has been honored with the
name " Queen of Flowers," and when we observe the place it occupies
in commerce to-day, it will not be improper to still use the same term.

Among the various riches of the garden, there are many flowers
of great attractions ; some we admire for their beautiful forms, others
for their brilliant colors, and others again for their delightful fragrance;

196 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and we scarcely know which to pronounce the most i)leasing, but
whatever may be our feelings of admiration for these beautiful flowers,
a desire for something still more beautiful draws us to the rose and
compels us to pronounce it superior to all its rivals. It is the rose
alone that never fatigues, that always exhibits some new beauty, and
that is never afi'ected by fashion, for white Asters, Dahlias, Sunflowers,
and many other flowers have had their hour and favor, and have passed
out of notice, the rose, by reference to history, has been a favorite for
nearly four thousand years and is still the most beautiful flower of the
floral kingdom. The rose is distilled into oil and used as perfumery
by ladies of ancient as well as modern times, commonly known as attar
of rose.

The rose has adorned the altars and entered into the most sacred
religious rites; societies of various kinds have used the rose as em-
blems of purity and beauty, and the fashions of to-day show what great
popularity the rose has attained. There is scarcely a wedding, a
funeral^ a ball, a concert or entertainment of any kind where flowers
are not used and the rose predominates above all other flowers, in order
to add richness and beauty to the design. As a flower used for bout-
tonier the rose has no equal, and for ladies' personal ornament other
flowers may be usedj but when richness is desired the attention is
turned to the rose.

Varieties of roses mostly used for cut flowers at the present time
are Perle des Jardius, a rich golden yellow, which take the place of
Marshal Niel; ]S^ipheto8, large white; Sunset, saffron color, tinted
orange ; Catherine Mermet, delicate shade of pink ; La France, silvery
rose changing to pink; Bon Silene, deep rose color; Saffrano, saffron
and orange. Of newer varieties comes Bennett, dazzling crimson;
American Beauty, deep rosy carmine ; The Bride, creamy white flowers.
These roses are all teas, and may be classed as ever-blooming roses
and easily had in bloom the whole year. Another rose I must not pass
by without mentioning, is Gen. Jacqueminot, a hybrid perpetual of a
dazzling crimson color, greatly admired when in bloom, but owing to
its hybrid i)erpetual nature cannot be brought into bloom all the year
round.

The above mentioned roses are grown in large quantities in this
country, and the cut flowers are bought and sold in the same manner
as produce and merchandise. The rose has another purpose, which is
to adorn our yards and gardens, public parks and cemeteries, and in
reality this last place is most concern to us all. Who would not wish
as a first choice a white rose to mark our last resting place and voice

ANNUAL ^lEETING AT LEXINGTON. 197

the sentiment of purity and peace to our parted friends ? And in
conclusion, let me say, out of all the blessed flowers God has placed
upon the the earth (if only one flower is allowed to me) 1 say give me
the Queen of Fowers.

LANGUAGE OF FLO^YERS.

BY 3IRS. DR. GOSLIN OF OREGON, MO.

In Isaiah we find these words: "The beauty of Lebanon shall
come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine and the box together to beautify
the place of my sanctuary."

In every age and country the wise and good have recognized the
influence and refining efl'ect of flowers. In every walk of life, from
the palace to the lowliest home, they wield an influence unlike anything
else, and if tradition be true, they hold an emblematic power over
every nation of the earth. Mythology teaches us that even the heav-
enly bodies are ruled and reigned over by the flowery kingdom, and
the monarch s of the forest ; be this as it may — they have been the
medium through which many lessons have been taught. It is said a
noted count who was imprisoned for life and become so embittered by
his fate as to believe there was no goodness in God and no justice in
man, was taught the lesson of submission, patience and a hope of the
life to come, by a little flower that sprang up between the flag-stones
of his prison walk, by watching its coming into life, surrounded by
gloom, with little sunshine and no'«ultivation. Later on it put forth
its delicate little bloom and at the appointed time designed by nature
in her orderly work, it would die down and pass from sight to come
again in the spring, stronger and more beautiful each year, better able
to endure its unhealthy surroundings. The language spoken bj this
little flower, although silent, made an impression upon a human soul
that made the hard life brighter, restored confideece in God and his
fellow-man.

198 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The old-fashioned Marigold, that is disliked so much on account of
its disagreeable oder, is a very distinguished flower in the country
which it lias the honor to represent. The Hindoo attaches great im-
portance to the Marigold ; it is their emblematic flower and means the
" Star of earth." The poet has made this flower say to its people :

" Thou bade me shine and when my ray

Won thee to thoughts of heaven,
From earth and care and toil away,

My light was freely given.

Would'st thou a star's bright beam retain

To guide thine earthly way,
Then know thy thoughts must pure remain

Beneath its heavenly ray.

China claims for her emblematic flower one whose language is most
appropriate for one of the leading flowers of two continents, the much
admirad Chrysanthemum, the language of which is, "A sunbeam through
the clouds." The Chrysanthemum, while a native of China, belongs by
adoption to the Americans as well as most countries on the Eastern
continent.

The Heliotrope belongs to Egypt. Its fragrance and color is
classed among the most delicate flowers in our country; the language
applied to it does not seem applicable. " Soul of my Soul," like most
things that once belonged to that country, means the center of great-
ness. There is little left but a history of that greatness, of a strong-
and powerful people, but its lovely emblematic flower is loved and
cared for by its friends in other countries, where it grows and thrives
with close attention. It is one of the strong feeders and requires the
very best of soil. Like Egypt's last sovereign, the celebrated Cleo-
patra, neglect is disastrous, and death will be the result. Unlike its
sister, tlie Lily of the Nile, whose strength and beauty can be had by
supplying her with plenty of water and good garden soil, she will
multiply and replenish, as nature intended her to, with both flowers and
bulbs ; therefoie gives more satisfaction than the more favored Helio-
trope. But this ''Soul of Soul" must be fed and flattered and pruned
with care, then she will fully repay with her dark purple lavender and
white blossoms.

The Hibiscus is a child of Syria; the language of which is, "'Deli-
cate beauty;" it will live in any country, isTorth as well as South, if
protected from the cold.

The Lotos was claimed by the ancient Greeks as the fruit and
flower of their destiny. The fruit is said to have a Vjsry soothing effect,

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 199

also the odor of the bloom. They believed Paradise was supplied with
an abundance of this delicious fruit. The language of the Lotos is,
"Keep silent." This people must have considered the value of the
liOtos before the Trojan wars, after which their time seems to have
been spent in active fighting, and they have been thoroughly wide-
.awake to their greatness.

Tennyson,.! think, it is who wrote of the Lotos eaters.

Come, they sing, to our dreamless home,

AVhere the bright-eyed lotos eaters roam,

"Where glide the waters slow.

From their native hills of snow.

And they mimic the roaring waves of ocean

As they gurgling wind with a wavy motion.

Richest here are the Lotos Palms,

And darkest the shade of their outstretched arms.

Come and taste of the spirits calm,

That sooths to rest the weary heart,

And bids the shadows of grief depart.

Sweet is the bliss of our dreaming band,

Sweet are the joys of our favored land.

Human passions are not here,

Love, hate, hope nor fear.

The Thistle, the honored flower of Scotland, means the same the
world over, ''I am afraid of you," and is very prolific in any soil. Man
seems to think it his duty to work with vigorous energy to exterminate
it from the face of the earth. "Poor thistle," its only friends are the
decorative artists, who admire the bloom and is used very extensively
for fancy work. The color of the blossom of the purple variety com-
Ijines well with many of our native flowers.

The Shamrock belongs to Ireland, the language is "an obstacle."
The language of this flower seems in keeping with the fate of this un-
fortunate country, or its people have adapted themselves to the mean-
ing of their emblematic flower.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were firm believers in Mythology,
they believed their gods and goddesses were devotees of certain flowers
and trees. Juno, the wife of Jupiter, who was the goddes of dignity
claimed the Lily as the flower of her destiny.

Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, favored something with a
more lasting sentiment than most of her sisters. The Myrtle whose
language is " I only change in dying," was the vine of this lovely
queen. Destiny, and is admired by everyone for its dark evergreen fol-
iage since the time this goddess of beauty found it clinging to some

200 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

strong Oak. As we have been taught by tradition and mythology that
Juno was the wife of Jupiter, who was the chief of all the gods and
reigned over the heavens as well, claimed this king of the forest as the-
tree which suited his power and strength, the " brave old Oak."

Now the theory of the vine and the Oak must have had its birth
in the brain of some modern Jupiter, for Juno, his wife, loved the Lily^
and Venus, the clinging Myrtle, was the spouse of one of the lesser
deities, who would have objected to the familiarity of such a position,
Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and skill, claimed the Olive and the
Violet. Mars, the god of war, the Ash. Hercules, the Poplar. Myth-
ical history has her people thoroughly identified with nature and
especially the flowery kingdom.

The Sunflower, which was thought to be indispensible in the gar-
dens of our grandmothers as a very showy plant and for the quantity
of brown seeds so useful for chickens when troiibled with the gapes,
has become one of the things of the past. This curiosity became so
from the habit it has of turning its head and following the sun from the
rising to the setting thereof. Tradition says tiiat Clytia, daughter of
Orchamas, king of Babylon, was beloved by Apollo, famous for his
beauty and said to be the brightest of the ancient gods. He seems to
have tired of the lovely Clytia and deserted her. She pined away with
continually gazing at the sun, which she believed to be her hero-
Apollo, until she changed to the Sunflower, which continues to this
day to follow the track of the sun across the heavens. And the lan-
guage of this wonderful flower with its sad history is " God of my
heart's idolatry."

The Evergreen, as we learn from the prophet Isiah, has been con-
sidered a leading factor in all church festivities. The sacred calender
of all churches have their emblematic flowers ; particularly is this so
with the Church of England- With them Holly is used for Christmas-
day. The language of this evergreen is "Am I forgotten !" The Palm
is used for Palm Sunday, which means " Victory." On All Saints day
will be seen the beautiful Amaranthus with their many glowing colored
foliage and flowers, that is said to be very charming and the language
is very suggestive and meritorious, " Will you meet me in Paradise '?"'
where we believe the home of the saints will be in the true flowery
kingdom, far more beautiful than has ever been seen on this earth.

Through the medium of flowers the lads and lasses of all ages owe
much of the progress of their love affairs. A decade or two ago we
remember what importance was attached to a small nosegay ; it told a
tale of joy or disappointoient ; a boquet of Sweet Pea, Canteberry Bell

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 201

Evening' Primrose and Blue Bell conveyed a meaning well understood
by the maidens and should the heart be seriously aft'ected, its intelli-
gence would be sad indeed. Combined they meant that their " love
was too lovely to last."

''Our love was like the light perfume

That floats around the flowers,
Or like the rainbows passing,

Half sunshine and half shower."

We who have outlived the romance of youth and learned that life
is a reality, still love the flowers, not for their language or sentiment,
but for their purity, brightness and satisfaction they return for the
care we give them. They bring pleasure and good cheer almost with-
out money and without price. Whether they come to us in the morn-
ing, noon or evening of life they form the rainbow of faith and hope
between heaven and earth.

"Oh I thou who mournest hopes decayed like blossoms in ther bloom,
Scorn not the heavenly comforters that come to cheer thy gloom,
Let earthly sorrows blend her tears with pure religious smile.
So shall a glorious rainbow down upjon thy path the while,
Faith's soft celestial bloom shall smile by Hope's unfading rose.
While peace in sunny golden light beside them shall repose.
They shall wreath thy way with beauty and when earthly ties aie rivett>
They shall make tiiat brilliant bridge its pathway into heaven."

MRS. DR. A. GOSLIIl^,

Oregon, Mo..

The committee on cut flowers made the following report :

1. Best hand boquet, 1st premium, 82, to Hans Xeilson, St. Jo-
seph ; 2d premium, 81, to J. P. Coen, Lexington.

2. Best table boquet ; 1st premium, $2, to Hans ^STeilson, St. Jo-
seph ; 2d premium, $1, to J. P. Coen, Lexington.

3. Best wreath ; Ist premium, 83, to Hans Neilson.

4. Best basket ; Ist premium, $3, to Hans Neilson ; 2d premium,
$2, to R. S. Brown & Sons, Kansas City.

203. MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5. Best other design ; Ist premium, $3, to Hans Keilson ; 2d pre-
mium, $2, J. P. Coen.

6. A g-ratuity of 82 was given to Mrs. Shultz for a beautiful
basket. PROF. L. R. TAFT,

MRS. L. A. GOODMAN,
MRS. DR. A. GOSLIN.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS EXHIBITED.

Mr. President and Ladies and Gentlemen of the Missouri State Horticul-
tural Society:
Your committee have examined the fruits on exhibition and beg"

leave to make the following report :

In making our report we have endeavored to take into considera-
tion the perfection of the fruits, taking into consideration all the points
of size, color, freedom from bruises, insects, injuries and other defects,
Buch as absence of stems, etc. We did not understand that premiums
were for the largest fruits and we have in some instances considered
plates of smaller specimens superior to those of larger size when the
same were better colored, more perfect, or had stems attached, and
the larger ones were deficient. We do not claim to be infallible and
may have made some mistakes, but we have done what we in our
judgment thought was right and proper, and we hope that our awards
may be satisfactory.

AWARDS ON PLATES.

Best Plate of Ben. Davis.
Ist. premium, $1, J. A. Durkes, Weston.
:2d premium, 50 cents, G. Blake, St. Joe.

Best Plate Baldwin.
Ist premium, $1, J. A. Durkes, Weston.
12d premium, 50 cents, H. Speer, Butler.

Best Plate Gulp.
Ist premium, $1, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 203

Best Cider Crab.
Jst premium, $1, Lafayette county Society, Lexington.
2d premium, 50 cents, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove.

Best Clayton.
1st premium, $1, Z. S. Ragan, Independence.

Best Fall Pippin.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society, Lexington.

Best Fallawater.
1st premium, 81, Lafayette county Society, Lexington.
2d premium, 50 cents, Henry Speer, Butler.

Best Gilpin.
1st premium, $1, Dr. A. Goslin, Oregon,
iid'premium, 50 cents, D. S. Holman, Springfield.

Best Grimes.
1st premium, $1, E. A. Sylvester, Osborn.
2d premium, 50 cents, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove.

Best Golden Eussett.
1st premium, •$!, Lafayette county Society.

Best Gano.
1st premium, $1, E. A. Sylvester, Osborn.
2d premium, 50 cents, M. Butterfield, Lee's Summitt.

Best Gillitlower.
Ist premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best. Gen. Lyon.
Ist premium, $1, W. G. Gano, Parkville.

Best Huntsman.
1st jiremium, $1, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, G. Blake, St. Joseph.

Best Ingram.
1st premium, .$1, L). S. Holman, Springfield.

Best Janet.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, J. A. Durkes, Weston.

Best Jonathan.
Ist premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, Jos. Gamble, Brookfield.

Best King.
Ist premium; 81, Lafayette county Society.

Best Lawver.
1st premium, $1, G. Blake, St. Joe.
2d premium, 50 cents, Lafayette county Society.

204 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Best Lausingburg.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Ladies Sweet.
1st premium, $1, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove.
2d premium, 50 cents, T>. S. Ho] man, Springfield.

Best McAfee.
Ist premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, D. S. Holman, Springfield.

Best Monmouth Pippin.
1st premium, $1. J. A. Durkes, Weston.

Best Milam.
1st premium, $1, Dr. A. Goslin, Oregon.
2d premium, 50 cents, Lafayette county Society.

Best Missouri Pippin.
Ist premium, $1, Dr. A. Goslin, Oregon.
2d premium, 50 cents, Lafayette county Society.

Best Newton Pippin.
1st premium, $1, D. S. Holman, Springfield.
2d premium, 50 cents, J. A. Durkes, Weston.

Best Nickajack.
1st premium, 81, Lafayette county Society.

Best Ortley.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Pryor's Red.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, J. A. Durkes, Weston.

Best Pennsylvania Red Streak.
Ist premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Pennock.
1st premium, |1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Rambo.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Rome Beauty.
1st premium, .$1, Lafayette county Society,
2d premium, D. S. Holman, Springfield.

Best Stark.
Ist premium, $1, J. C. Evans, Harlem.

Best Smith's Cider.
1st premium, $1, H. Speer, Butler.
2d premium, 50 cents, D. S. Holman, Springfield.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 205

Best Swaar.
1st premium. $1, J. A. Durkes, Weston.

Best Stannai;d.
1st premium, $1, Z. S. Ragan, Independence.

Best Twenty Ounce.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Tall man Sweet.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best W. W. Pear man.
1st premium, $1, J. A. Durkes, Weston.
2d premium, 50 cents, Lafayette county Society.

Best Woodmansee.
1st premium, $1, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove.

Best Wine Sap.
Ist premium, $1, K. F. Murry, Elm Grove.
iJd premium, 50 cents, Lafayette county Society.

Best Willowtwig'.
Ist premium, $1, Lafayette sounty Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, Gilbert Blake, St. Joe.

Best White Pippin.
1st premium, 81, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents. Dr. A. Goslin, Oregon.

Best Winter May.
1st premium, $1, W. G. Gano, Parkville.

Best Vandevere.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.

Best Yellow Belltlower.
1st premium, $1, Dr. A. Goslin, Oregon.
2d premium, 50 cents, D. S. Holman, Springfield.

Best York Imperial.
1st premium, $1, Lafayette county Society.
2d premium, 50 cents, W. G. Gano, Parkville.

SEEDLINGS.

Of seedlings, your committee found a collection of sixteen plates,
and awarded the first premium to plate numbered 126, called Howell,
■discovered in the woods of Howell county by Mr. Levi Smith ; above
medium in size, striped red on yellow ground, very good rich quality,
said to be in use from August to May.

The second premium we award to plate No. 29, now known as
Shockley's seedling, so named because grown by Mr. Shockley, but as

206 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTRAL SOCIETY.

we already have a Sliockley, your committee suggest that some other
name be given it. We find it of medium size, green, partly covered
with red, almost sweet, fine grained, spicy and excellent, a tine desert
apple.

The third premium we have awarded to plate ^o. 130, exhibited by
J. H. Monsees of Beamen, Pettis county. Mo., supposed to be a seed-
ling, and from its appearance, your committee think that supposition
to be correct. It looks as though it might be a cross between the
Ben. Davis and Winesap. Quite large in size, dark red, slightly
striped, solid, heavy, and has the appearance of being n good keeper.
Better in quality and texture than the Ben. Davis.

The other seedlings on exhibition we have examined we found as
follows :

Xo. 17 — Dark red, above medium, white fleshed, fair quality.

No. 18 — Yellow light blush cheek, medium size, sub acid and very
good.

No. 19 — Greenish yellow, with blush, past its season, large.

No. 125 — Gano — Not as large as Ben Davis, more highly colored
and no better in quality.

No. 45 — very large, similar to Ben Davis in color, acid very good.

No. 28 — Euby — Large, dark red, mild sub acid, very good.

No. 30 — Very large, yellow, only good, coarse.

No. 117 — Medium, lightly striped on green ground, fine grained,,
very good.

No. J 15 — Striped dark red, over ripe, medium size.

No. 156 — Large, striped light red on yellow ground, a sweet apple
of fair quality.

No. 146 — Large, yellow with red cheek, white flesh, fine grained,,
but not in condition.

Some of these seedlings were very good fruits and may in time
prove themselves to be of sufficient value to be grown, but taking into^
consideration the great number of varieties already in existence, they
will have to develop other qualities in habit of growth, productiveness,
etc. not apparent in the fruit. Even those varieties to which premi-
ums have been awarded may fail on trial to have enough good quali-
ties over similar varieties already in existence to justify their being
grown.

We also find on the table a collection of mammoth onions grown
from seed, corn and wheat, Chinese quinces, all of very fine quality.
Also some wine and brandy, the quality of which the committee could
not judge, as we had no tumblers for that purpose. We find on the

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 207

tables a collection of sixty nine plates of apples exhibited by the La-
fayette county Horticultural Society, all of which were large, highly
colored and A^ery fair, and much praise is due this society for making
so fine a display.

There is also a bunch of celery from Mr. IST. F. Murray, of Holt
county, said to have been grown on land that had never been manured,
which are fine samples to have been grown in such manner, and cer-
tainly he who can grow such celery without manure, ought never to be
without.

Your committee find a collection of 150 i)lates of apples and pears
exhibited by the Missouri State Society, collected by the secretary
from various parts of the State, comprising the best apples of the land,
embracing many very valuable late acquisitions in the way of new va-
rieties, all in a very fine state of preservation, making a very fine dis-
play indeed, especially so considering the effect of drouth in almost the
whole State. This collection is not made or shown for premium, but
for the advancement of Horticulture to feast our eyes upon in our
meetings, which cost the secretary much labor, as well as to give him
pleasure in pleasing others. He surely merits, for this display, the
thanks of the Society and its friends.

Eespectfully submitted,

E. A. REIHL,

Secretary.

OENAMENTATIOX OF SCHOOL YARDS.

BY C. C. BELL OF BOONVILLE, MO.

I comply somewhat reluctantlj' with the task assigned to me,
knowing that the subject of "Ornamentation of the School Yards"
has not occupied my mind and attention near as much as some other
matters, hence I fear I shall fail to do the subject justice. ]Sow, while
I do not claim any ability for public speaking, yet I believe had your
worthy secretary assigned me the task of saying something about the
profits and losses of packing and shipping apples, or what I know of

208 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tlie "trials and tribulations" of a fruit dealer, the life of a bachelor, or
anything in that line, I might have entered into the subject, backed up
by some experience.

However, since my weakness in this line was, perhaps, not known
to the Secretary, I will pardon him, and hope the critics will deal with
me gently — if I fail to do justice to this important subject.

In looking about us, we find prominent among the institutions of
our land, that we may feel proud of, and to which we may look with
great hopes in the future, is our wide- spread and firmly established
free school system, which offers alike to the rich and the poor, regard-
less of race and station, a liberal school education.

We may truly be grateful for living in a land and under a form of
government where the great importance of education is recognized and
liberally provided for.

Eeviewing the progress made in the past quarter of a century,
we find great changes. Many of you will remember the primitive
school houses of our early settlers, where' school was taught, on an
average, about three months out of twelve, and where the blue spelling
book and a well prepared hickory occupied prominent places as in-
structors. I well remember the little country school house of my boy-
hood, located on the brow of a wooded hill, the grounds uninclosed
and unadorned, save by nature's untouched forest trees. To-day we
find that many of those primitive structures have made way for more
modern and often quite costly buildings, comfortably furnished and
supplied with improved school books and competent teachers, in which
from seven to nine months school annually is maintained.

Permit me, briefly, to call attention to our present free school
system, showing the educational progress of this State.

There were enrolled in the public schools of Missouri in 1881,
723,484 pupils; in 1885 there were 805,313, showing an increase in four
years of 81,829. In 1881 there were employed in, this State 11,059
teachers; in 1885 over 20,000. There is but one State in the Union
ahead of Missouri in her permanent school fund. Fifteen years ago
there was no such a thing as a Normal school in the State; to-day we
have three.

I might go on and give you statistics showing the general progress
of school work, but suffice it to say, that there have been greater
developments in science and learning in the last twenty-five years than
were made in a century preceding. But while we have wonderfully
advanced in this direction, while our school houses have been remod-
eled and enlarged, our system of education improved by adding higher

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 209

branches of study, etc., yet we find nmcli needed knowledge and use-
ful education neglected and overlooked. I refer to- practical knowl-
edge of horticulture, tioriculture and ornamentation of home, public
grounds, and especially school yards.

This subject, in connection with our free schools, may appear to
many of you unimportant, but after due consideration you will realize
its value. It is needless for me to demonstrate to you the refining and
elevating influence ornamental floriculture and horticulture imparts to
the human minds, together with its beneficent and healthful exercise
and pleasure it gives us. That this is true we find demonstrated in the
fact that some of our greatest minds find pleasure, lecreation and rest
in rural pursuits.

Not long since I read some European correspondence describing
how Count Yon Moltke (the greatest living military mind of Europe)
spends his time. Among other things the writer says : " The general
loves his little farm, and spends his morning hours in supervising his
laborers. After this he attends in person to his garden and nursery,
especially to the latter, which he musters as strictly as if the young
saplings were a regiment of recruits. He prunes thera carefully with
his own hands. It is one of the silent soldier's most prominent char-
acteristics, that he hates all that is incompetent — all that is unfitted to
its task and purpose."

"Surrounded with all that wealth, title and national prominence can
bestow, yet we see that this master mind of the great Field Marshal
finds untold pleasure, satisfaction and rest in his personal attention to
training of trees, shrubs and flowers at his quiet country home."

The love for the beautiful seems to have been implanted by the
allwise Creator in every human breast ; wherever mankind is found,
regardless of race or condition, we find expressions for the beautiful.
13ut the higher the civilization the more refined and cultivated the
taste for nature's beauty. We may more fully realize this when we
listen to the reading of such grand productions as the paper read last
night by our friend Laughlin on "The Ked Oaks of the Loess Hills."
What mighty ideas and thoughts of the sublime are presented to us,
showing how nature every where'"is grand and elevating; what inex-
haustible fields of knowledge and charming beauty and the universal
presence of an Almighty Creator, may we discover in nature. Even a
l>lade of grass or the smallest flowers, when viewed under the micro-
scope, reveal to us a system of beauty and symmetrical forms, and we
may fully comprehend "that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed
like one of these."
H. K. — 14

210 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is therefore of great importance that the young minds receive
some early training in this direction, and be so surrounded, especially
at school, as to more readily comprehend. To assist in accomplishing
this end, much may be done in our school yards, though as a rule we
find them utterly neglected, and often in a wretched disorder.

Not long since I visited the country school house of my boyhood.
I noticed many changes. A much larger building stands in the fore-
ground, furnished with modern school furniture, presided over by
efficient teachers, with good discipline, and improved school books.

Our modern educational progress shows many traces in this direc-
tion. But how about the school yard ? That which twenty-five years
ago was adorned with nature's forests, has even been robbed of this,
and to- day it appears bleak and neglected, marked only by the stumps
of the destroyed trees, but no traces of ornamention are visible, not
even the planting of a shrub.

The educational training is wholly confined within the school
house, and yet the school yard seems to suggest so much of practical
and useful learning.

Several years ago, while in Europe, I could but notice the contrast.
While we, as a nation, excel the old world in much practical machinery
and new ideas, yet in this direction we would do well to copy from
them. There you may see (especially in the country schools of Ger-
many) not only a well laid out and ornamented school yard, but garden
and nursery grounds attached, where at the proper season of the year
pupils receive practical lessons in horticultural work. This early train-
ing is not only healthy, but creates an early love for the beautiful and
useful; it initiates the young minds into a system of industry and econ-
omy, which to all classes, be they rich or poor, is a very important les-
son to learn. While I am in full sympathy with ornamentation of both
home and public grounds, and fully endorse the statement made by
our president in his opening address yesterday — that we must see to
it that every school yard in the State is ornamented — yet 1 gm inclined
to go farther and combine with the beautiful the useful. This, in my
opinion, may be done by adding suitable grounds to school houses, and
introducing the proper system of training. Especially may this be done
in country schools where space is plenty, and the purchase of a few
acres of land would richly reward you.

In connection with this permit me to mention some facts concern-
ing the present high school education, especially for girls. While this
properly does not belong to the subject assigned to me, yet I believe
it worthy of some attention and reform. While I appreciate, and in

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 211

full sympathy with all higher branches of study, yet when thereby the
practical and useful is overlooked and neglected, it appears unwise.
How often are large sums expended in sending young girls to boarding
schools, where they are trained in a channel, so that after they have
graduated, they know but little of that which is truly useful to them in
actual life.

They have memorized a disconnected collection of algebra, geome-
try, chemistry, geology, etc., and perhaps are able to read a little French,
or locateinastereotyped way the principal mountains, rivers and lakes;
their conversational abilities are well adapted to entertain in their
paternal parlors, some soft-minded chap, commonly called a dude, at
the expense of their father's wood pile. The next needed accomplish-
ment, is to obtain and read the usual supply of nonsensical novels, and
carefully peruse the fashion bazaars, and to don all the appliances vain
fashion dictates, although it be at the expense of health and comfort.
Nature may have bestowed a beautiful suit of hair, yet it must be
banged, colored or otherwise disfigured, and though nature had given
them a beautiful face, they must paint themselves another. This is
also true of the modern dude. They have likewise been carried along
in idleness, by an indulgent father, through a schooling of theories, but
of no practical application. Their father, perhaps years ago, came
west, and with his own hands cleared up a homestead, or in some other
pursuit commenced at the bottom round of the ladder. The young
man, however, has never done an honest day's work in his life, and
don't expect to. He has been educated beyond that. He has accom-
plished the art of base ball playing, and acquired and excellent taste
for good cigars and kindred commodities, for which he spent his
father's money freely, and when this gives out he buys on time. ISTow
because this is true to a great extent, it is no proof that it necessarily
should be so. It only clearly demonstrates to me too much indulgence
on the part of the parents, and a misdirected education.

In conclusion, concerning the subject of "Ornamentation of the
school yards" I shall not undertake at this time to enter into details —
how ttis much needed reform should or may be brought about. I only
wish to add, it is within our reach.' It can be done and should be done.
Let us therefore hoi)e that the school boards, and the public in general,
will give this subject proper thought and attention. By proper manage-
ment a plan may be devised, connecting the practical with the orna-
mental, making your school yards attractive, comfortable and useful.
Initiating a system of economy', order, industry and cleanliness, thereby
creating in the young mind a love and desire for the useful, retined and

212 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beautiful, thereby elevating and attracting them through the mighty-
works of nature to nature's God.

See to it therefore, that your children, who soon must enter upon
the stage of real life and there play a part, receive a wise and useful
education. Teach them that labor is not degrading, but elevating.
That in this great land of ours, reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
from the lakes to the Gulf, embracing all classes of soil and climate, a
land capable of producing and supplying all human wants, that there is
room for all and millions to come, and that all who will but do their
duty, may have a home and plenty. There is no need complaining of
hard times while yet millions of rich acres of land are unoccupied and
uncultivated. Teach them to plow deep and often, and be sure and
plant plenty of Ben Davis apples, and rich will be their reward, for the
Lord helps him who helps himself.

Teach them to love home and country, and that the greatest bles-
sing to mankind is to have a cheerful and pleasant home. In short,
teach them to use common sense, and to live after nature and nature's
laws, which are unerring and wiser than all, and it needs not a prophet's
foresight to fortell that their fireside will be cheerful and happy, and
their lives spent usefully. And when the evening of life has come, and
the dark curtain of death closes your life's last scene, it will be with
the knowledge and satisfaction that you have done your duty and the
world has been made better by your life in it, and you will continue to
live and be cherished in memory long after your ashes are mingled
with the clay.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Murry — We adopted the plan last year of meeting on arbor day
and encouraging the young people to bring a tree and plant it. We
have our grounds full of trees. Last year being dry, some of them
perished. I think our school grounds should be enlarged with a view
to the growing of flowers a,nd other plants while lands are cheap and
accessible. The young should be brought up among trees, flowers and
everything beautiful.

Mr. President — This society has set on foot the ornamentation of
school grounds. Mr. Kern, the landscape gardener took upon himself
the laying out of the work and directing how it should be done at
Warrensburg, and the nursery men of Missouri, Iowa and Kansas con-
tributed trees and plants so freely that we could not accept them all*
Our local society ornamented their grounds last spring. I think it
would be well if this cociety would adopt some resolution asking our

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 213

State Superintendent of Schools to use his influence with the legisla-
ture to get them to pass a law gi%'ing- us a little appropriation for the
purpose of improving our school grounds, and to make a law requiring
the school board to have some ground for the cultivation of flowers
and fruits.

Mr. Goodman — It is a part of our plan for the State Society to take
the lead in the matter. We expect to have a day set apart by the
State Superintendent for tree planting next spring. We can lead in
the work, tell the school boards what to do and how to do it.

Mr. Speer — Our society has done something like that mentioned
by Mr. Murry. The arbor day appointed by the State was entirely too
late, and the trees did very poorly. We will have to do a great deal
of the work over. I think there is no school district in the State of
Missouri that can not ornament its grounds if there is just one man in
that district who will make up his mind that it shall be done. It will
be worth, as an advertisement, to any nurseryman all that it will cost
him to furnish the trees to ornament the school grounds of this country.

WHAT THE STATE OWES TO HORTICULTURE.

BY L. CHUBBUCK, OF COLMAN'S EURAL WORLD, ST LOUIS.

I would that I were able to rise equal to the occasion and tell to
this meeting of intelligent and experienced horticulturists, to you
gentlemen who have labored throuj>h the heat and the burden of the
day and made the great State of Missouri, a name and a fame known
throughout the land, what the commonwealth owes to the industry in
which you are engaged and of which you are indeed the bright and
shining hghts. But I will confess to you at the start, that though I
consented to read you a paper at this time on this subject, when I
settled down to the task I found such an abundance of material ta
draw from, that the problem was when to begin and which of its manj
phases I should select to present to you.

214 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The subject is one worthy to be handled by the brightest and
deei)e8t thinker of the State, and no man, however exalted he may be,
either by native genius or in the estimation of his fellow-men, need be
ashamed to attempt its analysis or solution ; for it involves the material
interests of nearly 300,000 farmers and producers, and indirectly the
progress, the well being and the development of the entire State. It
is a subject that our legislature has never had fairly presented to it,
and for the reason I suppose, that those who were capable of handling
and of presenting it were more concerned in the political issues of the
day, and their time and attention more occupied with lobbyists of the
railroad interests and in those great corporations, to be able to think
of a matter so small as the horticultural or for that matter the agricul-
tural interests of the people of one of the leading States in the Union.

I very much question if the great majority of the members ever
thought for a moment that the State owed anything to horticulturists
or to any other one branch of agriculture. The lobbies at Jefferson
City were never haunted by the farmers, the legislature never pestered
all through the session with a dozen or more farmer lobbyists with an
axe to grind, even though it were in the interests of the whole people
in place of a single firm or corporation, or a single city or railroad.
They never had to say we will grant their request lest they wrong us
with much importunity; and this is one reason why they never knew
what they owed to the horticulturists of the State. It is patent to you
gentlemen, that when the legislature meets next month the lobbyists
will very soon take the measure of every member, will watch their
movements, dog their footsteps, familiarize themselves with the pecu-
liarities of each and will very soon learn how to approach them as to
gain their confidence and win their favor. Then they will gradually
and cunningly open the subject of their desire and when the proper
time comep will crowd it for all it is worth. The farmers I say, do not
do this, they are not sufficiently compacted and drilled as to act to-
gether, and in solid phalanx move upon the enemys works; hence,
their wants are never told, their voices never heard and the greatest '
interests of the commonwealth are lost sight of and absolutely neg-
lected.

Nor do I suppose that this thing is subject to speedy remedy, and
perhaps never will be until an occasion shall arise of some extraordi-
nary character, that shall so arouse the community as to compel from
sheer force of circumstances an acknowledgment of the justness of
our cause, and the immediate necessity of a remedy.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 215

Wliat means ha ze we at our command that may be utilized to
l)rinfi,' about this state of affairs ? If we look about us we will find that
we have more than, without thinking, we dream of. The farmers of this
State if they will, can interest in this matter that great and popular
body, the patrons of husbandry, a body of men loyal to the cause of
horticulture. As to agriculture, whose every interest is identified with
any and every thing this society can properly undertake, and be
counted on to co-operate with you in it. You have too that important
and influential body known as the State Board of Agriculture, who
ought to and doubtless would be willing, not alone to assist you in
formulating your claims upon the State, but as well to use all the
power of their influence in urging action thereupon. Indeed the Rural
World has time and again urged that to that body legitimately be-
longed the prerogative of considering the agricultural necessities of
the State in all possible particulars, of preparing laws necessary to
their observance and performance and then entreat the legislature to
pass the same for the relief of this great industry. Then you have the
press, not exactly at your command but ever responsive to j^our call,
whenever that call is properly made, to support your claims and to
present them for consideration and adoption. It is just possible that
you have not utilized this power for good, this all-pervading and all-
controling influence, as you might have done. In every county you
will find two or three papers supported by the farmers and measurably
responsive to their call. Hence, with patrons of husbandry in every
county, farmers and horticulturists in every county, newspapers in
every county, and the State Board a standing committee at large, the
Missouri State Horticultural Society ought to be able to so influence a
majority of the members of the legislature as to carry any proper and
legitimate claim it may have to press upon its attention.

Some of you gentlemen present will say this is a very fair scheme,
but is it practicable ? Who have we to undertake the work, where are
the necessary funds to come from and how, generally, are we to go
about it ? The plan is feasible and the work comparatively easy if sys-
tematized and undertaken in a busine-ss way. Appoint a committee of
your own body to visit the State Board of Agriculture, and then invite
to your councils representatives of the press and of the legislature, and
give to that body full power to act in such matters as concern the tn-
terests of horticulture before the legislature, with a view to obtaining
tlie relief which the necessities of the occasion and the times require.
Is there anything impossible in that ? There is most certainly no im-

216 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

propriety in making the effort, and as " never venture never have," so
"to him that asketh shall be given."

It may be asked : What are the claims of horticulture to aid
from the State? Why should men engaged in fruit growing or in pro-
ducing any article by selling which the producer receives benefit, ex-
pect the State, by taxation, to assist him in building uj) his business ?
If the aid asked of the State was to result in good only to those en-
gaged in horticulture there might be more reason in asking the ques-
tion, but will the good done be so restricted ? Who is not interested
in and benefited by horticulture? Of all the industrial pursuits none
is more far-reaching and beneficial in its inlluence than is this, and to
deprive the world of its effects would be a speedy means of reducing
the human race to barbarism. Nothing has caused the poet and bard
to sing, or the painter to use his brush so often as have the woods and
fields, bright flowers and sweet fruits. Where will the most innocence
and happiness be found but in the midst of those things which it is the
horticulturist's calling to produce ?

The members of this society are interested, not simply in increas-
ing their own business and financial good, but to induce others to em-
bark in a profitable undertaking. Our State, being so well adapted by
soil, climate and geographical position, offers to her citizens a profita-
ble field of labor in this direction, if only they can be awakened to the
merits of the case. There are thousand of acres of land now compara-
tively useles which, if devoted to fruit raising, would increase the rev-
enues of the State millions of dollars. There are thousands of homes
around which is seen but little, if any, trace of those things which a>
knowledge of and love for horticulture will cause to exist ; cheerless
are these homes where not so much as a tree or vine aids in beating
back the hot rays of the summer's sun, or the piercing blasts of win-
ter's storm. Not a fiower relieves, with its beauty and fragrance, the
untidy surrounding of the yard in summer or adds a ray of cheerfuness
to the ill-kept house within when the winter has come. Could this
society, by its efforts and influences, cause these so-called homes to be
surrounded with a neat lawn set with a few shrubs and trees and a few
simple flowers ? Is there anyone present who would say that the good
resulting would not be worth to the State many times the largest sum
of money the most enthusiastic horticulturist would ask from the pub-
lic funds ? Estimate, if you can, the value of the refining and civilizing
influence on the children of these homes if their rude and uncouth
daily, hourly surroundings could be replaced with those products of
horticulture which delight the eye and make glad the heart. It is not

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON 217

too much to say that every successful effort on the part of horticul-
turists to improve, from their stand point, the homes and surrorndings
of our citizens vdll do more to suppress crime than twice the same
effort put forth by the police powers of the State. No one questions
the duty of the State to do all it can to restrain criminals. Does any-
one question the duty of that same power to do what it can to prevent
the making of them ? And that it is her duty to do this by the most
efficient means ?

Our State Superintendent of Public Schools is made ex officio
member of the State Board of Agriculture. Should he not also be
recognized by the law of the State as ex officio member of the State
Horticultural Society ? And with the position as member of the two
bodies ought not there be duties to perform and means provided for
their performance? How much of the educational advantages of the
State are for the benefit of the children of farmers as such, that is to
fit them especially for the business of farming, that which the great
proportion of them will follow in after life i The decided tendencies
of our educational system is to fit the youth of the land, including
farmer's children, for some other business than farming, to educate
them away from the farm. This, the great foundation industry of the
world, is left to gain its recruits from these who are forced by circum-
stances to follow the calling. Nothing is done by the State to put the
children of the common country schools in possession of the multitude
of wonderful facts that make up the science of agriculture ; such facts
as relate to insect, plant and animal life, character of soils and pro-
cesses of fertilization and exhaustion, farm economies and a thousand
other things which, when the mind has become interested in them,
prove more interesting and instructive than can be found anywhere
else in the relm of nature, and w4iich, if they were in possession of the
farmers of our State, it would be worth a hundred fold more than it
would cost to impart them.

Why cannot our State Board of Agriculture devise a plan by
which it, in connection with the School Superintendent, can cause such
information to be taught in our-schools ? Why cannot the Horticul-
tural Society also work with the school authorities and inaugurate
methods of teaching which will not only be of inestimable service to
the State from an economic standpoint, but also be the means of ele-
vating and refining all our people? Suppose the Society had at its
command funds with which it could employ a qualified landscape gard-
ener and horticulturist to visit our schools and impart to the teachers
as well as pupils, the elements of the art of beautifying their school

218 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gronnds. If the children were thus interested in the beautiful in
nature, how soon would it be before the good would be made manifest
in and around the homes of the neighborhood ? We do not realize to
what extent fathers and mothers are influenced by the ideas which
liave been impressed on the plastic minds of their children.

But it is not only aesthetic good which the State should foster by
giving its support to horticulture. Indeed, we fear that unless our
legislators can be shown that there is material good — good which can
be estimated in dollars and cents — to come from money set apart for
the use of this Society, but little will be forthcoming.

What are some of the directions in which this organization could
be useful if it had the means ? We must be content with stating but
few of them, believing that the intelligence of this audience will appre-
ciate their importance and will not be confined to the few suggestions
here given.

It has been estimated that the yearly loss in this State alone from
insect depredations is upwards of $60,000,000. Is not here a field of
labor and investigation to learn the habits of and devise means of
overcoming these enemies? Why is not this Society able to employ
an entomologist to serve by his labors, not horticulturists alone, but
the whole State? Missouri once had an entomologist in the person of
Prof. C. Y. Riley, whose services as such will be valued as long as the
art and science of agriculture exists. Yet a short sighted policy caused
his loss to our State, although he was transferred to a wider sphere of
usefulness by being appointed United States Entomologist. This So-
ciety should have the means at its disposal to employ an entomologist,
whose duty it should be to study the nature of injurious and beneficial
insects, and to keep the farmers and horticulturists who have not the
time for the study, informed as to the beast means of preventing their
ravages.

There are the hosts of parasitic fungi to investigate, which there
is such pressing necessity. As yet but little is known of their nature,
yet think of the millions of loss yearly by rust and smut in grain; rot
and mildew in fruits, blight and decay everywhere in the vegetable
world, caused by this class of plants. Would it not pay the State to
employ some one to labor in this field!

Then the knowledge of the nature and habits of our birds needs
to be better known by the agricultural classes, so that beneficial ones
may be protected and others destroyed.

Thus we might go on to enumerate ways in which this Society
might be made of incalculable value to the State, if it only had means

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 219

at its command. It is work, too, which cannot be done by individuals
who are engaged in the practical business of fruit growing or garden-
ing, yet when the work is done and the information gathered and prop-
erly disseminated, it can be utilized by all.

But here we have been pointing out work which would keep a
number employed all the time, when our Society has not the means to
half pay its Secretary. Much. unpaid labor and time does he now give
to the cause which he loves, when he should be paid a salary in return
for his entire time. Could his time be wholly devoted to the horticul-
tural interests of the State, he could do much more efficient work. He
should be able to visit local societies and give them aid and encourage-
ment ; to organize societies where none exist ; to get up full monthly
crop reports; to perfect methods of transportation of and marketing
fruits ; to offer premiums to local societies for displays and collections
■of horticultural products, and get up displays of the same at State and
]J«[ational exhibitions, which would tell to the world what a grand hor-
ticultural State Missouri is.

AThat sum of money is needed by the Horticultural Society to
perform this work, a portion only of which has been suggested ? If
810,000 were set apart by the State for the exclusive benefit of the
horticultural interests it would return $500,000 to the State's wealth.
Suppose 85,000 were offered by the Society in premiums to the various
counties in the State for displays of fruits, and these fruits exhibited
where the people from all over this and other countries could see the
magnificent collection, and ten men worth, on an average, $5,000 each,
•were induced to settle in our midst.

Thus would $50,000 be added at once to the wealth of the
State and she receive at the same time additions to the best class of
citizens she possesses, and who would from that time on add to the
State's revenues. Moreover the effort put forth by those competing
for the premiums would result in an increased and improved product
to the value far exceeding the amount expended. Suppose the State
society had a few thousand dollars to expend on experimental fruit
farms in different sections of the State, where authoritative and ex-
haustive tests of the value of different fruits could be made. How
many thousands it would save by showing what varieties should and
"what should not be planted. Then with the secretary paid not less
than 81,200 per year, a botanist to be paid $1,000, and an entomologist
$1,000, it is easy to see that $10,000 is hardly adequate to the needs of
the case.

It may be said that this sum is more than the people of the State

220 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

can afford to be taxed for. Let us see ; there are in Missouri about
300,000 farmers; suppose they were taxed ten cents each for the cause
of agriculture. There would be $30,000, $10,000 for the use of the
Agricultural College, $10,000 for the State Board of Agriculture and
$10,000 for tbe State Horticultural Society. Is it too great a burden
when the sura is to be raised by taxing all the property f

Thus I have, gentlemen, presented to you, in a paper too lengthy,
yet in a hasty and imperfect manner, some of the claims of the industry
you represent, upon the State for support and encouragement, and have
offered a suggestion how the justness of these claims can be brought
to the attention of our legislature, and a consideration given and relief
offered. Act upon this suggestion as in your good judgment you think
best. Let me simply state, that what ever Oolman's Eural World can
do to further the praiseworthy efforts of this society shall be done;
and all it asks of you, that it may thus labor in your behalf, is your
countenance and support.

Mr. Ragan. — There is one thing that struck me in the paper of
which I would like to say a few words, and that is the suggestion to
have a landscape gardener visit the school grounds to suggest what to
plant and how to plant it. How many have the knowledge to plant a
clump of trees, a border, or a fringe or a bed of plants ? The landscape
gardener will look over the ground and help us to do all these things.

Mr. FoUett My story will come in here as an argument. I was

musing upon the great motives of human action. We are engaged in
a work of love. It will influence the laborer to love his country and
educate his children better. The paper suggests that if some of the
money raised by taxation be spent in promoting agriculture and horti-
culture, it would be of much more benefit to the country than if spent
in augmenting its " poor " bill, because of the love of coitntry and the
enlightenment it would cause. The story of the Enchanted Harp came
to me and I will repeat it if I can.

Poem recited not reported.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 221

THURSDAY, 9 A. M.

Meeting called to order by the President.

REPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES.

BY PROF. L. K. TAFT, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, COLUMBIA.

The early part of the past season was favorable for the production
•of vegetables. Sun followed shower in just the right proportion, and
the supply of early vegetables was all that could be desired. The
drouth of July and August cut short the late supply, and gave a bad
ending to a season which opened under the most favorable auspices.

At the Warrensbur^ meeting I submitted, in brief, the results of
my vegetable experience during the year 1885, giving a list of the
varieties which seemed most worthy of cultivation. The past year I
continued the trial and added such novelties as seemed most desirable.
In addition to the varieties of peas given last year the Alaska and
Cleveland's Rural Kew Yorker (from the originator),Thorburn and others
were tried. The Alaska filled its first pods about a week in advance
of the ordinary extra early varieties. The foliage is distinct, and in
productiveness it stood well at the head of the early kinds. The
Rural New Y'orker was almost as productive, and ripened about with
Philadelphia Extra Early.

Bliss Abundance and Horsford's Market Garden follow the Ameri-
can Wonder in ripening, and proved extremely productive. They
branch just above the ground, forming from three to six distinct vines,
and although the seeds were planted six inches apart they were, if any
thing, too thick. From one seed as many as three hundred were produced,
while ten average plants bore four hundred and ten pods, which con-
tained over sixteen hundred peas.

The Imperial Valentine Bean proved to be a week earlier than
Early Valentine and equally productive.

The Egyptian Beet, as obtained from Gregory, was greatly im-
proved over the old Egyptian ; equally early, it had taken on a more

222 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

circular form and improved in color. The Eclipse, too, has changed
since its first introduction, and still holds its rank as the best early
beet.

The Cory Sweet Corn was again first in ripening, and this, together
with its size, would warrant its general use as an early variety.

Although the jear was very unfavorable for celery, very satisfac-
toi:y results were obtained from a portion of the plants. Five hundred
strong plants of Crawford's Half Dwarf were transplanted into an
empty cold frauie about the first of August. They were placed in rows
six inches apart with one foot between the rows. So long as the dry
spell lasted they were watered.

As cool weather come on the plants made a rapid growth, and,
without handling, the plants took on a good form, and the understalks^
were well blanched. The plants did not sucker, and from a single bud
many plants reached a diameter of four inches.

Of the large number of other vegetables grown the list given last
year need not be changed.

The setting out of asparagus and pie plant roots should be at-
tended to by every householder. Without much care they will supply
a large quantity of vegetable food at a time when little green food is
at hand. If properly looked after the beds will last for a long period
of years.

GROWING VEGETABLES.

BY J. N. MENIFEE, OREGON.

Anything that materially affects our supply of food at once be-
comes an interesting subject. Vegetables are about as much a neces-
sity in the kitchen as the cook. No amount of meats, fruits or luxuries
can take the place of vegetables. Let the potato rot, cut short the
crop, or the worms destroy the cabbage, and what a cry is raised.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 223

Now, if this branch of horticulture be of so much importance, may I
not ask your indulgence while I name a few of the conditions of suc-
cess or failure in growing vegetables. The object of the writer is not
to instruct the professional gardner who grows vegetables for city
market, where early vegetables are forced by the use of green houses,.
hot beds, cold frames, screens, etc., but for the more common class,.
who realize the necessity for vegetables, but use so little intelligence
in growing them. There are two methods of growing vegetables, by
one we are liable to fail, by the other we are almost sure to fail. One
way. and a very common way, too, is to plow- a square plat of ground
in early spring and plant the seeds, that have been begged of neighbors,
in raised beds and high ridges, that are liable to wash away with the
first heavy rain, or be lost in weeds ; being planted in such poor shape
that a hoe is the only tool that can be used, and it is often so dull and
rusty that a few rounds and the poor man, in despair, concludes he is
too busy to hoe such a patch, but his heroic wife comes to the rescue;
but after a long and painful struggle finds her strength inadequate for
the task, and consequently surrenders to the weeds, which, like bad
habits, must be conquered as soon as they appear, or the task is almost
hopeless.

The other method is to select a rich well drained piece of land,
plow it deep about the first of September that it may have the benefit
of the fall rains. If not naturally rich, fertilize it. Be careful in the
selection of seeds, the best seeds are always the cheapest, although
the market value may seem high. Pack seeds away from frost and
mice. Plant a few onion, radish and lettuce seeds quite late in the fall.
In early si)riug, as soon as the ground will work well, harrow until free
of clods; then plant the precious seeds in long straight rows, giving
room to cultivate by horse power.

We should not be content with what vegetables are necessary for
our tables, but plant for the market, for our horses, cows, sheep, pigs
and poultry, for they are all fond of them, or can be trained to like
them much easier thati our boys are trained to like the taste and use of
tobacco ; the vegetables serve as a nutriment, and are valuable to all as
a variety in food; tobacco is injurious to body, mind, morals and
etiquette. Among the most profitable vegetable crops for stock are
the mangel wurtzels, sugar beet, rutabagas, carrots, cow peas and
squashes. Forty to sixty tons of mangels and rutabagas can be grown
on an acre with very little labor. If close attention is given while
plants are starting the crop is almost a certainty, wet or dry, and are-

224: MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eaeily stored in pits and will keep nicely all winter. Squashes nourish
in slightly shady situations where other crops would fail.

Old orchards can be renewed and greatly benefited by growing
squashes in them. My neighbor gathered 1,G00 pounds of Chili
squashes from two vines in an orchard.

Melons may be planted in the newly set strawberry field and culti-
vated until the vines interfere, after which the melon vines will keep
down the weeds and screen the berry plants in hot dry weather, and
the melons will be about equal in value to a berry crop. Early pota-
toes may be gathered in time for a crop of mangels or rutabagas — good
tools kept sharp, the steel polished and the wood i)ainted saves the
liorticulturist much labor. The Iron Age Cultivator and Celery Hoe
are recommended by good authority as excellent tools.

Each horticulturist has his preference as to the best varieties.
I would consider the list of seeds incompetent that didn't include
American Wonder, Stratagem and Champion of England Peas: Black
Wax and Valentine for bush and Southern Prolific and Dreers Improved
Lima for pole beau ; Ey. J. Wakefield, Hendersons Summer and
Burpees Surehead Cabbage; St. Joe and Hanson Lettuce; Living-
stons Perfection Tomato; Egyptian and Eclipse Beets; American
Champion and Iron Clad Water Melon ; Hackensack and Surprise Musk
Melon; White Plume Celery; Lee's Favorite, Ey Ohio, Almo and O.
K. Mammoth Potatoes, and Essex Hybrid Squash. In conclusion, to
be successfull in growing vegetables or anything else, it is necessary
to gather information by inquiry, by observation, but above all by
thinking for yourself; not forgetting that most of the practical knowl-
edge we may have, has been contributed by others, and therefore stand
in readiness to give it again to others, as it is more blessed to give than
to receive.

Mr. Murry — I grow vegetables for home use and sometimes a few
for market. I have been growing celery and find it a fine crop to grow
in a young orchard. If the celery is well cultivated the trees will grow
better than if left alone on account of the deep plowing we ha^e to give
for the celery. The ground is also left in good condition for any crop
next year. The taste for celery is to be acquired. It is nutritious and
a nerve feeder. It is very profitable. I grew 1,200 dozen this year

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 225

notwithstanding- the drouth. One day the thermometer stood 112
degrees in the shade. That day we lost'several thousand plants. I
find that Golden Heart dwarf is the best to stand the heat, the cold
and the drouth. I get the same price in St. Joe as the Kalamazoo
celery, which, as you know has the highest reputation. It makes, with
careful cultivation from 150 to 300 dozen per acre. We plant our seed
beds just as soon as the ground can be worked in the spring. Plant
like tobacco seed and firm the earth on the seed, as the celery seed,
is very small ; shade the bed with light brush or lath. We put the
plants out in the middle or latter half of June, sometimes in July. The
growth that makes the celery we eat is made late in the fall after the
late rains. From the loth to the 20th of October is the time we usually
take in the crop. For keeping we place it in a trench just the depth of
the celery's length. We cover, with an open space above the celery,
♦ and leave an opening to the air above, every two or three rods. If any
one wishes to engage in market gardening I would advise him to get
Peter Henderson's Gardening for profit, a book that has been worth
$500 to me.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE OX NOMEXCLATURE.

T. W. GAUNT, MARYVILLE.

Your Committee on Nomenclature has observed that parties who
are introducing new varieties of fruits are naming them one name,
which is in conformity to the recommendation of the Hon. Marshall P.
Wilder.

The name of each new fruit should consist of one word, easy of
pronunciation. We feel assured that all the pomologists of Missouri
"will approve of but one name for all new fruits. Long names are al-
ways objectionable. We would recommend, that all new fruits which
are not esteemed valuable and worthy of general culture, be passed
and considered worthless, and that all new fruits be thoroughly tested

H. E. — lo

226 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

by the origiimtor, as to its worthiness for general culture before its in-
troduction for public favor, and that a full descriptionof the fruit should!
accompany each new variety placed on exhibition, also a descriptive
habit of the tree. Very respectfully,

T. W. GAUXT.

EEPOET BY A. AMBEOSE, NEVADA.

Mr. President — Your Committee on Nomenclature have looked',
over the selection of seedling- apples now on the table and recommend
the following' names:

Howell. — Originated in Howell county; first premium.

Ozark. — Second premium. «

Hopewell. — Third premium.

Babbit.— Originated in Illinois ; introduced by W. E. Laughlin of
Holt county; long keeper.

A Seedling. — Introduced by Mr. Holman of Springfield; origin-
ated in Texas county; large, yellow, resembles Shannon Pippin.

Parts. — Originated in Monroe county ; introduced by A. Ambrose :
apple large and good.

EEPOET OF COMMITTEE ON NEW FEUITS.

F. LIONBERGER, NEW FLORENCE.

Mr. President^ Ladies and Getitlemen :

As a member of the Committee on New Fruits I beg leave to
make the following report, which is based upon my experiments made

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 227

during the past summer and upon observations such as have attracted
my attention during the past season in other places :

Of the apples I find that a very large number of different kinds of
seedlings can be found in this and Warren county. The first settle-
ments in Missouri have been made in this county, and I learn that the
early settlers in Daniel Boone's life time had planted out a great many
seedling orchards from seeds brought from the east. Of course a
great many worthless varieties were procured, but also some that were
fine and of good quality. From the best of these original seedlings
sprouts were afterwards taken and other orchards were set out until
now only the best of them are left. Of these not less than fifteen va-
rieties have been brought to my notice. I am now testing a large
number of these sorts in my orchard, and there are yet a great many-
more, of which I intend to procure a few scions.

The Logans Late is one that I am watching very closely and I
think that it will prove to be quite valuable. The Logan, the only
bearing tree of this sort, is the original one which was planted in 1806,
has a very fine crop of apples again this year. All the fault I find
with it is its earliness.

The Lucy Pew bore its first crop in my orchard this summer and I
find it to be a fine large apple of the best quality. It is an excellent
apple for evaporating or for local market, but do not think that it could
stand shipping.

Of pears the newest varieties I have got are Keiffer and LeConte,
neither one of them have fruited for me yet, but are making very fine
growth. Have not noticed any blight in them yet though 1 have seen
the Keiffer blight at another place. Some Keiffer peirs that were
grown by S. Miller of this county, 1 have found to be fine and attractive,
and as to quality just good enough for any body, though not equal to
Bartletts. The Cockling is a pear that I am quite favorably impressed
with. It is somewhat earlier than Keiffer. The trees on our grounds,
as well as the ones I saw at Judge Miller's, seem to be very hardy and
very handsome, but how the trees will do when they get older I am not
prepared to say.

Of Plums — The only new plums we get is the Marianna; but as
one of my associates has a more extensive experience with this fruit
than I have, I will leave it to him to report upon. The Newman seems
to be a plum that is a great deal thought of by the fruit growers of St.
Louis county ; but I know but little about it myself.

Of Peaches and Cherries — I am not prepared to report any of the
newer sorts.

228 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Quinces. — I only have Rea's, Champion, and Orange, but fail to see
any material difference in them.

Strawberries. — The newest sorts I have are Jersey Queen, Daisy,
Manchester, J. Vick, Crescent, and a few others. I also used to have
Big Bob, but have discarded it. Jersey Queen with me is a fine berry,
but does not fill boxes fast enough. Daisy is not a Daisy with me.
James Vick, however, I like fine, though if the ground is not rich and
the culture not complete, the fruit will not average large enough, at
least such is my experience. Manchester does only tolerable with me.
Crescents I have but few, and could not express my opinion as to my
own experience. Last summer, however, I saw a bed of them at
Montgomery City that were killed outright by the drought, while other
sorts on either side, such as Monarch, Bidwell, Longfellow, etc., were
not hurt at all. My best and most profitable sorts are Cumberland,
Piper and C. Jack. Crystal City is quite profitable with me, because it
is early.

The newer Raspberries I have are Crimson Beauty, Lost Rubies,
Scarlet Gem, Stayman's No. 2, and a few others; but neither of them
come up to Turner and Cuthbert, and will therefore be discarded.
Shaffer and Gregg are my best black ones.

Respectfully submitted,

F. LIOiN^BERGER.

REPORT FROM NORTHWEST MISSOURL

We wish to call the attention of the meeting to a new Apple,
exhibited by Mr. Murry at the Kansas City Fair last fall, under the
name of "Western Baldwin." At that exhibition it attracted consider-
able attention from such of our best fruit men as saw it then.

Tree a very strong, large grower; shoots large; leaves very large.
As a support for a heavy crop of apples, it is, mechanically, the most
perfect tree we have seen. Wood, hard and tough. No apple tree
has stood the hard winters of the last ten years any better.

ANNUAL MEETING- AT LEXINGTON. 229

Fruit large — nearly as large as Ben Davis. Quality much like the
New England Baldwin, of which it is a seedling; keeps well till April;
color nearly red.

A good hearer. — A tree from a graft taken from the original tree
bore six bushels when seven years old from the graft. It originated
over forty years ago, and is now well tested — tree and fruit — in three
States.

We claim for this apple — and ask the Society to allow it — the name
Babbit — of the man who first propagated it.

Also, the "Woodmansee." Tree a vigorous grower, and has
proved perfectly hardy in Southern Iowa since its origination eighteen
years ago.

Fruit medium size, striped with red : of very superior quality and
keeps well till May. A very abundant bearer.

W. E. LAUGHLIF,

N. F. MURRY.

Elm Grove, Holt county, Mo.

FRUITS, XEW AND OTHERWISE.

BY W. P. STARK, LOUISIANA, MO.

Jewell strawberry is a strong grower, but doesn't produce many
plants. Berries admirable in every respect, except lacking in flavor.
For our own use, nothing has yet superceded Cumberland.

Marlboro is an early red raspberry of large size, beautiful color
and good quality. Plants were uninjured last winter. Superb crum-
bles, and is of poor flavor; scarcely worth growing.

Shaffer's is a strong grower and good bearer of large purplish ber-
ries, but too acid and harsh in flavor; still, it is very generally liked.

Of the black raspberries we have tested, the Ohio is easily chief.
Souhegan is a good variety, and very early. Earhart, we have had
growing for a number of years, having received plants from Illinois be-

230 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fore it was named and introduced. It bears a good autumnal crop,
and is desirable for tlie amateur. Indiana, a new berry, not yet much
disseminated, is very promising.

AA^achussett Thornless Blackberry is said to be a fine fruit on
strong soil ; ours are not on such, still it is strong enough to produce
entirely too many thorns. True, the canes are comparatively thorn-
less, but the leaves are not so.

Early Harvest, though badly injured in the hard winters, has usu-
ally escaped with enough canes to bear some good, very early berries.
Lucretia Dewberry is promising. Mammoth is being tested. Bartle's
is worthless.

Downing Gooseberry though a fine fruit is not productive, at
least not till after some years. Industry will be tested further.

Fay's Prolific Currant we value highly, after having fruited it four
seasons.

Moore's Early is a good, hardy and productive early grape, always
ripe and gone by time Concord comes in.

VVorden surely is a grape of better quality than Concord.
Duchess, Prentiss and Jefferson, six years planted, have never
produced a grape. Lady Washington, Amber and Pearl, of same age,
have borne four crops. Brighton is excellent, does better when the
vines are dropped to the ground in winter and good cultivation is
given.

Downing Mulberry we first fruited some six or eight years ago;
entirely hardy in Xorth east Missouri. Bears while very young, one
year trees in nursery rows often being full of blossoms, and sometimes
raatuTing fruit. Valuable for general culture. The Russian will do to
plant for the birds.

Il^'ut trees being largely planted just now, makes it pertinent to
recommend the Japan Giant Chestnut and the Dwarf English AValnut
{Praeparturiens). The Chestnut is a larger and far better nut than the
tender Italian or Spanish, and, withal, bears while very young.

The Walnut also bears when very small, matures its growth well
and is hardy.

Cham})ion Quince trees planted six years ago have several times
been badly damaged by cold winters and of twenty-five trees not one
has ever shown a blossom.

Rea's Mammoth of same age, bore a fine crop of excellent fruit at
three years old. This variety is hardier than Orange and is, perhaps,
unexcelled, though Meech and Missouri Mammoth, neither yet fruited,
are clamorous for first place.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 231

Tliough by no means a new apple, there is nothing better of its
season than Benoni, either for market or table use. Of higher quality
than other sorts of equal earliness. Tree hardy and productive, but a
moderate grower. There are other apples equally well known, such as
Chenango Strawberry, Lowell, Grimes Golden and Vandevere that
are so good, it is hard to refrain from saying a word in their praise at
every oj)portanity, fitting or otherwise.

Alexander has produced some showy specimens of quite fair qual-
ity. Wolf River, of the same class, not yet fruited. Tree is hardy and
;a strong grower in the nursery when budded; not nearly so strong
when grafted. Mann has borne a few t-pecimens, showing it to be a
fine acid apple of much larger size than we had expected, judging from
the plates sent out — an agreeable surprise, that, in the case of most
new fruits, has not yet become common.

Stark is one of the best annual bearers, fully equal to Grimes Gol-
den in this respect.

Clayton bore a heavy crop on top-worked trees and promises well.
'The tree is not noticeable in nursery, because of producing compara-
tively few roots. In this connection, will say that we have been led to
believe that many orchards, particularly Ben. Davis, are injured in dry
seasons because of rooting too shallow.

In ordinary root graft, the scion generally throws out roots above
the splice, but scarcely ever any strong, healthy ones ; when the graft
■iappens to be made on the top cut, or collar, no top roots at all re-
sult, and the trees will inevitably suffer from drouth, heat and cold,
lacking the support which deeply penetrating roots alone afford, and,
as a consequence, will be short lived.

Budded trees on strong stocks seem to offer a remedy. In their
absence we should choose trees grafted on whole roots, which are
•very expensive to make, plant and dig, or, lastly, grafts made on the
second and third cuts rather than on the first.

Black Twig is a new apple not yet fruited. Specimens received
from the South resemble Wine Sap, but in flavor are much preferable.
However, it is only fair to say the Wine Sap is not a favorite, the fla-
vor, pleasing at first, soon becoming distasteful.

Ill nursery. Black Twig is a vigorous grower, and so far, perfectly
hardy.

P^dwards Transparent is a local apple, resembling Maiden Blush in
•color and Lowell in form ; of larger size than either, fair quality, ripens
just before Maiden Blush, about with Lowell; a vigorous grower, pro-
ductive, and promises to be hardier in nursery than Maiden Blush.

232 MISSOURI STATE HOETICTJLTUKAL SOCIETY.

Red IMeti.nLeinier fruited for the first time; ripe early in August;.
large and showy; but in Missouri, we are accustomed at tliat' season,,
to better apples. Lady Henniker, a new apple, is evidently not an
early bearer since top-grafts, in bearing trees have shown no disposi-
tion to fruit, while Red Bietigheimer and other sorts are bearing under
same conditions. It is more difticult to propagate from root-grafts
than any variety we have ever grown. Illinois Imperial is a most
promising new apple from Adams county, Illinois ; it is a fine tree both
in nursery and orchards, and a good bearer of remarkable beautiful
apples, above medium in size, and of most excellent quality. Flesh,,
creamy white, fine, tender, subacid, with a peculiar and delightful per-
pume. Has true "all-summer," or i)erhap8 everbearing characteristics*
showing apples in the various stages of growth from the tiniest green,
to the fully ripe fruit, with clear waxen yellow skin, shaded and splashed
with bright red, and delicately striped and pencilled with dark red over
almost the entire surface. Begins ripening the last of July, and con-
tinues three months.

Larimore, introduced by Messrs. Bagby & Son, New Haven, Mo.,
iSgalso decidedly an "all-summer" variety; a seedling found on the
road side where some Kentuckians had cam])ed-; planted in Mr. Lari-^
more's garden in 1820; the original tree is still healthy and vigorous;
a good grower, hardy, and bears annually; begins ripening first week
in July ; main crop ripe in August ; large, dark red, good.

Tlie September and October apples are iriuch larger than the July
crop. Mr. B. says, the children and the birds are very fond of it, and
that on May 1, he found apples under a straw pile, that he remeinbered
placing there in October previous, sound and in good condition though,,
"a little mealy."

Shackleford, not yet fruited ; specimens received, very like Ben
Davis, but appreciably better in (]uality ; tree a very dwarfish grower
in nursery ; about like Wythe.

Spencer is an apple found in the oldest orchards in Howard
county, this State, where it is much esteemed. Mr. Kingsbury, a lead-
ing orchardist, says : It has outlived all other trees ; have never known
it to fail to bear and generally very full too ; a slow grower, (one of
the slowest growers we found it), but very hardy; blooms unusually
late; medium to large, bright red, ready for market latter part of
August, and brings the highest prices ; fills a vacancy, and in its season
popular, as Jonathan is later.

Stuart's Golden, a winter apple of best -quality from Oliio, and
Sutton Beauty from Mass., recommended as superior to Hubbardston^

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 233

not yet fruited. The Hubbardston by the way, though ripening here
in early^inter bears a heavy crop of the largest and most perfect fruit,
and is in every respect an admirable apple.

Yellow Transparent is a moderate grower; tree hardy; a good and
early bearer; medium size; good quality; ripens before early Harvest.
Nurserymen find it in greater demand than any other earlj- apple, and
although we have had but few years experience with it. we believe it
will continue to grow in favor. Charlotten Thaler, No. 342, also sent
out by the department of agriculture, is larger and earlier, but not
quite so good in qualit}^ ; productive, and hangs well on tree.

Osceola is an Indiana apple, which Mr. Avery of Iowa says, is es-
tablishing a reputation as their most valuable Iron Clad.

Wealthy, although a fall apple here, should find a place in every
family orchard. In August last, while on a visit to Hon. Peter M.
Gideon, and the Minnesota State Experimental Orchards, we saw the
original Wealthy tree, or rather all there is left of it, for the recent
terrible winters have been unsparing, and now, a few straggling and
rather discouraged-looking sprouts are all that is left to mark the his-
toric spot where was planted the tiny seed so fraught with great and
far-reaching results.

Mr. Gideon has done and is doing grand work for the great north-
west, and one that is all too little appreciated. American horticulture
well might blush to own that the financial reward she would never be-
stow upon the originator of the Wealthy, Gideon, Lou, Excelsior^
August, Martha, Florence, and other no less rich additions to her treas-
ure house, has been poured out in golden streams by flitting seekers
after summer homes, eager to pay thousands, for acres bordering the
beautiful Minnetonka.

Among the hundreds of varieties we saw in fruiting, all hardier
than the Oldenburg, most were still too immature to test as to quality,
while some few, notably the Lou, a beautiful seedling of the Oldenburg
were nearly gone.

We already had many of these testing, but were surprised and de-
lighted to see them bearing such abundant crops of most beautiful
fruit, in quality from good to very best. Mr. G. also has a successful
system of growing peaches : surely, we of Missouri ought not to be-
come discouraged while he succeeds in that bleak region. We shall
take pleasure in communicating his plan to all interested.

The Gibb, a fine Hybrid crab originated by Mr. Peffer, of Pewaukee,
Wisconsin, is an unusually prolific bearer, which we have fruited a
number of years, and like better and better with each recurring season.

234 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

"Very large, oftentimes two inches in diameter, roundish oblate, skin
bright yellow, and flesh even a deeper golden still, fine graine-^, juicy,
mild, subacid, almost sweet : ripens in August here. Sweet Eussett is a
large and valuable crab, considered the finest summer crab in Richland
county, Wisconsin. Winter Golden Sweet is also from Wisconsin, is of
large size, flesh fine grained, juicy, rich, sweet, a peculiar condensed
sweet, seldom found in any apple, entirely free from astringency.
North Star is a fine hardy crab from Minnesota, large as Transcendant
and two weeks earlier, of perfect quality for eating from the hand.
Tree is only a moderate grower, but hardy and immensely productive.
Golden Beauty of Paradise is simply a native crab of uniisnal size and
possessed of all the astringency of its class ; a remarkably strong-
grower, and of iron-clad hardiness ; where it is desired to double work,
to increase hardiness, nothing better can be found.

Pears, though so generally decried as of no value for the west^ we
have continued planting uninteruptedl^', and while we have met with
discouragements inumerable, have not lacked for an ample home supply
of excellent fruit. Early Harvest is a hardy tree, and extremely hardy
bears a most beautiful fruit, in quality about equal to a well-ripened
turnip. Brickett, to our surprise, bears quite early, of small to medium
size, of quite fair quality, mild, pleasant, but without well defined
character. The wood of trees that make a late growth is badly dis-
colored after 32 degrees below zero. Has shown no signs of blight
thus far. Mt. Vernon we value very highly; a strong grower, very
hardy, has never shown any trace of blight, while Bartlett in next row
were almost ruined. Does well both as a standard and dwarf, but is
not an early bearer, dwarf trees seven years old having borne the first
crop the past season. Medium size or above, clear russett, good
quality, and in their prime December 1. Jeflerson is a strong grower,
perfectly hardy, but not fruited sufiiciently to decide as to quality. Le
Conte is a vigorous grower of about the same degree of hardiness in
tree as the peach, but hardier in blossom. Trees six years old have
never shown a blossom, and such branches as were not cut back after
the recent severe winters are a mere shell, the heart being entirely
rotten. The same with top-grafts on Flemish Beauty, although such
fruited the past season ; quality about third rate. When cut back, it
grows up again as vigorous as the peach, and in this lattitude will prob-
ably require much the same general treatment ; ought not to be planted
this far north. Eutter is very promising; almost as strong a grower
as the Hybrid sand pears ; healthy, hardy, and bears early. Souvenier
de Congress is a moderate grower, and far less hardj^ than Bartlett;

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 235

orchard trees six years old are almost destroyed. Fruit grown this
season on top grafts was about size of Bartlett ; quality hardly so good
but with less musky flavor. Alexiiuder Lucas not yet fruited; orchard
trees two years planted show it to be a moderate grower, and of aver-
age hardiness ; said on the best authority to be both good and large,
often six inches long and 15 inches in circumference, and to have a
high character in Belgium. Garber's Hybrid is an unusually strong and
vigorous grower, of great hardiness; not yet fruited; think it to be a
tardy bearer. Mikado is another strong grower with decided sand pear
characteristics ; fruit well nigh worthless. Miller's Victor, or Ticker,
was received from Judge S. Miller who says it originated in Chester
county, Pa., some 30 years ago, and is one of those good things some-
times left in the dark. It was new to Chas. Downing and others to
whom he had sent fruit, but all were highly pleased with it. With Mr.
Miller it bears fine crops and is among the very best ; large, regular,
pyriform, shining yellow, rich, sweet and melting, ripening early in Sep-
tember. We find it to be a very strong grower, resembling Bartlett in
■color of wood, less upright, but by no means spreading ; foliage, dark,
glossy. Entirely distinct from Yicar of Winkfield to which the name
bears an unfortunate resemblance. The Kussian varieties introduced
by Prof. Budd, generally have thick firm leaves and 'will doubtless
endure our hot summers. They are hardy of course, and it is to be
hoped they will prove worthy. And now we are j^robably about to
strike a rock, nevertheless we shall not give up trying to steer clear.
There is one thing we have ascertained beyond a doubt with regard to
the Keiffer; it will grow, flourish and produce fruit, be the quality
what it may, on soils where other varieties will not even grow ; still it
appreciates good fair soil ; have had it in bearing five seasons, and have
grown much really good, and some wretchedly poor fruit ; always the
latter when left without thinning ; It will overbear, and three-fourths
of the pears must be taken off; then let the rest hang on late into Sep-
tember, gather, wrap in paper and ripen in the dark. After a few
weeks you will have pears that you can eat just like Bartletts, and you
cannot help wishing they were Bartlett's.

Cherries of such varieties as Schmidts Bigarreau, Sappington, Ida
and AYindsor were all badly injured with us in the winters of '84 and
^S5. The only sweet cherry in which we have faith is the White
Western, (for want of the real name), some 20 trees of which are on an
old nursery and orchard farm now owned by Messrs. Hassler Bros., of
Pike county. The original block of this variety stands without a mis-
sing tree. The trees are from 12 to 16 inches in diameter, sound and

23G MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

perfectly liealthy, without any si^ns of trunk bursting-, while other sorts
of cherries ])lanted in the same orchard, both Sweets and Dukes, have
almost disappeared. It has borne good crops regularly, even after the
three last hard winters, of a light colored sweet cherry, much like Gov
AYood. These trees, as were the other varieties for that matter, are all
branched low, from ten to fifteen inches above tlie ground — the true
system of training for the west, we think, for both sweet cherries and
standard pears.

The Duke class have borne but little fruit for years past, except-
ing Eeine Hortense, a cherry of great value. Trees planted nearly
twenty-five years ago, though not entirely sound, still bear fine fruit.
It is short lived unless in a dry, well drained situation. However, no
cherry will long endure any other than a dry location. Eni})ress Eu-
genie is a good grower and moderately hardy. The Olivet is vigorous
and spreading, with wood of a peculiar growth and very brittle. The
true Olivet is a Duke, while the varieties we have seen grown under
this name at various places east and west is a Morello, and conse-
quently not the real Olivet. Dyehouse has not yet fruited, but it is
not Early Richmond, neither does it bear any resemblance to the Duke
class as claimed by some, the tree being a straighter grower, but as
distinct a Morello as Early Eichmond. Loiiis Philii)pe is the strongest
grower of the Morello class, hardy but not an early bearer. Monte-
morency Ordinaire is a remarkably prolifi<', acid cherry for which
Messrs. Elwanger & Barry have claimed exemption from attacks of the
birds. The latter, however, are too good judges to let it entirely alone
after fully ripe. It would speedily stand next to if not ahead of Early
Eichmond were it not that, although a stout, it is a slow grower in the
nursery and consequently will not be largely propagated.

Without moralizing at length, will say it is rather too much to ex-
pect nurserymen to raise large quantities of the poorer growers of any
kind of tree so long as the i)ublic are unwilling to pay a tifhe of the
additional cost of growing better sorts. Therefore while Eichmond
will bring as much money per thousand as the Montemorency Ordi-
naire which costs nearly double as much to grow, the latter will have
hard work reaching the place it deserves. The Large Montmorency is
a better grower and of excellent quality, but not so productive. We
have received it from several sources, and all different in growth. The
undoubtedly genuine is also the best growep. One variety hardly at-
tained one foot in height at one year. N^orthwest, considered the best
of Mr. Weir's seedlings, and said to be six days earlier than Eichmond,
is a fair grower and hardy, but not yet fruited. Wragg, named by the

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 237

Iowa Horticultural Society, is Nuid to be a j^ood late sour variety.
Trees sent us by Mr. Wrajig, the originator, resemble Early llichinond,
though the fruit is said to be much like Eiifi;lish ^Morello but richer in
grape sugar. J^ieb, sent out from Northern Illinois, is a strong, very
upright grower while young, with slender branches, and as hardy as
need be, but unfortunately, while the original tree was said to be pro- "
ductive of good fruit, none of the thousand {>ropagated from it have
proved of any value whatever. Ostheim is a moderate grower, some-
what like English Morello, bears early, is very i)roductive, a valuable
variety ; fruit large, liver colored, juicy and rich. Suda, a local cherry
growing in the garden of Mr, Suda, of Louisiana, has for years pro-
duced good crops of good, fair, perfect fruit resembling Ostheim ; has
a great locai celebrity, and is worthy of general trial.

Plums may easily be obtained in abundance by sim|)ly planting in
orchards instead of a few isolated trees. Close planting, the more va-
rieties the better, seems to be a success.

Such sorts as Blackman and Bassett surely ought never to have
been disseminated. The l>la<'kman is much like the peach in tree and
but little hardier; i)robably originated from seed of Wild (loose,
borne by a tree on peach roots, as we have grown hundreds of such
seedlings, almost identical with Black man. Being most easily propa-
gated, it has been widely distributed, but the trees are practically or
entirely barren, hence worthless. Bassett trees six years old produced
the past season large (luantities of ])lums about half an inch in dimater,
which are also worthless. Older trees have never ripened a plum,
while Wild Goose and others in the same rows have borne large annual
croi)8. The l)e Soto is small, of good (]uality, but not an early bearer,
nor is it productive here. Newman is a Chickasaw of great value that
has been much neglected on account of being a scrubby, poor grower
while young. Shropshire Damson in central or north Missouri invar-
iably winter kills to the ground when budded on peach roots, while on
native plum roots, it is badly injured. It is the tenderest of all the
foreign varieties of i)lums we have tested. Free stone Damson is a
selected variety of the common Bhie Damson, and like all of the class,
a feeble grower while young ; soon makes fine, ui)right trees in or-
chards, bearing after six or seven years abundant annual crops ; qual-
ity very rich ; stone stnall, from which it i)art8 perfectly. Forest Kose
is a native red plum named and iirst i)ropagated by the late \Vm. Stark.
Trees of the original stock have borne good annual croi)S for many
years ; e(iual in size, quality and productiveness to any of the native
plums we have seen ; does not bear so well on peach roots, nor do we

238 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

believe that either Pruims Americana or the European species should
ever be thus grown. The Chickasaw and New Japanese race will
grow for the first few years even more vigorously on peach, but in the
orchard are soon overtaken by trees on plum roots, which are hardier,
longer lived and more productive. Prairie Flower of same type is
from Audrain county where the original tree has long borne good
crops of fruit. First brought to attention in 1884, it has since been
propagated. Golden Beauty is a straggling grower, but very hardy;
does not set much fruit while young ; ripens very late. Eed Arctic
is a hardy, fine growing Chickasaw ; bears notably early, and is
really wonderful in productiveness ; fruit one inch in diameter
and when fully ripe of superior flavor, second only to the Dam-
son for culinary purposes ; becomes colored a long time in advance
of ripening, and hence is apt to be condemned prematurely. Were we
required to produce the most bushels of fruit in the least possible
time, should not hesitate a moment to choose this variety for the ex-
periment. Frait hangs on till frost. Missouri Apricot Plum, a native
of Pike county, has borne uncommonly full crops for many years,
looking, as the owner says, "like grapes, and hang on so firmly that
they must be beaten off with poles." Fruit about one inch in diameter,^
skin thick, golden yellow, flesh firm and of best quality. Judge Miller,
to whom specimens were sent in October last, was well pleased with
the fruit. Kelsey Japan, is a very strong grower, inclined to grow until
frost, of about the same degree of hardiness as W. (xoose, the latter,
after severe cold, showing even more discoloration of young wood.
If it will even remotely approximate, in Missouri, such fruit as we saw
it producing in California in summer 1885, it will create a sensation. A
box of them on the fruit stands might easily, at a glance, be mistaken for
average Missouri Janeton apples. Dull purplish red, on yellow ground,
with bloom, flesh firm, greenish yellow, sweetish, lacking character;
was ripening in August, about two weeks ahead of Coe's Golden Drop.
The Marianna we have now been growing four years. Fruited it
the past season on trees grafted in spring of 1882. After having care-
fully noted its various characteristics of tree and fruit, we are planting
it largely in nursery and orchard. It ripened at least 95 per cent, of
the plums set. Trees so young of Wild Goose and most other varie-
ties would have cast their fruit before maturity. Yet our two little
Marianna trees ripened 75 or 80 plums each, although they had been
cut very closely for buds each season, and were almost surrounded
and overshadowed by older trees of Wild Goose, Lombard, DeSoto,
Miner and Bassett. The DeSoto trees several years older ripened

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 239

about half dozen plums, the first they had borne. The Miner and Bas-
sett, not one.

Size about with ^Yild Goose, rounded, stem short, scarcely a third
as long- as that of Wild Goose. In gathering- cleaves to the fruit, un-
less very ripe, skin rather thin, light red, becoming very dark red when
quite ripe, flesh firm, juicy and with scarcely a trace of the astringency
next to stone so noticeable in Wild Goose. The tree is thought by
Mr. Onderdonk, of Texas, to be a hybrid between the Chickasaw and
European ; a vigorous grower, productive and hardy ; is easily propa-
gated from cuttings, and so can be used as a stock for budding. And
herein lies the promise of great things for the future of plum, peach
and apricot culture. We budded some 50,000 the past season, in
peaches, plums, and the new noted varieties of Russian apricots. Al-
though the buds were set at intervals during nearly five months from
June till October, it is a rather remarkable fact that repeated exam-
inations have failed to discover even one dead bud. The cuttings were
made about seven or eight inches long, and planted late in the fall of
1885 on a variety of soils ; did much better on a heavy black, rather
stiff, soil, about what our Texas friends would call blackwaxey, than
on either sandy or clay loam. On black soil about 80 per cent. grew.
Experience has satisfied us they cannot be made firm enough when
planted with dibbles, and we now plant in a sloping ditch and pound
them tight at the bottom as though they were miniature posts. In
fact, a great part of the loss in setting grafts, stocks, cuttings, and
even trees, for that matter, results from a failure to make the earth
sufficiently firm at the bottom.

A plum stock free from the objections that attach to the use of
the St. Julien and the half-hardy, borer-ridden Myrobolean, that is not
difficult to work like our native plum seedling, which withal soon falls
behind the engrafted stock in the race for growth, and that does not,
like the horse plum, require a watchman continually on duty lest the
proper season for budding pass ungrasped, certainly meets the proverb-
ial "long-felt want." This the Marianna seems to do very fully and
completely. The cuttings are che^p, or soon will be, and are of easy
production. The cutting forms an admirable root and is easily worked
at any time till frost, perfectly hardy, not subject to borers or diseases,
and cannot readily be outgrown, even by the most luxuriant peach.

Budded on Marianna, Wild Goose and Lombard, Golden Beauty
and Green Gage, will surprise even themselves, while peach trees
budded thereon will find it a congenial union, and, bidding defiance to
borers and all the ills peach wood is heir to, will be prepared to move

240 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTEAL SOCIETY.

several degrees further towards the northern pole. Chas. Downing
says : Apricot budded on peach are very inferior — short lived, more
liable to disaster — and the fruit of second rate flavor. Budded on the
plum the apricot may be considered a hardy tree, he says, and well
adapted to strong soil, in which it always holds its fruit better than in
light, sandy soil. What a field for the Eussian apricot is here pre-
sented.

But we will not pursue the subject further, lest we bethought dis-
l^osed towards enthusiasm. Yet we dare predict the day will come
when the importation and use of foreign plum stocks not only will have
ceased, but the use of all other plum stocks, and even the peach stock.

Peaches and apricots we are unable to report upon, the buds set
the past season on Marianna stocks, somewhat to our surprise, not as
yet having fruited.

^Y. p. STARK,

Louisiana, Mo.

SKETCH OF THE ORIGIX OF "WELLS SEEDLING" GRAPE.

REPORT OF C. I. ROBARDS OF BUTLER.

While in the city of Rich Hill, in the county of Bates, in the latter
part of the summer of 1886, my attention was directed to some large,
showy, white grapes growing on the premises of a gentleman in that
city.

The fruit attracted my attention, not only on account of its size,
but because of its peculiar color, which while it would be called white
had, on the sun side of well ripened specimens, a shade that may be
described as bronze. My interest was still further increased when I
learned, on enquiry, that the grape was a seedling not yet made known
to the public.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 241

Considering tliis discovery as something of value, I herewish sub-
mit the following partial history of its origin.

I was informed that the original plant was first discovered on the
farm of a resident of Ohio, and that on the occasion of a visit to the
farm of this gentleman by a Mr. Wells, an amateur fruit-grower of the
neighborhood, it sufficiently attracted his attention as to cause him to
request and secure a few cuttings, and from the plants propagated by
him, a few plunts were sent to his relative in Kich Hill. These were
planted in the spring of 1882 or 1883, and bore their first crop in 1885.

*Yery little attention had been given to these three plants in the
way of cultivation. The fruit was sent to the Kansas City Fair in tlie
fall of 1886, carefully examined by many prominent grape-growers,
none of whom were able to identify it as any known variety. The fruit
was named " Wells Seedling " for the man who propagated the first
plants of this variety. In flavor the fruit was pronounced very good.

CHARLES I. EOBARDS,

Butler, Mo.

By motion the society indorses the action of the Committee on
^ew Apples, in naming the three new apples on exhibition.

The name Woodmausee is the name given to a new apple shown
by N. F. Murray.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Eoljards — I would like to say a good word for the Souhegan
raspberry and the Worden grape. This raspberry is early, hardy ai?d
productive. The Worden I regard as superior to the Concord in every
respect.

Mr. Goodman — I have seen the new grape called Well's Seedling.
It attracted attention at the St. Louis Fair on account of its color,
large size, perfect bunch and peculiar flavor. At first Mr. Madinger
thought it must be some old variety brought to light, but no grape-
grower could identify it' We wani to test it further and think it will
prove valuable.

Mr. Murray — I think the grape very fine indeed.

Mr. Rohards — It rots but little, while on Concords near by more
than half the bunches were rotten.

A new apple from Iowa was exhibited and named Woodmansee
from the introducer.

H. R. — 16

242 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Follett wanted the society to have three apples, a sweet, a sub-
acid, and an acid one analyzed by a competent chemist with a view tO'
determining their relative value as food for man and stock.

Frof. Taft said that such analysis bad been made frequently and
that it would cost about one hundred dollars for the society to have
such an analysis made.

The following was presented by Mr. Follett :

Resolved, That a committee of three shall be appointed to present
at the next meeting of this society, a chemical analysis showing the
relative nutritive power of three kinds of apples: Ist, a very sour;
2d, a tart or slightly sour ; 3d, a sweet. The standard of comparison
to be expressed in per cent, per pound.

Committee : J. B. Follett, S. M. Tracy and :N". F. Murry.

SECEBTAEY'S EEPOET.

Again we greet you, dear friends, at our annual meeting. Our so-
ciety has been prospering and growing in spite of the many drawbacks
that have4)eset us by the way.

It seems to me that we are in the position to make another on-
ward step ; we need closer organization, more systematic work and
b"etter means for our development than ever before. To take this
step perhaps it will be necessary for us to become incorporated as a
State Horticultural Society. We need more money to keep up with
our growth and if we ask the State we will get it. A special effort in
this direction will be necessary this year or we will lose our prestage
and fall behind our sister States.

The work we have done the last few years and the good we have
accomplished, and the position we now occupy is equal to that of any
of our State societies.

We have as good men, as good horticulturists, as good specialists,
as good workers, as good fruit farms, as good lands, as good climate
and as good successes as does any other State in the Union.

Our advantages and our resources have just begun to be known,
and the beginning of our best and most necessary work as a society is
just dawning upon us.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 243

The wliole of the southern portion of our State is destined to be
one vast fruit belt and needs only to be known to be utilized. The
Ozark region of South Missouri is of the very best of fruit lands in the
whole country. I except nothing-, and in a very few years we will see
thousands of acres of the finest of fruits growing, thousands of people
engaged in the work and hundreds of cars loaded every day and on
the road to the market.

ST. LOUIS FAIR.

As known to most of you the society failed to make arrangements
for the display by our county societies at the St. Louis fair. We could
not get the money and privileges we ought to have and hence we
thought it prudent not to make the attempt. We might have made a
creditable show, but not the one we wanted to make — one that would
show the possibilities of our State and its wonderful growth by a dis-
play from some, twenty thirty or forty of our best counties.

But the only display made by the society this year was the one
made in St. Louis as a representation of the fruits grown as a whole.

This collection was made from all parts of the State, and espe-
cially does the State society owe its success to our local societies for
the fine collections of fruits sent in from the south, of Carthage, Butler,
is evada and Springfield ; from the north, of Oregon, St. Joseph and
Weston ;, and from the river towns, Kansas City^ Boonville, Columbia
and New Florence — all sent in collections of fruits and helped the sum
total.

From all these a collection was made, probably the finest one the
society has ever displayed.

A collection of apples that could not be beaten for size, color,
perfection and symmetry. The most perfect and even lot of specimens
we have ever had the pleasure to show.

Of apples, we had two hundred and thirty-seven varieties ; pears,
forty varieties ; gxapes, thirty varieties ; quinces, three varieties.

Our premiums were :

1st. One hundred dollars on "the largest and best collection of
fruits by any society."

2d. Twenty dollars on "the best collection of apples."

3d. Seventy-five dollars on "the finest display ; sweepstakes."

This last premium the society gave back to the fair association,
and asked them to have the committee pass over the exhibits again
and leave the Missouri Society out of the entries.

244 MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This was done, and the society gained more honor and glory over
this act than over the others.

PREMIUMS AT NEW ORLEANS.

While on this subject of premiums it will be proi)er to notice the
premiums that were taken at the World's Fair (World's swindle) at
New Orleans.

Time and again have I received notice from W. H. H. Judson, au
agent, about our premiums. First one asking us to take a per cent.,
and finally ofl'ering us 50 per cent., with 5 per cent, off, for collecting.

The following are some of the circulars a.nd letters received :

Letters written time and again to the officers of the fair never as
much as received an answer. Why the association could not pay us
whatever we were entitled to without letting it go through the hands
of another agent after deducting 50 per cent., is something past finding
out.

The Illinois society, A. C. Hammond, and Iowa society, Mr.
Brackett, are in the same position, and, like us, rebel against any more
swindling. Why the affairs cannot be settled up honestly and fairly is
unknown.

(As a last resort I guess we had better fall back on Prof. S. M.
Tracy and Parker Earle, from each of whom I hold a letter written to
me, previous to our going, saying we would get every dollar of pre-
miums and medals we could take.)

To cap the insult we are now refused even our gold and silver
medals, they choosing to give us bronze instead.

In answer to all these letters and circulars (by consultation with
our president), we decided not to accept the offers, but to wait until
we had a proposition from the officers of the fair.

Here are twenty-six diplomas or certificates of our awards.

I append a few of the circulars and letters.

New Orleans, May 27, 1886.

Dear Sir: The final sale of the effects of the American Exposi-
tion to meet the claim of the AVorld's Exposition, under the order of
the court, has been concluded. The sale under the order was on a
twelve months' credit. The main building, which cost $480,000 to con-
struct, brought $9,000. The government building, costing $275,000,
brought but $4,000, and this on a twelve months' credit.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 2-15

Represeiitiug already premium creditors to the extent of one-fifth
of the premiums due, I am satisfied that with still further co-operation
on the part of creditors, I can obtain a settlement on the basis of fifty
per cent, cash on the amount of your approved premium claim, to-
gether with the issue of the diplomas or certificate of each award made
to you, and of the official bronze medal where medals were awarded.

I remaiu yours, etc.,

WM. H. H. JUDSOi^.

New Orleans, August 25, 1886.

To Premium Creditors of the World's Exposition :

Since my circular to you of May 27th, last, explaining the financial
condition of the World's Exposition, there have been no developments
of special interest to you.

I can at any time secure to premium creditors fifty per cent, cash
of their admitted claims, as well as the issue of diplomas or certificates
of award, and of the official bronze medals, when any kind of medals
(either gold, silver or bronze) have been awarded. This is the best
that can be done at this time. My charge for such service as will be
seen from the terms of the blank authorization herewith enclosed, are
comparatively trifling. Very truly,

WM. H. H. JUDSOX.

Xew Orleans, Sept. 13, 188G.

Dear Sir : From recent developments I am constrained to ma-
terially change my opinion concerning the ability of the management of
the World's Exposition to pay their liabilities in full. There have been
no claims settled except upon the basis of fifty per cent., and they pos-
itively assert that they will not settle any claim on any more favorable
terms, and that if it were possible in case of the most fortuitous cir-
cumstances, to pay more than fifty per cent., that those who have ac-
cepted the fifty shall share equally in the benefit of the surplus.

I place these facts before you. In my judgment it is policy to ac>
cept the fifty per cent, without delay. It is mortifying to me to be
compelled to give such advice, but I am doing that which I conclude
to be for the best interests of those I represent.

Yours, etc.,

WM. H. H. JUDSOX.

24G MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is'EW Orleans, Oct. 5, 188G.

L. A. Goodman, Esq., Wcsfport, Mo.

Dear Sir: Enclosed find circular issued some time since to
those creditors of the World's Exposition whom I specially represent.
Later developments show the Exposition's finances to be even worse
than represented. In my judgment there is not a possibility of the
Exposition paying over fifty cents on the dollar, and I doubt its being-
able to pay that aH around. A large majority of the premium creditors
have accepted the settlement, the leading ones finding on investiga-
tion that it was politic to do so. There stands on the books $75 to
your individual credit, and $405 to the credit of your State Horticul-
tural Society, of which you are the secretary. I can send you exchange
on iSTew York for fifty per cent, of the amount, less $5 for services, or
$235. One gold and two silver medals were likewise awarded, but
only bronze medals can be issued for them.

Yours, etc.,

WM. H. H. JUDSOi^.

New Orleans, October 20, 1886.
To Fremmm Creditors :

I trust that no one to whom I send this circular will consider me
officious in doing so. My principal motive is the commission (though
small) which I charge for the settlement of claims placed in my hands.
But I am influenced also by another consideration, and that is the de-
sire that the affairs of the World's Exposition shall be finally settled
amicably and equitably by its ofiicials without being thrown into court
and its assets placed in a receiver's hands.

I can secure for any creditor cash to the extent of fifty per cent,
of his claim, and will do this for a very small commission. Every one
receiving this circular has heretofore received documents from me cov-
ering this matter. The affairs of the Exposition have approached so
near final settlement, or so near a receiver's hands, that this will be my
final circular to premium creditors.

Will promptly respond to any inquiries made by any interested.

Very truly,

WM. H. H. JUDSOi^.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 247

EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Hon. W. W. Hatch at the first session of the Forty-ninth Congress
introduced a measure with this title :

"A bill to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection
with the colleges established in the several States under the provision
of the act approved July 2, 1862, and of the acts supplementary
thereto."

I think that this is a very important measure and one which should
jeeeive the hearty support of every fruit grower and farmer. It pro-
vides for sl5,000 yearly for the college in every State. Just what we
need.

A resolution should be introduced giving the sense of this society
and asking Mr. Hatch to bring the bill up at once on the assembling of
Oongress.

CONDITION OF FRUITS.

The past year has been one of extremes. We have had the cold-
est winter, the hottest summer; the rainiest time and the dryest time;
the wettest spring and the longest time without rain, the best of pros-
pects and the blasting of them.

Yet in spite of all these extremes we have had better success than
we had expected, and when we see the small results in some of our
undertakings we can only compare them with all other businesses and
see that we have been bettei; favored than many of the others. The
man that grew wheat hardly recovered his expenses, the man that
.grew corn had the prospect ruined by the long and protracted drouth,
the man that grows stock finds that with the diseases, the cold winter,
the long drouth and the low prices, he is not making it very profitable.
So then with all the discouragements and all the drawbacks we find
the fruit grower is as much favored, or more so than any other class of
producers.

Our late apples, although not Tip to the standard, yet if we care-
fully handle them and hold them, we will get good prices for them yet.
They are scarce at most of the points in the east and they are now en-
quiring for apples all over our country. Take good care of them and
you will yet receive a fair price.

I believe that last year was the only one for a long time when
apples were worth less in the spring than in the winter. Some who
bought and some who held did so to their sorrow. But this year I
Ihink we shall yet get fair prices for our apples.

248 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OUR REPORT.

Altliougli our report has been well received and received many
encoiiiums, yet I trust that each year we can make it better and better..
The great drawback is the length of time it takes to get it published
and the necessary delay. Last year we were promised it months be^
fore it was ready, and these continual delays are provoking. The
printers have so much on their hands they cannot help themselves.

One of our members wrote me that he was tired of waiting and
if he could not get his soon he did not want it. Yet it was not my
fault but the delay with the printers.

Now this year I have half of the Mss. ready and they promise to-
begin the work immediately after this meeting. If they will do so we
can get the report out much sooner than ever before.

I believe that we might have an improvement in our plan if we
could have meetings every three months and then publish a pamphlet
immediately after each meeting with a complete report of the meet-
ing. The matter w^ould not get so old or so dry, but would be fresh
and new and do much more good than can be done now.

It would cost no more to have them published in quarterly than
in yearly and then the postage would not be one-fourth as much as it
now is.

Our report should go out as a quarterly publication to do the most
good.

OUR SOCIETY.

Some persons are claiming that the State has no authority to give
our State society any money, because we are not organized as a State
body and under the control of the executive.

jS"ow if there is any officer or society in the State that accomplishes
anything near as ranch as this society does with the amount of money
used, I should be glad to see them. I believe, and know that our so-
ciety has been the means of letting the world know of the vast capa-
bilities of our State as a fruit country by its displays of fruits in
different parts of the country than any other one thing. These dis-
plays have brought hundreds of buyers into the State for our apples
and induced hundreds of persons to come here and settle.

It may take a united effort on the part of all members of our
society and of the local societies to prevent our being defeated in our
appropriation.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 249

Other states get from !^13,000 to $5,000 per year and we should
have as much and then we could make a much grander showing than
is now possible for us to make.

We ought to have enough to help pay the expenses of our execu-
tive Committee and the members of the Standing Committees, and of
those who are invited to address us on their specialities.

The broad scope of our Horticultural Societies, and broader work
we have to do will forever demand a just recognition of their needs
and we will get them if we only ask aright.

Why the fruits of our State bring annually nearly $10,000,000, if
we can estimate by what statistics we have of certain counties.

OUR MEMBERSHIP.

I would that we might still increase it to what we should have in
our grand State, 1,000 members. I hope the time will come when we
can put every interested, intelligent fruit-grower in the State as a mem-
ber. Until then we must work for members and keep them close to us
in our work.

Our plan of having all local societies members of the State So-
ciety is a good one and one that is bringing in its good results. We
have seen its effects in the local organization of a number of

COUNTY SOCIETIES.

Among these I will mention The Missouri Valley, Kansas City ;;
Holt County, Oregon; Montgomery County, New Florence; Bates
County, Butler ; Central Missouri, Boonville ; Jasper County, Carthage ;
Greene County, Springfield ; Lafayette County, Lexington.

Every one of these made a fine collection of fruits at some time
during the year, and a number of them received a number of premiums
either at St. Louis, Springfield, Kansas City or St. Joseph.

These fine fruit shows have been the means of drawing the atten-
tion of the public to our fruits more and more. These societies are
building up a number of good horticulturists in all parts of the State,
and it will not be long ere we shall hear from them. They are studying
and watching and learning every day something new in their work, and
with it is growing their love of the work.

TRANSPORTATION.

Transportation of our fruits is a subject of the utmost importance.
Talk about the surplus of apples in any locality, it would soon disappear

250 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

if they were but placed where people want them at reasonable rates.
How many thousand of our people never see them on their tables, and
yet perhaps not many miles away they are lying in plenty awaiting a
sale. If every one could only have them to eat, how long do you think
we would talk of a surplus ?

The one great benetit of a great crop of fruit is that thousands will
use them who never used them before, and thus become regular fruit
buyers.

The other day in going to the cider mill with a load of apples some
boys asked for an apple and I began throwing them out to them ; soon
a crowd began following and I kept throwing, and as we were crossing
a railroad track where a lot of men were at work they began grabbing
them, and I kept throwing out as we went along, now with both hands,
and the men began leaving their work and running after them from
away up the track, and in spite of their boss' yells they kept coming
until they all had their hands full. How quickly such a crowd could
cause a surplus to disappear. What we want is quick and cheap trans-
portation to these needy points.

OUR MISSOURI FRUIT SHOW.

I hope we can make next fall, and the attempt will again be made
to induce the fair association, either at St. Louis or Kansas City, to give
us the money for the premiums and the buildings, and then let the
society manage the rest of the work. If therefore, we have a good
fruit crop this year I hope we can succeed in our plan of holding the
great fruit show, from twenty, thirty or forty counties of the State,
each trying to do its best in the exhibition and in showing the people
what we can do in the fruit business.

FRUIT STATISTICS

Are as necessary as are our crop statistics. We know just what the
crop of wheat and corn is, and always have a good estimate of the
coming crop, but of the fruits we have very little satisfactory knowl-
edge. If we could get a good idea of what the crop of fruit will be, the
fruit growers would get a more uniform price for their fruits and our
buyers would not reap all the advantages.

Monthly crop reports and statistics are what we shall attempt to
■obtain if, we have the money given us to do it with, in the future.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON 251

A library like many of our other State societies have in use is also
needed and when we get the money from our New Orleans matter it
is agreadthat it be used for the beginning of a library. The best use
it could possibly be put to.

Our new apples are still promising, and this year we have a few
more candidates for favor.

Out of the hundreds now scattered over the country we have to
our special notice about a dozen, and I think yet we will find the apple
desired above all others. Our whole south-west is filled with seed-
lings and among them are some very promising.

A STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The need of one is apparent more and more every year. I hope
that this year we may secure the money needed for such work, if not
enough to pay the whole expense, at least enough to pay for the extra
trouble they will take in the work. One or two thousand for the two
years we should have, at least. Five or six hundred dollars a year
would help some one to make a specialty of this work and give the
time to it, it demands, and when we want some assistance we would not
feel afraid to call upon them.

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

This society will meet at Boston next September, and it would be
well for our society to send a delegate or two with a collection of
fruits.

The meetings ( f this society are the most important of any held in
the United States and our State at least should be represented. The
last report of that society is one of the most valuable of its kind.

THE STATE SOCIETIES.

The numerous State societies of the country receive aid from
their States, some more and some less. But this we know, that
wherever the State has been and is now liberal with them, there we
find horticulture taking an advan e4 step and their progress has been
very marked.

First of all the State of California has been the leader in this work
and their works show for themselves.

The wine business alone received $10,000, and with special agents
they show what can be done. The horticultural department gets
$5,000, the secretery, 81,800 and the chief of horticulture, 82,400 per

252 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year, and the result of their work is seen on every hand. They are
the best organized and combat their diseases and their insects just as
an army does its foes. The whole fruit business is reduced to a system
and no other country has such a uniformity in its fruits as does Cali-
fornia. It has double the amount of pine forests of any State in the
Union and yet the secretary of forestry receives $2,400 per year for
Ms services.

Alabama Horticultural Society received $4,000 per year and the
secretary $1,200.

Connecticut sustains an experimental station.

Illinois gets $2,000 per year and all the other perequisites.

Kansas receives $3,000 and her secretary $1,200 and seven thous-
and reports published.

Michigan sends out six thousand reports, has $3,000, and $1,000^
for the exhibition of fruits yearly.

Minnesota gets $1,V50. The Horticultural farm $2,000 and Peter
Gideon, $1,000 per year.

New Jersey has $5,000 and her fine peach orchards show the re-
sult.

New York has a $20,000 experimental station and it shows, not
only in the State, but far outside.

We have as many advantages as any of them and if we can get a-
liberal appropriation we can make our State one of the wonders of the
west in a few years. ■*

The Illinois State Society meets the week following our meeting*
and it will be well for our society to send a delegate. Also the Iowa
State Society meets the same time and we should also be represented
there. These interchanges are very pleasant and valuable to us all.
Matters can be learned wherever we go, and a report from each of
these State meetings will be of value to the society. We need a more
intimate acquaintance and closer connection with our other State
societies.

REVISION OF THE APPLE LIST.

I would suggest that this revision as to time of ripening, which
was begun a few years ago be taken up by a committee and the dates
be given of their ripening. I find that confusion occurs in the award
of premiums, by some classing an apple among the fall, and another
classing the same among the winter apples. A committee of three to
take this matter in hand would give dates and we could then have a
western standard for our fruits.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 253

EULES TO GOYERX THE JUDGES.

We should have a set of rules, and as the following are the best
I know of I would advise the society to adopt them.

GENERAL RULES.

1st. The general appearance of the fruits, care in its selection and
taste displayed in arranging, each entry being distinct.

2d. In every group or single plate, never more than one plate of
any variety allowed. Lists of names of varieties must be attached to
entry cards.

8d. The same plates of fruits cannot compete for different prizes,
they must be duplicated.

4th. When the number of specimens for a plate is given, just that
number must be shown.

5th. In general Qollections of fruits where several are specified
they must all be shown. Where the number of varieties are given just
that number must be shown no more or less.

6th. In all cases of best collections (1) number of varieties ranlcs
Jirst, all other things being equal, (2) quality ranis second^ (3) condition
ranks third, (4) taste in display ranks fourth.

In single plates ice would have 1st Condition, 2nd Form, 3d Size,
4th Color, 5th Quality.

In using the scale, use 10. Where the totality of marks do not
exceed fifty per cent, it must be passed as unworthy.

A Plate shall consist of four for large specimens and five for small
specimens.

iNO person shall be allowed more than one entry for any one pre-
mium.

Where best is used all things shall be taken into consideration.

Where quality is used it shall mean quality alone.

SPECIAL RULES. — APPLES AND PEARS.

1st. Condition of fruit, which should be in its natural state, not
rubbed, nor polished, nor specked, bruised, eroded, nor wormy with all
its parts, stem, calyx, segments, well preserved, not wilted, nor
shriveled, clean.

254 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

. «

2d. The size should be average and the specimens should run
even.

3d. Form should be regular, and the lot should be even.

4th. The color and markings should be in character, not blotched
nor scabby ; in fact, a perfect fruit.

5th. Texture and flavor are important.

- •

PEACHES AND PLUMS.
Four points, (1) form, (2) color, (3) flavor, (4) condition.

GRAPES.

Five points : (1) form and size of bunch, (2) size of berry, (3) color,
(4) flavor, (5) condition.

CURRANTS.

Four points: (1) form and size- of bunch, (2) size of berry, (3) flavor,.
(4) condition.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Four points: (1) size, (2) color, (3) flavor, (4) condition.

CHERRIES.

Four points: (1) size and form, (2) color, (3) flavor, (4) condition.

STRAWBERRIES.

Six points : (1) size and form, (2) color, (3) flavor, (4) firmness, (5)
condition, (6) productiveness. Stem and caylix adherent.

RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES.

Five points : (1) size, (2) color, (3) flavor, (4) condition, (5) productive-
ness and hardiness.

ANNUAL IVIEETING AT LEXINGTON.

255

AN AMENDMEXT

To our constitution would be well, and that is to have the new officers
take their places in office at the June meeting. It would give time for
the old officers to close up the matters of the year by that time and all
settlements can then be made. We have hardly ever been through
with our report until about that time, and it has been impossible to get
matters settled up oefore then. Now they take their offices on March
1, and by letting it run until then everything would be in better shape..

THE ORNAMENTATION OF SCHOOL YARDS AND PUBLIC GROUNDS

will be a subject that will need attention this next spring. The State
Society, with the help of local societies, should take this matter and at
a stated day (Arbor day) we should all take hold of it and have our
school yards and court house yards an ornament instead of an eye sore.
Arrangements will be made with the Superintendent of Public Schools
to have this done officially.

EXPENSES OF SECEETARY AND CASH PAID OUT.

June, self, expenses at Louisiana

June, R. E . Bailey , stenographer

June, board bill, visitors

June, expense of essayist, fare, 86.80; board, .$6.10..

June, telegrams, S2. 00; premiums, $23 JX)

June, express on exhibits

August 7 , paid postofflce bill

September 11, paid cold storage and express

September 13, paid cold storage and express

October 5, paid cold storage and express

.$14 50

13 10

15 60

12 90

25 00

6 90

49 12

11 15

6 00

7 GO

256

BIISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EXPENSES OF SECRETARY, ETC.— Continued.

-June 12, freight on reports ,

July 1, freight on reports

Delivery at Westport

August 3, H. N. Farey, fruitreport

August 4, Tribune Printing Co

September 10, expenses to St. Joseph

September 10, expenses of Gano at St. Joseph.

September 18, expenses to Boon ville

October 2, expenses to Springfield

October 5, Coll. fruit for St. Louis

October f), expenses to St. Louis, .$9,40; express, $10.10; dray,'
$2.80 ; paper, $2.40 ; labels, 50c

Ornamenting, $2.70 ; board, $15. 00 '

"October 14, express on reports received, Michigan, |;l.G5; Min-
nesota, SI .80; Kansas, $1.10; West New York, OOc ; Illinois,
$1.50; Wisconsin, $2.20; Pennsylvania, $2.60; Indiana, $1.45.

October 14, express on reports sent

October 19, postage bill

October 23, subscription for papers

November 24, Macdonald & Spencer, printing.
December 1, Postoffice bill

December 2, express from Boston, reports ,

December 2, paper, $1.00; pencils, 75c.; tablets, etc., for meet-
ing, $1.75

■Cold storage

December 6, express on fruit to meeting

December 6, paid to Mrs. Dr. Goslin

December 9, expenses of winter meeting

Expenses of delegates

Total expenses ,

November 1, cash received for membership.
October 16, cast received from St. Louis. . . .

Total cash received .

Balance due

Total

$13 25

14 70
3 00

5 00

6 GO

6 15
10 00!

9 00
12 30

7 95
25 00
17 70

12 95

7 20

8 09

13 40
22 75
30 00

1 40
3 75
1 05
3 80
6 SO
38 60

15 10

$457 36

$21 00

120 00

$141 00

310 36

$457 36

L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON.

iOi

TREASURER'S RRPORT.

Lenlxgtox, Mo., December 9, 1SS6.

Date.

June 25, ISSfi. Received of Z. S. Ragan. foyier treasurer.
Nov. 8, •' I " of State Treasurer of Missouri —

June 25, 18SG. Warrant SG, expenses of Z. S. Ragan to meetings.

Dec. 9,

89, R. E. Bailey, short-hand reporter

00, J. E. Evans, expenses

91, J. A. Durkes, expenses

92, D. S. Holman, expenses and cash paid out. .

93, premiums at Lexington meeting

94, Secretary 's salary

95, Secretary's expenses and cash paid out .....

Amount paid out

Leaving balance in treasury December 10, 1886.

Amount.

.$174 2G
1,250 00

$1,424 26

20 20

20 40

49 40

18 00

47 55

89 GO

250 00

316 36

$820 51

603 75

D. S. HOLMAN, Treasurer.

Mr. Chairman ; Your Committee on Finance find the report of

"treasurer, and expense account and receipts of secretary, correct.

Furthermore, we recommend that our society select a committee

of three to wait on our legislature tliis winter and press our claim for

an increased appropriation to better enable us to more rapidly develop

the great fruit growing interest o^ our State, believing that the money

.so expended will return a hundred fold to the State.

N. F. MURRAY,

F. LIOi^BERGER,

J. A. DURKES,

Committee.
H. R 17

258 3IISS0URI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Secretary's Report was referred to a committee consisting- of
the following-: Prof. S. M. Tracy, Mnj. Z. S. Ragan, Dr. A. Goslin.

The following- invitations were given by different places for our
next meeting.

Invitation by the Central Missouri Horticultural Society, Decem-
ber meeting, by C. C. Bell, Secretary.

Invitation by the Montgomery County Horticultural Society, June
meeting, by F. Lionberger, Secretary.

Invitation by the Greene County Horticultural Society, any time,
by D. S. Holman, Secretary. *

On behalf of the lovers and devotees of horticultural in and
about St. Louis the undersigned extend an invitation to this society to
hold its next semi-annual meeting in St. Louis. Levi Chubbuck for Cole-
man's Rural World, J. B. Follett for Journal of Agriculture.

West Plains, Mo., November 23, 188G.

Messrs. J. C. Evans President, L. A. Goodman Secretary, Missouri State
Horticultural Society :

Gentlemen — We desire through you, on the part of the citizens
of West Plains and Howell county, to extend to the Missouri State
Horticultural Society to make West Plains the place of the next an-
nual meeting of your society, promising to do everything in their power
to make pleasant and agreeable their stay while here, and to show
them the wonderful possibilities and adaptation of our county for the
propagation and culture of fruit and flowers, of climate, soil and con-
figuration of the country.

Come Ladies and Gentlemen of the Missouri State Horticultural
Society ! The latch strings hang out and we promise to do our bestto^
make everything as agreeable and profitable as possible.

P. P. DOBOZY,
S. J. LANGSTON & BRO.
O. H. P. CATRON,
H. T. SMITH,
CARTER & ALSUP.

By motion the time and places of holding our semi-annual and
also the annual meeting was referred to the Executive Committee.

Since the meeting the Executive Committee have selected the fol-
lowing places for the next meetings-. June 7,. 8, 9, at West Plains ^
December 6, 7, 8, at Boonville.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 259

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

J. C. Evans. Harlem, was elected president.
N. F. Murray, Elm Grove, was elected vice-president.
L. A. Goodman, Westport, was elected secrerary.
D. S. Holman, Springfield, was elected treasurer.

REPORTS FROM LOCAL SOCIETIES.

THUESDAY, 2 P. M.

KEPORT OF LAFAYETTE COUNTY HORTICULTUKAL SOCITY.

BY CHAS. TEUBNEE, SECRETARY.

STANDING COMMITTEES,

Small Fruits — Geo. F. Maitland and E. M. McCliesney.

Stone Fruits — James Aull.

Orcliards — Geo. F. Maitland and James Aull.

Vineyards — Chas. Teubner and A. A. Lesueur.

Vegetables — ^Fred Neet.

Flowers— Mrs. M. V. Gordon and Mrs. J. F. Schultz.

Ornamentals — Mrs. F. Graddy and Chas. Teubner.

Entomology — D,r. J. B. Alexander.

Botany — C. F. Lane.

The duties of these committees are, to report at each meeting- the
condition of trees, plants and the fruit crop; damage by insects or the
influence of weather; new varieties of trees and other items of in-
terest.

This society was organized August 3, 1885. Meetings are held on
the second Saturday in each month at 2 : 30 p. m. So far they were
held at the office of the president in Lexington. During this year only
one meeting was missed. Attendance usually small. At the Novem-

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 261

ber, 1885, meeting an exhibition of apples was held, at which some
twenty varieties were represented. In May, 188G, tlie society gave an
exhibition of strawberries at the courthouse in Lexington at which
some thirty-six varieties were represented. The berries were unusu-
ally large and tine, and the display considered very fine by all who
saw it.

At the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society held at
Lexington, December 7, 8 and 9, 1886, our society made a display of
apples, consisting of some J 50 plates, comprising near eighty varieties,
of which twenty varieties were awarded first and five varieties second
premium.

The society has in use a blackboard, three by four feet, which is
used for illustrating methods of planting, pruning, training, labor sav-
ing devices, etc. A microscope is also used when necessary for the
examination of insects, plants, etc. It is the intention of the society
to get up a library of books pertaining to horticulture and kindred
subjects.

EEPORT OF GREE:^fE COUNTY SOCIETY.

D. S. HOLMAN, SPRINGFIELD, SECRETARY.

Officers and Members Missouri State Horticultural Society :

The Greene County Horticultural Society respectfully submits a
brief report for the year just closing.

Since our last report to your society in the June meeting at Louis-
iana we have been steadily executing our purpose to make the year
one of work and have made some progress. Our work for this year
has been harmoniously done, and in quantity and character we think
a gratifying improvement upon the past.

The society has held twelve monthly meetings this year with an
average attendance of about fifty per cent, of the membership. Our
summer and autumn meetings have been so conducted that they

262 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

have been more interesting' and raucli more largely attended by our
members and larger number of visitors than ever before.

Our society held their usual spring or semi-annual floral and straw-
berry exhibition, closing successfully and pleasantly with a strawberry
festival. We also made a fruit display at the agricultural association's
fair at Springfield, in September and Ist and 2d of October, in which
we think more fine apples were shown than we had ever been able to
exhibit before, and the first and second premiums of $75 and $30 were
awarded to us for the best collections of apples.

Our financial management and condition has improved. The reli-
able working element of the society has been very much strengthened
by acquisition Our membership is steadily increasing- nicely, the fol-
lowing is a list of members names :

From this list it may be seen that about forty per cent, of our
membership are ladies — our wives and daughters, who delight to dem-
onstrate the fact that woman has a mission in horticulture.

At last Saturday's meeting the secretary rounded up the business
of the year, paid all our debts, and elected officers for a new year,
whose names are here given :

W. E. Sheffield, President; J. Kirchgraber, Vice-President; D. S.
Holman, Secretary; R. W. Meacham, Treasurer.

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1887.

Small Fruits — W. M. Hopkins, M. J. Eountree and H. H. Park.

Orchards — Henry Sholten, D.S. Holman and E. H. Lair.

Vineyards — John Bailey, K. G. Parker and Johnathan Moore.

Stone Fruits— G. W. Hopkins, L. M. Hill and J. M. Kelly.

Vegetables — R. W. Meachim, Jonathan Moore and W. 0. Free-
man. ,

Flowers — J. Kirchgraber, Mrs. Wade Burden and Ed. Quin.

Ornamentals — Mrs. D. S. Holman, Miss Mollie Hopkins and Mrs.
Parker.

Entomology — Dr. Lane, Judge Rountree and Prof. E. M. Shep-
herd.

Botany — Prof. Shepherd, Mrs. Prather and Mrs, I)r. Roberson.

The Rural World was recommended to members as the best paper
for our society.

They elected the President and secretary delegates to your annual
meeting, with instructions to represent our society as a most frilling
auxiliary to yours, our parent society.

ANNUAL, MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 263

We hope that your meetino- in Lexington may result in profit and
pleasure to all, and that your June meeting may be held in our city —
Springfield.

D. S. HOLM AX,

Secretary.

EEPORT OF BATES COUXTY SOCIETY.

HENRY SPEER, BUTLER.

To the Officers and Members of the State Horticultural Society:

The Bates county Society reports, that as a society the last year
has been the most prosperous of any since its organization; its meet-
ings have been well attended, particularly the summer picnic meetings
around among the members ; its membership has constantly increased
until the secretary has on his roll one hundred and twelve names,
about one-haif of them being active members ; it has widened its sphere
of usefulness so that it now reaches nearly all parts of the county and
a few from beyond the border ; its papers and discussions during the
year have covered a wide range of subjects and have been of practical
benefit to many if not all its members, and its influence is being felt
and acknowledged throughout the county; it has come to stay and my
prediction is will last and carry on the good work after its originators
have passed to that bourne from which no traveler returns.

The fruit interests of our county are on the increase and more in-
terest is being taken in the culture of fruits and ornamentals from
year to year, for which our so'ciety claims a share of the credit.
The crop of small fruits the past season was large, everything doing
well except blackberries, some rust and afi'ected somewhat by dry
weather. Y'et some patches did well.

Prices of all kinds of small fruits were rather too low to leave
very much margin to the commercial grower, but to the farmer and

264 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

amateur, who grew them only for home use, the small fruit crop was
satisfactory.

The apple crop promised very fair early in the season, but the long
continued dry, hot weather cut the crop very short, and while cider ap-
ples and windfalls were plenty, really good winter apples were very
scarce, and the few that were shipped brought rather low prices, so
the apple business has been rather unsatisfactory this season. A few
of the trees that had been affected by the hard winter of 1885 gave up
the ghost during the dry weather, but at the present time most of the
orchards are in fair condition and give and promise^ for another year.
Taking all in all, the Horticulturists of Bates county feel encouraged,
and while othprs may excel us in results, in zeal for the good cause we
expect to be the peer of any county in the great State of Missouri.

Eespectfully submitted,

HENRY SPEER,

Secretary.

REPORT OF MOI^TGOMERY COUNTY HORTICULTURAL-

SOCIETY.

F. LIONBERGEE, NEW FLORENCE.

Ladies and Gentlemen — I find in the programme of this meet-
ing, that the secretaries of local horticultural societies are required to-
report. Just what Mnd of a report is wanted, I do not know. How-
ever, 1 beg leave to report as follows : Just about one year ago, Mont-
gomery County Horticultural Society held its. first annual meeting, the
society than being about three months old. At that meeting we elected
oflficers and adopted the by-laws as they are published in the horticul-
tural reports of our State for local societies. In electing officers we
liad considerable trouble to get men that were qualified for their work,
as we were all without any experience of the kind ; living as we
did in the back woods, we found this to be a serious trouble ; however
we pushed ahead and did the best we could. We elected Judge S*

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 265

Miller for president, but his old age did not permit him to be with us
at any of our meetings, as it is at least 20 miles to his residence and a
terrible rough road at that, he however did all he could under the
circumstances by sending us papers and encouraging- letters. We had
our standing committees api)ointed, requested them to report at each
meeting, in writing if possible. These reports always give material for
interesting discussions. Besides this we always managed to get a dis-
play of fruits by offering private premiums, as the society did not have
funds enough to offer any. Our membership steadily increased so that
during the summer we had some very good and interesting meetings
and some very fine fruit shows. Though we also had meetings which
turned out to be total failures on account of bad weather or the unavoid-
able absence of officers.

On last Saturday, December 4, we held our second annual meet-
ing, at Pawells Hall, in Kew Florence, not in the log school house
where the first one was held. We elected new officers, adopted new
and strict rules which will be strictly enforced. To look back one
year, I have no reason to be dissatisfied with the progress of the so-
ciety during the year. The chances that our membership will be very
largely increased during the coming year is very flattering. The most
if not all of our winter meetings will be held in a neat hall in Xew
Florence. Our president, Mr. R. H. Mansfield, as well as the other
officers, have besides the regular by-laws adopted the following rules
which will be enforced. All officers must meet at the place of meeting
promptly, and at the hour specified, the meeting must be called to
order, and business must be commenced. All the chairmen of the
different standing committees are held responsible for a report from
the respective committee, which jnvst be in writing, no excuse to be ac-
cepted. Each member must pay his fee when it is due, if not, his name
will be dropped. At each meeting, persons having any accounts against
the society must claim them, a warrant will then be made out which
will be duly honored by the treasurer, but no money is to be paid out
any other way. A committee also was appointed, whose duty it shall
be to see that all of the fruit on exhibition is properly displayed. This
committee, upon arrival at the place of meeting must at once secure
suitable tables, table spreads, plates and such other items as will be
needed to make the display neat and tasteful. All of the fruits for ex-
hibition are to be turned over to this committee. Every exhibitor has
the right to put 'his fruit on plates, which have to be numbered and
recorded, but after the fruit is on the table, he nmst leave it alone.
After all of the fruits and flowers aie all displayed, the committee must

266 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tliau make out a report and hand it to the secretary. The President,
in appointing the standing committee, took the best care to put e very-
member where he can do the most good, every one has a chance to
hear and to be heard, but he must do his duty. The fact is we do not
intend to allow any one to shirk in our society after this. Our Presi-
dent will see that all of our rules are enforced. Thanking you for your
kind attention. I am,

F. LIOKBERGEE,
Secretary of Montgomery County Horticultural Society.

The following are the standing committees of Montgomery County
Horticultural Society, which were appointed shortly after the annual
meeting by Pres. Mansfield.

Executive Committee — R. H. Mansfield, president; W. Loane,
vice-president; F. Lionberger, secretary;- Fred Gutman, Treasurer,
and Mrs. 'John Jeffers.

Small Fruit — Judge Miller, Bluffton; F. Gutman Xew Florence.

Stone Fruit — John Coft'man, H. Hill.

Orchards— Mrs. John Cofiman, H. Hill ; Fred Utz, Mrs. Gill, New
Florence.

Vineyard — F. Lionberger and C. Graben stein.

Vegetables — W. Loane, New Florence; Herman Willi, Montgom-
ery City.

Flowers — Mrs. John Jeffers, Mrs. R. H. Mansfield, New Florence;
Miss Ella Lytle, H. HUl.

Ornamentals — Miss Carrie Gutmann, New Florence ; Mr. J. A.
Trail, New Haven.

Entomology — Fred Gutmann, Fred Lionberger.

Botany— Mrs. A. W. Hathaway, H. Hill; Miss E. McMahan, Ameri-
cus.

Committee on Display Fruit — F. Gutman, Mrs. J. Cofl'mann, Mrs.
John Jeffers.

Respectfully,

R. H. Mansfield. President.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 2G7

EEPOET OF IIOLT COU^TY HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

BY W. K. LATJGHLIN, EL:M GROVE.

President — X. F. Murray.

Secretary and Treasurer — W. R. Laughlin.

Attendance at our meetings is generally small, as in all similar
matters, a few do the work. Festivals and fruit shows bring out most
people.

We have discussions at every meeting and essays occasionally.

A committee of the society obtained from the railroad an impor-
tant reduction on rates of transportation of apples.

The last winter was a very hard one. Cold, at one time 27 deg.

The summer brought us the worst drouth for twenty-six years,
but that gave us the chance to demonstrate the fact that our Loess-
bluff Deposit soil can not be desolated by one years drouth if properly
cultivated.

The apple crop of 1886 was a good one. Even on uncultivated
orchards the apples were of fair size, well colored and of good quality.
Orchards that had been well cultivated for years carried their fruit
well through the drouth, and when a few light showers did come in the
latter part of August and in September, the apples swelled to an un-
hoped for size, and came to market, large, exceptionally highly colored
and of quality, best.

The Codling Moth did us much damage this year. Our society
passed a resolution on the subject that will result in work against the
pest.

Holt county shipped about 200,000 bushels of apples this year, at
a price averaging thirty-three and gne-third cents per bushels, bringing
into the country say >'6C,000 in cash.

Our Missouri apples met the apples from Michigan, in Dakota,
Nebraska, Iowa and Minnesota, and were preferred by buyers for their
large size, superior color and higher quality, and because they kept
better.

268 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PEACHES.

Holt County is waiting for the shoots from the old stumps and for
tbe very few new trees that have been planted the two last springs to
bear. When they do bear the world can not beat the peaches of our
hill country.

PLUMS.

Wild Goose — where fertilized by natives bore a good crop where
the Curculio and Gouger were destroyed. Miner does very well. Forest
E.ose is new but promising. Many new kinds are being tested.

GRAPES.

Concord — of course more than all others. Clinton a full crop.
Delaware very full. Perkins is starting out well. Pocklington, Wor-
den and Moories Early are growing into favor. The drouth this year
stopped the rot.

STRAWBERRIES.

Sfrdwherries — Crop this year large and very fine. Crescent, Mt.
Vernon, Glendale, Sharpless, Cumberland Triumph, Daisy, etc., all did
well. The interest in strawberry culture is increasing.

RASPBERRIES.

Gregg — Best shipped, but winter kills.

Hopkins — oSTot so large or so firm as Gregg but of good size, best
quality, never winter kills and always bears a full crop.

Souhefjan — Early, hardy, always bears full, but is too small.
Cuthbert — Best of the reds.
Turner — Always bears full.

BLACKBERRIES.

Sni/der — Perfectly hardy, always full.
Laicton — Tender, but best when we get it.
Taylor — -Large, hardy, good bearer, ships well.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 269

CELERY.

Golden Heart Dwarf. — One lot raised this dry year on bluff land
forty-five years farmed without manuring or <'lovering-, but subsoiled
in the spring of 1883 to the depth of eighteen inches ; met the Michigan
celery at St. Joseph and sold faster at better prices.

SEEDLING APPLES.

A Seedling originating on the place now owned by Mr. Menifee
from seed of the Yellow Bellflower planted by Mrs. Kinzy, now of
Oregon, Holt county, was taken to the ISTew Orleans Exposition by Mr."
Goodman and there took the first premium as best new fall apple. It
it proposed to give it the name of the moman who planted the seed —
Kinzy. Specimens of this apple can not be shown at this meeting be-
cause they were spoiled by a mistake in handling.

A Crab, from seed of Hewes' Virginia Crab planted by K. F. Murry
on his home place — apple and cider are shown here.

Mr. Blanchard, of Oregon, has given the world a fall apple of large
size and good quality.

Our society had printed two issues of circulars of 500 each. These
were sent out for the information of buyers and dealers in apples. The
circulars paid well.

About one-half of Holt county is made up of hills, mainly of the
Loess, but well mixed with other material. This hill country, we have
€ome to believe, is as good a place in which to raise the fruits of our
latitude as can be found on the ccntiuent. These lands can be pur-
chased at very low prices. Who will come and occupy them ?

W. E. LAUGHLIJf, Secretary.

Elm Grove, Holt County.

270 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

EEPORT OP^ THE CENTRAL MISSOURI HORTICULTURAL.

ASSOCIATION.

BY C. C. BELL, SECRETARY", BOONVILLE.

Last January I published a call in our city papers for all interested
in horticulture to meet at the court house in Boonville on Saturday,
January 30, 1886, for the purpose of organizing a Horticultural Society.
According to the call, a number of farmers and some other citizens met,
and after some discussion, organized with a membership of eleven,
who elected the following ofhcers :

H. M. Meyers, President; C. C. Bell, Secretary. A committee
was elected to draft a constitution and by-laws and report Saturday^
February 6. Said committee reported as requested, and the association
adopted the name of Central Missouri Horticultural Association, and
with a few changes adopted the constitution and by-laws. Election of
permanent oftlcers for the first year resulted : H. M. Meyers, President :
R. T. Kingsbury, 1st Vice-President ; W. P. Thompkins, 2d Vice-Presi-
dent ; C. C. Bell, Secretary; F. J. Roller, Treasurer.

Regular meetings are held quarterly — first Saturday in March,
June, September and December. At the June meeting we had a good
display of small fruits, vegetables and flowers, and was held at Thespian
Hall. During the afternoon the hall was crowded with visitors, and a
good programme of speaking, reading of essays and nuisic was given,
and all left well pleased with the success of the meeting, and added
many members. The secretary announced that the next quarterly
meeting should even surpass this one.

During the months of August the Board of Directors met and
decided to hold a two day's fair in connection with the September
quarterly meeting. After full discussion the board authorized Secre-
tary Bell to procure and arrange all matters pertaining to said proposed
fair — which resulted in a display of fruits, flowers and products of the
farm — excelling all expectations — and proved to be a grand success.
All suitable room in the large hall was well tilled with exhibits, and
during the time of meeting, afternoon and nights, all space was crowded
with visitors. Over two hundred dollars worth of premiums were given
out. This great success has called for the permanent organization of

* ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 271

a District Fair, which is now the main subject in hand by the associa-
tion, and judging- from the success which has attended the association
from its organization, we may look for the district fair to be held at
Boonville next fall. Kespectfully,

Dec. 9, 1886. CHARLES C. BELL, Secretary.

REPORT OF JASPER COUi^TY SOCIETY.

Z, T. RUSSELL, SECRETARY, CARTHAGE.

To the President and Members Missouri Horticultural Society:

Gentlemen : As secretary of the Jasper county society, I have
the following brief report to make :

During the last year this society has held meetings each mouth,
at which questions of interest to the members have been discussed
freely by all persons present, the discussions usually assum^ig more of
an informal character than otherwise.

At the beginning of this year and for two or three years past the
meetings were held on Tuesday, but in the early part of this year the
time was changed to the tirst Saturday in each month. The meetings
were usually held at 2 p. m. in the city of Carthage.

Another change, which, it is thought, has been for the better, was
the charging of a membership fee of $1.00 per year instead of none, as
heretofore. This enables us to meet little expenses and to have some
cash on hand, instead of an empty treasury. And I believe, too, that
a livelier interest is manifiested than when there was no fee. A per-
son naturally prizes anything more or less highly according to its cost.

At the January meeting we had a valued visitor with us in the
person of Mr. Levi Chubbuck, associate editor of Colman's Rural
World, St. Louis, who read an able paper upon the subject of "The
benefits to be derived from the work of a horticultural societ;^."

Of the crops in this county this summer I shall say little. All of
the small fruits were cut short more or less by the drouth — strawber-

272 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ries about one-half. We had no peaches. A good crop of pears, and
although apples were considered a short crop, yet they have been pur-
chased and shipped in large quantities by at least four different firms
in the city of Carthage. Large (luantities of berries were shipped to
all points of the compas, notwithstanding the drouth, although the
prices realized were not large, still they were ihe means of di8tril)uting
a considerable sum of money to persons in this city and vicinity. The
question here has passed from "how to get people to raise berries" to
"how can we find a profitable market for the berries we already have."
Some few are becoming discouraged and probably will quit the busi-
ness, but the majority of them appear to have "enlisted for the
war," and to know no such word as fail.

Our society is not as aggressive and as full of interest as it should
be, still as compared with one year ago, we have more money and more
active, working members, and hence feel encouraged at the i)rospect
of future usefulness.

AH of which is respectfully submitted.

Z. T. RUSSELL,
Secretary Jasper County Horticultural Society.

I

A PAPEE OX CELEEY,

BY J. E. TWITCHEL.

On invitation of the Secretary of the Jasper County Horticultural
Society, the following paper was presented and discussed as pertinent
to the topic, August 7, 1886, "What shall horticulturists produce for
profits besides small fruits ?" •

Mr. President and Gentlemen : Many justly profess to grow
corn, fruit and vegetables to perfection in this latitude, yet the most

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. - 273

practical farmer or horticulturist may occasionally fail here, or any-
where else, to produce the cereals, fruits or vegetables, though they
be adapted to his locality.

While we assert that celery can be grown to perfection in this
latitude, we do not say that it is specially adapted to this climate, but
we believe that enough late celery may be grown in Jasper county to
supply all the markets in the State of Missouri with an abundance of
this "tony" vegetable, but not so easily as apples or corn are produced ;
more certainly, however, having the facilities and skill backed up by
persistent, careful labor.

WILL IT PAY ?

"Celery is a vegetable not usually found on the tables of those
who have a small salary." This fact limits the markets, for it must' be
an expensive article of diet, besides many know nothing about it.
More than one ruralist has wonderingly asked me such questions as,
"Is that a new way to raise parsnips ?" "What part do you use, the
tops or the roots f etc., etc. And yet our community has a goodly
number of wealthy and intelligent citizens who will have celery though
they pay a high price for an article shipped a long distance, and con-
sequently of an inferior quality to that which may be grown here,
cheaper and in abundance with irrigation, which is possible, as our
numerous springs and shallow wells, with the application of cheap
power pumps may be utilized, enabling the enterprising gai'dener to
overcome the difficulties sometimes presented by a dry season. And
possibly our larger streams may be controlled and irrigation on an ex-
tensive scale, cause our valleys to produce not alone celery, but cab-
bage, early and late ; also potatoes, which we frequently obtain from
northern states at great expense. Thus we may by irrigation save to
ourselves and our community the large sums of money annually sent
forever far away for these productions more especially adapted to other
States in the north.

You gentlemen will not deem this talk about irrigation a digression
from the subject of celery raising. ,1 assure you it is pertinent to the
subject, and without it celery growing would be uncertain as a busi-
ness, more so than that of most vegetables excepting cauliHower.

It is not within the scope of this article to detail the processes of
celery culture, and I will only touch on a few important points refer-
ring you to Mr. Peter Henderson's writings on miuor, though import-
ant details.

H. R.— 18

274 MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTRAL SOCIETY.

First, then, the raising of celery plants from seed is very difiicult
unless begun very early. But careful shading and watering will enable
the seeds to germinate and grow, being planted as late as May and
make good plants for setting out in July and August.

Second, do not set the crown or bud below the ground when trans-
planting, for irrigation or a heavy rain might wash earth over and
smother it.

Third, do not attempt to bank up before the middle of September
or better yet October 1st to J5th. It is impossible to have a fine
flavored celery in hot weather, nor is it desirable, as the market for it
is very inconsiderable until cool weather.

Fnally, if you are robust in health and have the facilities as some
of you may have, certainly in some degree, I advise you to try your
hand at celery, as no talk of mine, no fine essay can teach so much or
so impressively as experience does the observing, careful, painstaking
man, and no other kind will succeed in horticultural pursuits or gar-
dening.

Educate yourselves to raise celery and the people to use it, for it
is very pleasant and medicinal, and the more it's raised and used the
more profitable it will be. But be sure that you have the facilities,
to wit: Very rich land and the means to irrigate, and don't be dis-
couraged if you do not make money the first effort, for you may need
to try again; don't undertake too much, but enough to make it inter-
esting. Then if you persevere you will make "celery a success."

EEPOKT OF LIXN COUXTY HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

BY JOS. GAMBLE, EROOKFIELD.

WHAT WAS DONE AND SAID AT THEIR JUNE MEETING.

The Linn County Horticultural Society met at Ziehr's Hall last
Saturday, with President Crosby in the chair, and while the attendance

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 275

■was not large most of the old and a number of new faces were present.
The subject for discussion at this meeting was raspberries, and was
■opened by Mr. A. P. Swan, a prominent fruit raiser from Yellow Creek
township. Mr. Swan finds the Tyler the earliest variety of raspberry
raised by him — hardy, the berry jet black, productive and made first
picking this year on the 9th of June. His Greggs are just commencing
to ripen. Tlie Souhegan ripens next to the Tyler — about six days later
— not so productive as the Tyler. Doolittle is small, so far has done
very little for him, ^[ammoth Cluster a good berry but superseded by
the Tyler an"d Souhegan. Does not consider the Gregg entirely hardy.
The Cuthbert, red, ripens about ten days after the Turner, is not so
hardy but produces a large berry and bears as well. Thinks the Tyler
the hardiest variety of all, and if he could have but one variety would
choose them. Has heretofore planted seven feet by four, in future
will plant closer. He presented some fine samples of the Souhegan,
'Tyler, Gregg and Turner, and a sample of the Doolittles, which were

■quite small Mr. Gamble said the Gregg did the best for him last

jear — the Hopkins this year. Thought for general planting the Gregg
the best variety. Considered the Turner the best red berry, and
thought it did best without cultivation. He also presented a fine sam-
ple of the Ho{)kin8 which is very productive this year. This variety is
hardy and needs cultivation. He has raised this variety three years
and this year's crop, the best, are a week earlier than the Gregg. He
plants raspberries eight by four with a crop of early potatoes between

the rows the first year Mr. Davis thought it best to run a smooth

wire along the rows and tie the bushes to the wire Mr. Smith

of Laclede tliinks the Gregg the best raspberry. The Doolittle is
-always small and dry in this climate. He would plant six feet apart,
not touch with plow and would mulch with straw, but thought the

same amount of ground more }>rotjtable in strawberries Mr.

Swan thought strawberries the better crop as far as profit was con-
cerned Attention was called to the fact that while the straw-
berry market was frequently glutted the raspberry market has never

yet been fully supplied Mt. Gamble thought raspberries fully

as profitable a crop as strawberries Mr. Swan inquired if any

one present had had any experience with the Shaffer raspberry •

Mr. Gamble stated that he had raised them for two years — this year's
cro]) not yet ripe To vary the discussion Mr. Gamble pre-
sented a cucumber nineteen inches long — variety;, London Green —
which one member remarked, contained at least half a dozen cases of
cholera morbus, while another member thought it could be raised profit-

27G MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ably on a farm, as the ordinary town lot would be entirely too small to

raise more than a half dozen such cucumbers On motion

blackberries, currants, cherries and plums — the best varieties, best
methods of planting, cultivating, etc., was chosen as the subject of dis-
cussion at the next regular meeting which will be held on the last Sat-
urday in July. Discussion to be opened by Joseph Gamble. On mo-
tion ladies invited to attend — - Committee reported that Ziehr's

Hall had been procured for the meetings of the society Fruit

raisers (and nearly all of our farmers and many of our town people
raise more or less fruit, large and small) will find it not only interest-
ing but profitable to become members of this society. We trust there
will be a good attendance at the next meeting. The society extends a
cordial invitation to all persons interested in fruit growing, whether

members of the society or not to attend its meetings. Eegular

meetuigs will be held at Ziehr's Hall on the last Saturday of each
month. The society contemplates holding, a fruit show sometime this
fall, if the idea meets with proper encouragement from citizens of the
county.

HORTICULTURAL REPORT OF ANDREW COUNTY, MO,, FOR

THE YEAR 1886.

BY GOTTL. SEGESSEMANN, AMAZOIsIA.

The hard winter had bad influence on peaches, of which there was
no crop, and the trees diminishing still more ; on pears, small crop,

•

trees in bloom drying up ; on cherries and some kinds of plums, weak-
ening trees and shortening crop ; on raspberries and especially black-
berries, the more tender kinds of which bringing only a small crop.

Strawberries a full crop, brought about seven and one-half cents
above costs of packing, shipping and commission. In quart boxes
they sold for two cents higher than in trays. The Crescent is so far the
most profitable. There are better kinds, but lacking in yield. Black-

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 277

Tjerries and raspberries ha'd about the same price as strawberries. The
former wer« mue-h curtailed by drought; of the latter Shafi'er's Colos-
sal is decidedly the most profitable. Plums and cherries much sought
for. Of grapes there was the heaviest crop since 1874, the dry atmos-
phere not permitting rot to set in. Sold at acceptable rates compara-
tively.

In spite of the drouth causing uuxny apples to drop and to ripen
prematurely, there was the biggest crop on record of this fruit, and of
high quality, too ; smooth, large, almost free of worms, only later ou
attacked by crickets, birds, bugs, etc., the wounds causing decay.
Many farmers had 1,000 and 2,000 barrels to ship. Price somewhat
lower than last year. The leadership of the Ben. Davis has been con-
tested, many customers refusing to buy it, preferring Jonathan's and
other kinds of better quality. Stark and Lawver are favorably received
in the market. A goodly number of trees are planted every year, but
peaches are neglected for their uncertainty.

cPtOP EEPOET, buchaxa:^^ couxty.

REPORT BY J. MADINGER, ST. JOSEPH.

We have to report a good year for all varieties of fruit, except as
to peaches and pears. The former proved an entire failure and the
latter yielded but a very light crop, and the trees blighted badly.

Apples are the main reliance of the farmers in this county and the
yield was above an average. The quality of the fruit is excellent, but
some varieties are somewhat lacJiing in size, owing no doubt to the
dry weather during a portion of the growing season and the unusual
quantity of fruit on many of the trees. As near as can be estimated
there have been shipped from this county this fall, as far as I can learn
from shippers, six hundred car loads of apples, making one hundred
and sixty barrels to the car in all 96,000 barrels or about 285,000 bush-
els, the price paid from 85 cents to 81 per barrel.

278 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cherries did much better than usuaL The "Early Richmond""
yielded well, as did also the late "Morello ;" some were fortunate
enough to have a few "sweet" cherries.

The crop of plums was good, better than usual ; but still the fruit
suffered largely by the curculio. The Wild Goose variety seemed tO'
do best of all.

In small fruits, the strawberries did well, as did also both raspber-
ries and blackberries. Gooseberries were unusually tine, j^articularly
the Houghton.

Grapes ripened verj^ early and continued in good shipping con-
dition for a long time. The yield was fine. The Concord was the
principal variety, but most of those suited to this climate did well.

It is a difiBcult matter to estimate the crops of small fruits, or of
grapes ; but it is enough to say that they were all sufficiently remuner-
ative to satisfy the growers and to encourage others to plant out
Isrgely in consequence of the good crops and good prices of this year..

JACOB MADINGER.

St. Joseph, Mo., December 7, 1888.

Friend Goodman : Here I send you a short report. Am sorrj^
that I cannot attend myself, but have not been feeling well ever sinc&
your fair this fall ; feel somewhat better now. Hope you will have a
good attendance. Would like to come down and flax you all with ap-
ples. Let us hear from yon once in a while, and oblige yours.

My best wishes to all my old acquaintances and fruit growers.

Respectfully,

JACOB madi:j^ger.

REPORT BY J. H. LOGAN & SONS, NEVADA.

Mr. L. A. Goodman, Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir: Your notice informing me of the date of meeting of
our society has been received some time ago; please accept my thanks
for the same. I had thought that cricum stances might be favorable-

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 279

for me to be with you, but it seems that my work hinders me from at-
tendin<4-, should like to have been with you. isot thinking that I could
have added much of interest as a fruit grower as I am only a novice in
the buisiness, this being my first experience, coming here from Ne-
braska only three years ago.

I purchased forty acres of laud within one mile of Nevada in the
timber, with about thirty acres under cultivation and about three and
one-fouth acres set in apple trees, in bearing. I commenced, shortly
after my arrival in December, 1883, hauling barnyard manure from the
city and hauled about 250 tons the first winter and put on ten acres of
land. In the spring of 1884 I set out 700 one year old apple trees and
200 peach trees ; set apple trees twenty-five feet apart each way, peach
trees sixteen and one-half feet ; also set 600 strawberry plants and 400
raspberry plants, and during the fall of 1884 I increased my strawberry
patch to one acre and in the following spring to one acre more. My
plants bore a good crop during the season of 1885, and in the fall of
1885 and 188G I increased my strawberry patch to about five acres, and
also set out in the spring of 1885 and 1886 six and one-half acres of
raspberries. Our strawberries and raspberries bore a good and profit-
able crop during our past season. I estimate that I sold about seven
thousand quarts of strawberries and about four thousand quarts of
rasi)berrie8; price obtained for strawberries was from twenty cents,
May 10 to 15, then from ten to eight and one-third cents per quart at
retail during balance of season. None sold at less than eight and one-
third cents at retail, the lowest price by the crate being $1.50 for two
dozen boxes. Our raspberries commenced ripening May 29, and we
sold berries up to June 9 ; prices ran from twenty cents down to ten
cents per quart at retail, $1.75 being the lowest price by the case of
two dozen quarts. We delivered berries all over the city sometimes
making six trips per day. Consider this being a great advantage being
clos? to a good market and shipping point.

After bearing season was over commenced to cultivate and clean
out, then on September 1 commenced hauling barnyard manure from
the city, and during two and one-half months caluculate I hauled about
225 loads, and scattered lightly between the strawberry rows and am
now hauling and covering the rows of plants lightly with manure. My
plants are in matted rows four feet apart and about twelve to fourteen
inches wide in the row ; berries all set among the young apple and
peach trees. Have now set near six acres in strawberries and seven
acres in raspberries; plants are all looking well; kept them clean.

280 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Have now growing about 2,400 apple trees, 400 peach trees and
plum trees, most Wild Goose ; apples mostly Ben Davis. Apples a
light crop this season.

Expected to have set out two acres more strawberries the past
fall, but weather being too dry prevented it ; I set out about one acre,
expect to put out two or four acres of strawberries in the spring, also
four or five acres more raspberries. Our' strawberries consist mostly
of the following varieties: Miners, Crescent, Chas. Downing, Glen-
dale, Sharpless, Capitol City and Jersey Queen. Kaspberries: Sou-
hegan (our best early bearing) and Gregg (the best late), also have the
Centennial, Doolittle, Turner, Brandywine, Cuthbert and Reliance.

Will say that I estimate that I have put over 2,000 tons of barn-
yard manure on about thirty-two acres of ground, and still think it will
pay well to keep on adding more manure. Tbat I consider another
item of great importance to anyone contemplating fruit growing, es-
l^ecially small fruit, a location near a city where manure can be pro-
cured. I also think from my little experience that timber land in
southwest Missouri is the best adapted to fruit growing. This^being my
first attempt at the business, also my first attempt of making any re-
port of my success or failure, I hope it may be looked up with a great
deal of allowance. I expect to be benefited the greater from the suc-
cesses and failures of others than from my own weaknesses. I should
be pleased to make a more extended acquaintance with our fruit grow-
ing fraternity; will say here that our latch-strihg always hangs out, and
would be pleased to have all interested in fruits visit our plantation
and will always be as glad to impart any knowledge gained from ex-
perience as to receive instruction from others.

Hoping your meeting may be well attended and an interesting and
instructive one to all, I take pleasure in submitting to you the above
as the experience of a new beginner in the business.

Yours fraternally,

J. H. LOGAN i& SONS.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 281

REPORT OX ORCHARDS.

EY JOHN S. DRUMMONDS, NEW FLORENCE, MO.

Some of the orchards in this county are in very fine condition.
There are a great many young orchards coming in that look very fine
and promising, according to the treatment they received. Peach trees
are in bad condition, the older trees being so badly injured they are of
little use and but few young trees are planted. The prospect is that
when another season comes for this fruit there will be no trees left to
bear. The i)each trees are going in winter quarters in good condition,
however; I liave no room to complain about the condition of my or-
chard, my older trees had a fine crop.

The 'Early Harvest is a fine apple. My Janeton trees were very
full. I bought about 130 trees from Lionberger's, they are in fine
condition, I broke up the ground early in the spring and planted corn
among them, cultivated them well, this fall I looked over them for
"worms but none could be found.

My Green Gages have suffered severely from the winter. Last
spring I built little fires among the trees and smoked the curculio. I
kept it up for a long time, but when they were about grown they began
to fall very bad. It is not an uncommon practice with many to set out
a lot of young trees and sow small grain among them which the borers
are ready to take advantage of.

We ought to have more local societies, and every paper should
give a column for horticulture and by so doing information certainly
could be had. All our valuable reports should be given to men who
■would be interested enough to read them. All our standard horticul-
tural books ought to be brought before the public as much as possible.
All information sent to me will be deceived with thanks.

283 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Carthage, Jasper County, Mo., Dec. 6, 1886.
L. A. Goodman, Wesfport, Mo.:

Dear Sir — Haviug been requested by the Jasper County Horti-
cultural Spciety to write a paper on horticulture, for the benefit of the
State Horticultural Society. In obedience to that request I will say
that, as the apple is one of the oldest fruits known to man, it would
appear to be presumption on my part to pretend to improve upon any-
thing that has already been said and written on the subject of the cul-
ture and management of the apple orcbard. But, nev^ertheless, I will
give you my experience.

In the first place the soil should be suitable to the growth of th&
apple tree, of which southwest Missouri has an abundance. It should
be high and dry rolling land, and if possible, well protected by a grove
of timber on the north and west from the severe and cold winds com-
ing from that direction. The land should be in a good state of cultiva-
tion before the trees are planted. They should be planted at least 30
feet apart each way.

The land and trees should be well cultivated each year, corn and
potatoes are good crops to plant in young orchards. The trees should
be carefully pruned and kept in shape from the time of planting; never
letting a crooked or cross limb get too large before it is removed.
Avoid planting and raising forked trees, as they will be sure to split
when the tree bears a full crop of fruit. Don't plant too many varities
but plant the best and most profitable kinds. It is a good plan to wash
the trees with strong soapsuds as often as twice a yeai\ say in May
and then again in August ; the washing will destroy all the eggs that
the apple tree borer may have deposited on the bark of the trees. The
soapsuds gives the bark of the tree a smooth and healthy appearance.

The past summer was a very dry one in this part of the State, and
the apple trees that were planted last spring made a very poor growth,
but trees that were planted in the spring of 1885 have grown nicely dur-
ing the summer, notwithstanding the long and extreme drouth.

The apple crop of this year has been a fair one. A great many
apples have been shipped from here this fall.

JOHK HOENBACK.

ANNUAL rVIEETING AT LEXINGTON. 283

Carthage, Mo., December 2, 1886.

To the Members of the Missouri State Horticultural Society, Lexington,.
2Iissouri:

Dear Brethren— It would give me great pleasure to be with
you at your animal gathering, but a combination of circumstances
keeps me away.

Our long continued drouth with pretty hard freezing is liard on all
our small fruits, especially strawberries. They made but few runners
iu the fall and consequently will stand thin in the rows. Our crop the
past season was rather lighter than usual, doubtless on account of the
being too thick to stand the severe drouth. My experience is that
the thinner the plants are in hills or rows either, the better they will
stand the drouth in fruiting time, and if we could always tell when the
dry season is coming we could always have good crops of berries. I
believe in plenty of manure and thorough cultivation for strawberries,
and here I will enter my protest against what is called the easy or lazy
man's way of raising strawberries. It has had a great tendency to
demoralize horticulture and I blame some of our nurserymen, for in
their eagerness to sell plants, they are too apt to make it appear that
anyone can raise fine crops of berries, if they will only set out the
plants. Now my view of horticulture is that it is a business of itself,.
and requires theory, skill and practice combined, with more of prac-
tice than any thing else; whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing
right. The idea of a man setting five or ten acres in small fruits and
cultivate and care for it at odd spells when he has nothing else to do
on his farm, is simply preposterous and should be discouraged, raising
not only enough weed and foul grasses to seed his own land, but to be
drifted by the winds all over the community. Such a man, and we
have many of them, should be frowned down wlien they come into the
meetings of the horticultural society. No, what we want is thorough
cultivation, allow nothing to grow but what is useful and I think rais-
ing small fruits will pay.

I am now cultivating but five vvarieties of strawberries, namely :
Charles Downing, Crescent Seedling, Miners Prolific, Boydens No. 30
and Bidwell. Downing rusts some; Crescent, my stand by; Miners,
for showy fruit,; Boyden, for home use and especial friends; Bidwell,
for early.

As for Kaspberries I have the Souhegan for early, so as to get
the big prices ; and then the Hopkins for its wonderful prolificness as
an intermediate; then the Gregg, as we sometimes say, for our main

284 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

crop. As for Red berries give me the Cutlibert and old Turner. The
Kittitinny blackberry does splendid with me, never yet a sign of rust
on my place, big crops every year, and such fruit too, that always has
a ready sale in our market. Snyder is too small when the Kittitinny is
about. Am waiting patiently for the fruiting of the Early Harvest
which I expect this next season. Ah, but it is, I fear, a little doubtful,
it is such a shy grower with me at any rate, but we will wait and see
before we condemn too strong.

Peach trees made a wonderful growth notwithstanding the drouth,
and old prophets say we will have a crop of peaches. Hope they are
right this time.

Now, in conclusion, let me say so as to be understood, I believe
that Missouri is capable of producing a greater variety of choice
standard fruits than any other State in the Union, and that our soil wilj
Tespond to earnest, diligent, cultivation better than I know of elswhere.
But away with slovenly horticulture. Ours is a noble calling let us
not disgrace it. E. J. KING.

New Haven, Mo., Dec. 6, 1886.

To the Horticultural Society of Missouri, Mr. President, Secretary, Ladies
and Gentlemen :

As I cannot meet with you on account of sore eyes, I thought
something from Franklin county might interest some of you.

the fruit crops of franklin county for the year 1886.

Apples — Janeton, Jonathan, Winesap. Ben. Davis, White Winter
Pearmain, Early Harvest, Red June, Maiden Blush, Grimes Golden
Pippin was a full or rather over crop. White Bellliovv'er, Rambo,
Xeswick Codlin, etc., are about three-fourths of a crop.

Pears — A fair crop. The best variety for this county is Keiffer's
Hybrid, La Conte, Duchess, Bartlett and Seckle never fail to bear.

Cherry — Early Richmond, Gov. Wood and Elton are the favorite
-of this county.

Plums — Wild Goose is about all that is planted.

Peaches — Played out. Small fruits. There is but little attention
paid to small fruit.

We have some fine new varieties of apples in this county.
Eirst is the Larimore, a native of Franklin county, it is very large bright

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON 285-

and very handsome. Fine flavor, sub acid. Season July 15 to October
15 ; considered one of the best. The tree is a fine grower, straight up,
right large at two year old. Second, the Ben Maupin, winter, resembles
the Ben Davis, much better flavor, better keeper and is as large ; tree
ironclad; the hardest winter does not hurt them; rather rough and
much like a wild crab ; considered by those who have tried them as
Ihe best of winter apples. Both of the splendid new apples are propo-
gated and sold by J. Bagby & Son, Kew Haven, Mo.

There is but little interest taken in fruit in this county, so little
that there is not a horticultural society in the county. I have talked
to several about organizing a horticultural society, but they say we are
too young yet. There is not enough interest taken to get the people
to turn out. It is something that is greatly needed.

Respectfully yours,

J. A. TRAIL.

Lone Tree, Mo., :Nov. 12, 1886.

L. A. Goodman, Esqr., Westport, Mo.

Dear Sir : As I am a new hand at the small fruit business and
you requested me to give what little experience I have received.
In the first place a man may read all papers and books, etc. on small
fruits, and receive other theories, but when you come to put them into
practice you are left. True it gives a person a better knowledge of
what he has got to do. Second, my experience this year is not en-
couraging for a new beginner. Last fall, two years ago, I set out a
small patch of Crescent and Captain Jack in my garden — two rods
square — on the hill system, eighteen inches each way. I gave them
extra care and cultivation. Kept all runners well trimmed and in the
the fore part of winter, just when freezing begun, I mulched them, cov-
ering the ground about one and one-half inches deep ; then, the fol-
lowing spring, I used liquid manure, when they were blossoming, twice
a week, in the evening until the fruit was nearly full size. I kept the
mulching around them and they av^eraged me one quart to the hill.
This so stimulated me to go into the business of small fruits that I
turned my attention that way and last fall set out one-half acre in
Captain Jack's and Crescent and Manchester, setting them in
rows two feet wide and twelve inches apart, and they made a splendid
growth. I mulched last fall and when spring came I began to cultivate
them. Then is when the fun began. I then found I had something to
learn. I found I had them too close to cultivate ; that for field culture

286 MISSOURI STATE HOUTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tbej must be not less than three or four feet apart. It \YOuld do very
well to have them that close for hand culture, but that would be a slow
and expensive undertaking. I did the best I could, but the weeds
got the best of me and kept it. And as I had read a piece in the paper
to mow the weeds and burn them, after fruiting, so I gathered what
fruit they had, which was splendid considering the dry weather which
cut it short. Xow, thinks I, its my time; I'll mow the ground, then
haul on straw and burn all off" and when they coine on take up every
other row and plant them over. I got everything ready and watched
for a time when I thought it was going to rain, and one afternoon
there came up such a fine prospects for a good rain and I set fire and
away went my berries, for it did not rain to wet the ground one-half
inch ; then the hot, dry weather continued and ruined my plantation.
There were about three thousand came, the balance died. The burn-
ing process may do in an i rdinary year, but it was a failure this year,
at least, so it was to me. I plowed the ground all up and have begun
anew, and have just got through putting out one-half acre more;
would have set out two acres, but it has been too dry to risk so many
plants, so will have to postpone it until next spring. Experience is
sometimes a dear school, but fools profit by no other.

Now to raspberries. I set the following out last spring: Thwack,
Turner and Cuthbert for red and Hopkins, Gregg and Mammoth Clus-
ter for black; I set them seven feet and three feet in the row. I
had ordered them early from the nursery, but got them so late that I
did not set them out as early as I should have liked. Then it being
so dry about one-half died, and I think they were before I put them
out ; at least I lost them, so now I adi ise any person setting out any
kind of fruit to get their plants in the fall, as there are times one can-
not get them as early in the spring as they would like.

My blackberries that I wrote you about, Kittitiny, did splendid
this summer. If you had not advised me to let them remain, I should
have plowed them up this spring, as I had them out three years and
got no fruit from them; but the dry weather cut them short. For best
crops of blackberries keep new growth, well trimmed back while
growing. This causes them to branch out, and then the more branches
and tops the larger the crop.

As to grapes, I put ont one hundred Concords last spring and they
hav^- done splendid.

This has been a very bad season for all small fruit on account of
the dry hot weather in this locality. Fruit of all kinds were not what

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 287

farmers thought there would be, as the dry weather caused the apple
to drop before their time, and grapes dried on the vines.

Hoping you will excuse any and all mistakes, if they are not as
they should be and as I am a new beginner. I should like to be with
you at Lexington next month, as I then could learn more in a few days
than I can at home in that many years. If I had not already made ar-
rangements to go west I should have postponed until after the meet-

ing.

Yours Eespectfully,

FRAXK J. SCHATZ,

Lone Tree, Mo.

BIRDS AKD AGEICULTURE.

BY CLARKE lEVINE, OREGON.

So much has been written and published on about every subject
of our deliberations that I often ask, why shall we attempt to say any-
thing in addition unless we have new ideas.

The general government and several societies annually send forth
countless volumes on agriculture, which includes in itself almost every
art and science known to man. These works are gotten up in the very
best style, and the subjects treated of are handled in a masterly man-
ner, yet no one scarcely ever reads them. And this is our justification
for continuing our own work. We may regard ourselves as interpre-
ters of what has been previously given, as well as discoverers in our
own especial lines. We are assumfng no superior knowledge but sim-
ply calling attention and asking for co-operation, and in no country is
such effort more necessary than in ours, for in no country is agricul-
ture and other subjects in immediate. and necessary connection with it
so intellectually neglected and legislatively despised.

For this grandest of all subjects for study and objects of action to
which the tongue of man has ever given a name, if we do a little we

288 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

boast we have done much ; and if we demand more, we are denounced
as claiming all. The name agriculture in its wisest sense, or earth-
working to procure wealth comprehends, I think, every act done by
man to draw products froni the earth. Fishing, lumbering and mining-
are incidental branches of it. It is the fundamental and capital busi-
ness of life in thsse States. When it thrives it sends up life currents
through all branches and departments of human activity, throbbing
with health and vigor, to culminate in leaf, flower and fruit. Let it
suffer under oppression and restriction and all the life of man in every
department must languish and sicken. The generous earth gives a fair
living to her culturists, an abundance of all life's needs. The surplus
product is the sole dependence, directly or indirectly, of the remaining
populace, and of all our creations is most sensitive to restrictions on
account of its perishing nature, the least able to sustain impositions
because of the narrow profit of its production. And yet the average
legislator is never so reckless as when he lays his heavy statute mak-
ing hand upon the interests of agriculture. The world over he seems
to despise it directly, and indirectly he hampers or defrauds it. The
immortal author of " The History of Civilization " exclaims, after re-
viewing the course of legislation in Europe during some centuries :
"The wonder is how civilization progressed at all," and asserts what
history demonstrates, that about all the time of each succeeding par-
liament has been employed in undoing the evils of its predecessors by
repealing their acts. And when the cry of alarmed cities is heard, and
in populous districts, non-agricnltural, where the hungry mouth is fed
by the tired hand and "no work" means "no bread;" when the very
earth shakes with the tread of enraged multiiudes ; if you remind this
class of law-makers of the cause they merely shake their huge ears
and reply: " Why, the agriculturists are not starving!"

But enough of preliminary. Our subject is one closely related to
agriculture, and which -only a few years ago would have been laughed
at in that connection. I fear that in previous papers I have exhausted
my limited knowledge of ornithology and will not be able to interest
you in relating personal experiences. The works I have referred to
prove the vast utility of birds to agriculture. I wonder will the time
never come when the farmer who will not read and reflect on matters
relating to his avocation will be as much laughed at as the merchant
who can't count or the surgeon who can't handle tools? I know what
that sodden sneer against book farming is. I see the dull eye that not
one thing brightens but prospect of animal enjoyment, and the blank
visage of him who utters it, and I know that he can not read and think

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 289

else be would never have said it. That he himself is not scratching-
the earth with a stick for a plow is solely because other men could
read and think. They worked too, and while they worked they
thought, and it is chietiy to have men think while they work that we
would have them read.

Xo doubt it was some poetry reading plowman who first thought
that birds were not created for boys to stone and rob their nests. He
thought and he observed and then he wondered, but it was not until a
long time had passed, while men were reading and thinking, ere one
could write and publish boldly to the world such thoughts as these by
Prof. Perkins, of Vermont. " Probably few persons are aware or have
any idea of what might result if birds were all destroyed and other
things remained as they are." In Vermont alone are some 800 species
of Lepidopteroiis insects [moths and butterflies] and in the United
States 4,000.

But let us confine ourselves to it, if the number is 800 the increase
would be like this ; each female lays 350 eggs on the average, but say
300. jS'ow say in 1881 there is but one pair of each species — this would
make 300 times 800, equals 240,000 eggs, developing into as many cater-
pillars. If half are females, next year would give us 120,000 pair, whose
product for 1882 would be thirty-six millions. Thus, in five years, we
shall have one quadrillion, 215 trillions, or 200 millions of caterpillars
per one acre in Vermont, (all these in the fifth year from one pair of
each). And each pair is here supposed to reproduce but one time per
year, whereas several do so often, I think, continues Prof. Perkins,
"as it now is, not one Qgg in thousands ever reaches maturity, and the
great agent of destruction is the bird. If there is a race of beings on
this earth that should be protected, it is the birds. Vengeance swift
and terrible descends on those who will not learn that they are neces-
sary to all agricultural pursuits." Thus far speaks Prof. Perkins : But
not only he, all authorities who have observed, and have studied cause
and effect here, say the same. These assertions are the result of long,
profound and close observation. Knowing this, how shall we regard
those town loafers who sneak along the by-ways, gun on shoulder ready
to blow the life out of any feathered friend of man they chance to see.
I have known men of this kind — men who seemed never to do one use-
ful act, whose very calling was a daily injury to these fellows, and
whose highest pleasure was in bird hunting. Strange contradictions
in human life, while some are doing good at all times both when work-
ing or playing, there are others whose very business is a curse to man

H. E. — 19

290 ■ MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and brute and whose liigliest sport is bloody destruction to liarmless
feathered sono-gters.

Kow we have a law in Missouri and a ^ood one to protect g-ame
and birds. All it needs is a strict enforcement, this will intimidate the
heartless and educate the thou^i^htless. This society can do much by
calling- attention through the press. I understand the law requires the
judges to give it in charge to grand jurors each term of their courts.

Let us take a hasty glance at some of the birds most useful accord-
ing to autliorities.

All night birds are eminently beneficial. Owls and night-hawks
destroy multitudes of mice and young rabbits. Indeed, but for some
such destroying agents, the rabbits alone would increase beyond power
of calculation. Mr. Samuels of Massachusetts writing a few years ago,
remarks of the whipporwill, "they subsist almost entirely on moths,
which they destroy in great numbers. He adds that, in some parts of
the U.nited States an absurd notion prevails, that if a whipporwill sings
around the door of a dwelling it forewarns the death of some member
of the family, and this has caused the destruction of multitudes of
these most useful birds ; and that it is incredible to what an extent this
absurd idea is carried. Any wide-spread belief instead of being sneered
at or laughed at should be investigated. The absurd idea is more gen-
eral than I had supposed. So far as my observation goes the whippor-
will is a very shy, wild, retiring bird. Yet it may have such strange
locality, as phrenologists call it, that, having once laid an egg there or
thereabouts 'twill stick. Multitudes of these birds are within my hear-
ing of moonlight nights, and have been for almost 20 years, during
their season and yet I have never had a sight of but one, that one some
few years ago nested in a near neighbors house yard, and persisted in
staying there and singing for some weeks, in spite of many efforts made
to drive it away by the resident Mr. W. K. Springer. Strange to say,
his little bo3^, soon after the bird appeared there, sickened and died,
although it is one of the healthiest neighborhoods in the world, and no
other disease was there prevaling. This one thing has forever con-
firmed the superstition in some minds, farther investigation may prove
to us that it is a very common thing for these birds to nest near houses
and thus do away with a very strange superstition. It perhaps rests
on the well known fallacy of logic — [Post Hoe, Propter Hoe], a fallacy
that secretly rules mankind, namely, that because a thing happened
after another thing the first thing caused it.

The yellow and black-billed cuculidie and all wood-pecking birds
rank among the most useful. They destroy billions of caterpillars and
tree borers. These can not be too much encouraged.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 291

Observers say that, excepting diurnal birds of prey, there is not a
bird among our native species but is useful to man. The English spar-
row must be exterminated, it is folly to defend it, I could find thous-
ands who have watched it closely, who will swear that it drives away
about all other birds ; they war with all but themselves. In warfare
they are the most cunning and merciless of all feathered tribes. Let
them alone and they are almost under foot, just attack them once and
they are silent, suspicious, but ever at work.

The so-called cat bird is beyond doubt one of the most very use-
ful of birds. I have known a few ])air8 to rid several acres of apple
orchards of the tent caterpillar. They are passionately fond of the
little common sour cherry, and will be attracted by a few such trees.
Our best authorities, indee^ all, place this bird high on the list of our
friends.

In order to set at rest questions as to the food of birds many kinds
Tiave been killed and the stomach contents carefully examined. From
reports, after investigations made time and again, we find that chimney
swallows, night-hawks and whipporwills, are immense consumers of
moths and other night Hying insects. Bee martins are enormous con-
sumers of insects, beetles, grasshoppers and maybugs. In the south
they have been seen destroying the moth of the cotton ball worm.
The peewee has been found, during the season full of the striped bugs
so injurious to vines.

Thrushes and robins while destroying some fruit are greedy con-
sumers of insects and larva destructive to crops. A blue bird shot in
a town in March was found full of grasshoppers while not one hopper
could be found by men and boys looking for them, in the neighborhood.
Scarlet tanagers and black-winged summer red birds were found to
have consumed largely of curculios ; if encouraged, they might do
much to rid us of that pest. The house-wren consumes cut-worms
and lives much like the blue bird. Of several quail the stomach's of
each were found to contain on the average one cut-worm, 120 vine bugs,
100 chinch bugs and a mass of hundreds of chinch bugs. I object
most decidedly to the destruction of our bob whites or quails, they are
never too plentiful. During the visitation of locusts some years ago,
it was said those beautiful, graceful little creatures, the quails would
have rendered invaluable aid in suppressing that plague had they been
introduced in the original home of the locusts ; the^melodious whistle
of one of these birds in the outskirts of a village is like a call to arms
for every idle lout that can borrow a gun. I would recommend to
every land owner to sternly prohibit all hunting and trapping for quails
over his premises.

292 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Some years ago a writer in one of the annual agricultural reports
published by the United States, as early as 1862, (prior to the first in-
vasion by the Eocky Mountain lociist) speaking- generally on matters
Tital to agriculture, made the remark that the farmers of Pennsylvania
and other Eastern States, if they only knew it, have in their fields and
meadows species of vermin or insects that might, on some occasion,
after the causes that tend to hold things in equilibrium have been de-
stroyed, on a sudden multiply and rise up, seeking wider fields for sub-
sistence and prove to be a curse as dire as ever the plagues of Egypt
have been. At present they are generally harmless, being kei)t down
by foes. Among other things he declared that several kinds of locusts
were there, all confounded under the general name of grasshoppers.
He actually described and delineated by ^i illustration the same red-
legged locust, misnamed grasshopper, which, a few years later, fell
upon us from the Rocky Mountains, and he showed that it belongs in
the meadows of the Eastern States. ]S'othing, he remarked, but the
wise provision of Providence restrains these from becoming a consum-
ing curse. Two or three other varieties were included in same list as
dangerous, and he gave instances of their breaking bounds and doing
considerable damage some thirty or more years previously. Within a
few years past, in some parts of the southwest, a fly whose constant
habitat is somewhere along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and which
is fatal to man and beast by its bite, has been known to increase and
extend its ravages. In some parts of Europe, among some caves of
the Hungarian Mountains, an insect — a small fly — has its home. Its
sting or bite is fatal. It is supposed that certain birds feed upon the
larvfe of this fly and keep them from multiplying.

Well, when we survey the whole field and learn by what enemies,,
seen and unseen, man 'is surroujided, and through what trials and fiery
tribulations the race has emerged to its present state, we are bound to
wonder that any of us are left to tell the tale. And when we learn that
one of the chief friends to man's subsistence here is the charming,,
graceful little feathered being, shall we not acknowledge it?

CLAEK IRVINE.

DISCUSSION.

Does the bird law protect the English Sparrow ? If so, why not
repeal it ?

Mr. Patterson — This society should say something about the Eng-
lish Sparrow. It is declared generally to be a nuisance, and I think it

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 293

would be well to have the legal protection removed. I would like to
know how to rid our town of them, anyway.

Mr. Teuhner — Is the English Sparrow confined mostly to towns ?

Mr. Goodman — They sometimes get numerous enough in the coun-
try to take a thirty-acre field of wheat in ten days.

Mr. Follett — They will eat anything.

Mr. Patterson — And they pick and damage a' great deal more fruit
"than they eat. A Robin and some other birds will take a berry and
•eat the whole of it.

J/r. Follett — Make amotion to kill them.

Dr. Gordon — Does the law protect them?

Mr. Irvine — I think they would be included in the general law
for the protection of birds.

Mr. Follett — -I move that this society recommend the repeal of the
law (if there be such a law) protecting the English Sparrow, and that i
Jbounty be offered for its destruction. Passed.

DISEASES OF THE APPLE CAUSED BY FIT:n:GI.

BY B. T. GALLOWAY, COLUMBIA, MO.

Ladies and Gentlemen : As horticulturists you are doubtless
interested in everything pertaining to the cultivation of fruits and
flowers, and other products of the soil commonly known as garden
vegetables. I might have selected any plant which man cultivates for
food or ornament, and discussed its peculiar diseases caused by fungi.
Many, if not all, of our cultivated plants are subject to the attacks of
one or more species of parasitic fungi. The enemies of the apple are
exceedingly numerous ; so numerous in fact that we have often won-
dered how good fruit could be produced under the circumstances.

No part of the plant escapes the ravages of these pests ; roots,
stem, branches, leaves, flowers and seed are alike attacked. More than

294 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

one hundred species of insects attack different parts of this one plants
AVlien we come to consider the diseases caused by fungi, it is some-
what ditticult to estimate the amount of damage caused by the ravages
of these pests. It is also difficult to estimate the numbsr of speciea
which cause the various diseases of the apple. Of course we do not
pretend to say that all the diseases to which an apple tree is subject
are caused by fungi. It would be just as sensible to say that all the
diseases to which man is subject are caused by the members of a cer-
tain class of parasites.

When we speak of a plant being diseased, we mean that the vital
functions of that ])lant are not acting in a normal way. In fact, a
disease is a derangement of the vital functions, and this derangement
may be caused by an over amount of stimulating food which the plant
receives. Or, if the plant cannot obtain a sufficient quantity of food^
disease will follow. Excessive cold or heat will in the end produce
that derangement of the vital functions which we call disease.

The study of the minute parasite we call fungi, in their relation to
the diseases of plants, is attracting considerable attention. There can
be no doubt that the yearly loss to our crops occasioned by fungi is
something enormous. Take for example, the fungus {Phj/topJithord-
infcstans,) which causes the rot in potatoes. Frequently the ravages
of this pest destroys forty i)er cent, of the entire potato crop.

Michigan annually produces about 000,000 bushels of potatoes-
Last year about one-third of the crop was destroyed by the fungus
Fhytophothora infestans.

Several botanists in different parts of the country are devoting all
of their time to the study of the fungi. Col. Colman, our present com-
missioner of Agriculture, has lately api)ointed a botanist to a position
where he can devote all of his* time to the study of plant diseases-
Thus the work goes on; new species are described almost daily, and
we are constantly learning more of the habits of the old species. Dur-
ing the present year I have collected fourteen new species within the
borders of our own State; several of which are quite destructive.

It must be borne in mind that fungi are true plants. They never
originate spontaneously, but each species owes its existence to a parent.
They live, grow, produce bodies analogous to the seed of higher plants
and finally die. Many species of fungi live upon dead or decaying
matter.* Such species are known as Saprophytes. Parasitic fungi are
those which obtain their food from the living })lants, living and growing
at tlie expense of the vitality of the host or supporting plant, frequently-
destroying the very plants which furnish us with food.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON.

295

We will now brietly describe several of the parasitic fungi which
attack the apple, and the first species is known to botanists as

ROESTELIA PENICILLATA.

This fungus belonge to the order Uredinefe, and its life history is
both interesting and peculiar. This fungus is very common in most of
the eastern States, but it rarely attacks cultivated apple trees in this
section of the country. The fungus occurs very abundantly, however,
on the leaves of the wild crab apple, and occasionally attacks the culti-
vated apple. This species attacks the apple leaf, producing circular
spots in the leaf. The spots are usuallj^ one-fourth of an inch in diam-
eter, but they vary exceedingly in size and shape. Frequently the
spots are so numerous that the entire leaf is twisted and distorted by
the growth of the fungus. The color of the spot is reddish yellow, and
the outer edge is usually colored dark brown. Occasionally the spots
are sterile ; which means that nothing is visible but the colored spot
described above.

Frequently, however, we find the epidermis on the underside of the
leaf ruptured, and a cup shaped body protruding therefrom. (A. Figure
I.) The margin of the cups ultimately become deeply split and fringed,

I /

o»'C';^

m

T"'^

•m -^^^

2 2

A. Roestalia, section through leaf of Hawthorn, showing cups 1, 1, 1.

B. Fusicladium dendriticuni. 1, 1, 1, spores of fungus. 2, 2, spores germinat-
ing, o, 3, part of apple showing spots natural size. 1, ], 1, 2, 2, highly magnifled.

C. Podosphce a tridactyla. 1, Ripe perithecium. 2, ascus containing spores.
3, tuft of conidia spores. 4, conidium germinating. 1, 2, 3, highly magnitied.

296 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which imparts a curious appearance. A portion of the cup is buried in
the tissue of tlie leaf, while the open end protrudes through the rup-
tured epidermis of the host. The cups contains the spores or repro-
ductive bodies of the fungus. The spores are orange colored, globular
bodies and are formed in vertical chains or rows. When mature, the
slightest touch destroys the bead-like arrangement of the spores and
they escape from the cup. The spores are less than one-three-hund-
reth of an inch in diameter, and being very light, they are easily wafted
from place to ])lace by the wind and other agents.

The spots on the apple leaf usually appear about the middle of
May or the first of June and the first mature reproductive bodies
escape about the first of July. One would naturally suppose that
the spores of this fungus would germinate on the apple and ulti-
mately produce the same kind of spots from which they were derived.
But as a matter of fact it is known that when the spores fall upon
apple leaves they produce no effect. If, however, some of the spores
fall upon the young branches of the common red cedar {Juniperius
Virginiana) and the proper conditions of moisture and temperature are
present they germinate, and give rise to a fungus on the red cedar,
differing in many respects from the form on the apple. When the spores
from the apple leaf germinate upon red cedar, a mass of threads
{mycelium) is produced in the tissues near where the spores germinated.
The mycelium continues growing through the summer months and
ultimately i)roduce8 globular, or kidney-shaped knots on the young
branches of the host.

During the summer and winter months the knots remain hard and
wart-like, and show very little structure. The globular swelling on the
young branches of the red cedar, are commonly known as cedar
apples, and if you will examine one of them you will find a number of
spots on the surface. Early in spring, especially during damp weather,
long cylindrical masses of a jelly-hke substance protrude from the
spots mentioned above. These masses are frequently an inch in length.
Usually a number of the cylindrical masses escape from each swelling,
and the are usually aggregated in a somewhat globular tuft.

The spores or reproductive bodies of this fungus are imbedded in
the jelly-like masses, and are supported on long, slender stalks or pedi-
cals. The spores are two-celled, generally constricted at the partition,
and vary in size and shape. They are usually about one three-hun-
dreths of an inch in diameter, and one-hundredth of an inch long. Like
the masses of jelly, the spores ard colored bright yellow. Doubtless

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 267

every one lias noticed llie bright yellow masses which are very common
in early spring on the red cedar.

The spores are discharged from the cedar apples about the middle
of April, and when they fall upon the proper host (cultivated apple or
crab apple) and the proper conditions of moisture and temperature are
l)resent, they germinate and give rise to the reddish spots already de-
scribed.

Thus we have a fungus occurring in its first stage on the red cedar,
and i)roducing jelly-like masses known as cedar apples. The spores
that are discharged from the cedar apples will, under certain condi-
tions, give rise to a fungus on the apple-leaf, which differs in many re-
spects from the fungus on red cedar. The spores from the apple leaf
fungus in turn fall upon the red cedar, germinate, and give rise to the
cedar-balls. It has been shown by careful experiments that the above
facts are true. Artificial sowings of the spores from the cedar apples
have been made, which in due time gave rise to the second stage of
the fungus.

The only practical remedy we can suggest is to collect and destroy
the cedar apples before the spores are dispersed. Or, if the cedar
apples are very abundant, destroy the worthless red cedars. There is
one thing, however, which must be borne in mind, and that is, we fre-
quently have this fungus occurring on the wild crab apple in localities
where there are no red cedars ; but the fungus in such localities is
never very destructive. The only explanation we can give as to the
probable cause of such a phenomenon, is that the fungus has the
power of i)ropagating itself by some means unknown to us.

One of the most destructive parasites which attacks the api)le is
known to botanists as

FUSICLADIUM DENDRITICUM.

This fungus causes the desease commonly known as scab. Doubt-
less every fruit grower is f{imi4i;ir with the work of this pest. This
fung-us attacks the leaves and fruit, and frequently the tips of the
young shoots. The scabby spots which occur on the fruit are usually
more or less circular (B Fig. 3 3) and are at first quite small. But the
ei)ots gradually increase in size, and ultimately the fungus in the cen-
tral part of the spots dies and the living fungus is only found at the
outer edge of the spot. The plant body of this fungus consists of
minute branching threads, which are usually colorless. The threads
never penetrate deeply, but grow just beneath the epidermis of the

298 MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY.

host. These threads send up an immense number of short, colored
branches, upon the ends of which the spores (B. Figs. 1-1-1) or repro-
ductive bodies are borne. The spores are dark brown and vary ex-
ceedingly in size and shape. They are usually one-celled, but occasion-
ally are divided by several transverse partitions. The fungus is found
beneath the epidermis of the host, and when it has attained sufficient
size it ruptures the thin skin which covers it and the exposed spores
and threads form the brown, velvety spots described above.

This fungus usually appears early in the spring, soon after the
blossoms fall ; and the spores or reproductive bodies are found
througout the summer and germinate whenever the proper conditions
of moisture and temperature are present. The fungus is never very
active during hot weather, but at the approach of cold, daray weather,
the spots rapidl}' increase in size.

A well known fruit grower writes as follows : " This parasite of
the apple prevails in its greatest abundance in years,having at the time
of leating out and blossoming, weather just adapted to its nature. It
is best fostered in gei'mination and development by cold, wet weather.
A snow storm at blossoming time makes a year of uncommon abund-
ance of scab."

The fungus usually forms on young fruit during the prevalence of
wet weather, and seemingly this condition of the weather supplies the
conditions necessary for the germination of the spores.

Some varieties of apples are not subject to the attacks of this fun-
gus, while other varieties are rarely free from spots. Those nearly ex-
empt are :

Russett, N^onsuch, Seek-no-further, Astrachan, Baldwin, Smith's
Cider and Jenilon.

Those subject to the disease are :

Early Harvest' liambo, Fall Pippin' Rhode Island Greening, Spit-
zenburg and Twenty-Ounce Pippin.

Several remedies for this disease have been used with success.
The ordinary kerosene emulsion, which is used for destroying insects,
is recommended for destroying the spores of this fungus. The emul-
sion is made as follows: Take kerosene, two gallons, soap, one-half
pound, water, one gallon. Heat the solution of soap and add it boil-
ing hot to the kerosene, chum the mixture for ten minutes or until a
perfect emulsion is formed. Dilute before using, one part of emulsion
to nine parts of water.

Prof. Burrill, of Illinois, recommends this remedy, and says the
most favorable time to use it is in the winter when the leaves are off.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 299

and the applications should be made to the young wood. Prof. Burrill
suogest^ tirst pruning away the young wood, especially that most
affected, then syringing the tree with the dilute emulsion. This emul-
sion destroys the spores of the fungus, but does not injure^the tree.
Prof. Sanders, (Canadian Horticulturist) suggests the following reme-
dies :

First — Hyposulphite of soda one pound, water ten gallons, ai)ply
with force pump just before the leaves appear, or when the fruit first
forms.

iSeconfl— 'One pound of sulphur suspended in fifteen gallons of
water. Apply same as number one. Constant stirring is necessary to
keep the sulphur suspended. Lime water has also been used with suc-
cess. It should be ai)plied with syringe or force pump soon after the
young fruit forms and at intervals throughout the summer.

The leaves of young apple trees are frequently attacked by a fun-
gus which covers the leaves with a dirty white coating. This fungus
grows upon the surface of the host and the plant body, consists of long-
branching cob-web-like threads, which attach themselves to the host
or supporting plant by means of suckers, which form on the side of the
thread next to the leaf.

This fungus is known to botanists as Podosphwra tridactyla, and
it occurs on several plants belonging to the Rose family. It appears
about the middle of June, and soon the cob-web-like threads send up
number of vertical branches. They are at first entire, but ultimately
they are divided by several transverse partitions. Gradually the
threads become constricted at the partitions, until we ultimately have
formed a number of globular bodies arranged like beads on a string
(C. Fig. 3). The globular bodies are known as conidia, and whenever
the proper conditions of moisture and temperature are present the
conidia germinate and give rise to the same kind of cob-web-like threads
from which they were derived. These threads in turn produce another
crop of conidia which in turn germinate and produce threads. This
process continues through the summer months, until the parts of the
host attacked is covered with the cob-web-like threads.

Late in the fall another kind of productive body is formed which
is commonly called the winter spore or resting spore. The conidia are
destroyed by frost, but the resting spores fall to the ground with the
leaf, live through the winter, and germinate the following spring. The
spores are contained in a flask. shaped sack called an ascus (C. Fig. 2),
and the ascus is protected by a thick wall, and which is usually colored
black or dark brown. The whole forms a more or less globular body

-300 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

known as a, perithecimn. (0. Fig. 1.) These are quite small and appear
to the naked eye as mere dots not larger than the point of a pin. The
winter spores rarely occur on the apple, but they are abundantly pro-
duced on the cherry and quince and several related pl'ants. As stated
above, the winter spores germinate in the spring and give rise to the
white threads which in turn give rise to the conidia or summer spores.
This fungus is superficial and for all such species sulphur is the best
known remedy. It should be applied in solution as recommended for
scab or by dusting the powder on the leaves when the dew is on.

Another fungus known to botanists as odium fruetigenum, occa-
sionally attacks the apple. This fungus also attacks plums and cher-
ries, and causes a kind of dry rot. The plant body of the fungus con-
sists of minute branching threads which penetrate the tissue of the host,
causing it to decay. The growth of the fungus continues after the
fruit has been gathered. The one-celled spores are produced in chains,
and they form small mealy tufts on the surface of the host. The spoi es
readily germinate whenever the proper conditions of moisture and
temperature are present. Prof. Peck, of New York, says: "The spores
do not effect the fruit when planted on the uninjured skin or rind.
When planted on the freshly exposed flesh they germinate most readily,
and reproduce themselves in about three days."

There are several additional species which frequently attack the
apple, but the injury they cause is comparatvely insignificant. Dur-
ing the past summer many of the apple trees in the southern part of
the State were destroyed by blight. The leaves and young branches
turned black, and appeared as if they had been scorched.

I have seen none of the aff"ected trees, but judging from informa-
tion received from various fruit growers living in that section, this
blight of the apple and the well-known pear blight are identical. I
have now briefly described several of the common species which
attack the apple, and in conclusion, urge you to study the habits of
these interesting parasites. Send me specimens of any injurious spe-
cies you may find in your locality, audi will gladly aid you, if possible.
I thank you for your attention.

More than fifty kinds are known to aff'ect tne apple. The rust on
the apple is remedied by the kerosene emulsion. Lime water has also
been found useful.

During the year the college has collected some '300 species of
fungi, fourteen of them new to science^ We have also received 400
from other institutions, and these will enable us to identify more kinds
in the future than we have been able to do in the past.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 301

lu reply to the question, the spores of the red rust are on the
leaves during the winter or in the sod, though they might be stored in
the cellar on the apple itself. The fungi also live on the bark of young
trees.

I don't considr the cedar tree injurious in orchards. The fungus
will grow on the apple where the red cedar is not known. This seems
to show that the fungus has some other way of propagating itself.
Kerosene emulsion will destroy the spores, Burning the leaves will
be of great use, in that way you destroy a great many of the spores.
They fall in the way as dust, being very small, about one-six hundredth of
an inch in diameter. This fungus is usually terminated in hot weather.
A snow at blooming time is favorable to its development.

2Ir. Speer. — Two years ago we had a snow storm at blooming
times and the rust was very bad that year, manny apples being scabby.
2Ir. Tracy. — Rust is quite rare in the west. In the eastern States
it is very troublesome. Some orchards have been destroyed by this
red rust where the orchards were surrounded by cedar wind-breaks.
This is known to be the fact in several cases. I think the red rust is
dangerous. The cedar apples may be easily gathered from the trees
and the spores destroyed.

Mr. Lionberger. — The scab is getting worse. Would it not be well
to confine ourselves to varieties not subject to this disease? lean
name no variety entirely exempt but some are worse injured than
others.

3Ir. Galloicay. — I think the disease may be hereditary. Some in-
dividuals are less subject to scab than others and we should propagate
from those most exempt.

Mr. Miirry. — Winesaps now scab so badly with us that we are
ready to abandon it; thought it was not scabby much two years ago.
I am satisfied that none are entirely exempt. Ben Davis was more ex-
empt than any other. The Winsap was very fine this year.

Mr. Evans. — Has anyone anything to say about potato rot?
Mr. Murry. — We find those dug early rotted, those dug later not
much better. Those dug early and kept cool did better. Those in a
warm place rotted. Those nearest the surface of the ground were al-
most all bad. Places covered with weeds or something else that
shaded the ground did not rot. Morning glories saved one thousand
bushels for one man. He had very little rot.

Mr. Galloway. — A number of diseases cause rot in the potato. Eot
in the potato, rust in the apple and mildew in the grape are all fungi of
the same order. The grape does not rot when protected from mois-

302 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ture. Peiliaps the moniiiig glories protected the potatoes from mois-
ture of light rains and dews.

Mr. Durlces. — Potatoes on northern slopes rotted but little.
Mr. Tracy. — The rot propagates by means of spores which will
germinate in a few liours. A lialf day will give you the second gener-
ation. None of them can germinate without moisture. So long as
they are kept dry they are entirely harmless. The more vigorous the
potato the less liable they aie to the rot. The spores germinate uiore
rapidly upon heated or weakened potatoes. Heated potatoes near the
surface of the i)round are wet by a heavy dew and are liable to rot.
Tlie rot attacks the potato by the eye, and rarely penetrates deeper
than the skin. When tliat is destroyed the potato decays from other
causes. Where potatoes are rotting badly the stem sometimes appears
velvety as if covered with a light frost. Vigorous growth in the plant
is one of the best preventives. There is no adequate remedy.

Mr. iSpeer.—ls it safe for us to i)lant apparently sound potatoes
from last year's crop which rotted badly ?

Prof. Tracy. — I think it will make but little difference. The spores
are all over the country and are ready to grow when the conditions are
favorable. Vigorous growth will do more than any otlier one thing to
prevent disease. A cool climate is also favorable. The spores will
germinate on the tuber or on the stem and then run down to the tuber.
When it germinates in the cellar the spores must liave been upon the
tuber before it was taken into the cellar.

l*rof. Oshorn. — This season I have had experience it two States,
Missouri and Kansas, with potatoes. In Missouri they were worthless
from the rot. I think it owing to the fact that the vitality was sapped
by the excessive heat. In Kansas we had the drouth also, but I had
a large crop of prairie hay with which we mulched the potatoes live or
six inches deep. We had a fine crop, the mulch saving the moisture
and protecting them from the great heat. Some of us are old enough
to remember the potato famine in Ireland, when the crop from year to
year was a total failure. I think the cause was the degenerate condi-
tion of the potato. We obviate the difficulty by going back to seed
and getting new varieties, with new vigor, able to resist the disease.
This teaches us the lesson that no one variety of potato will last for
any great length of time; so it is necessary for us to keep growing
new.

Mr. Ragan. — A great potato grower, who 'raised 40,000 or 50,000
bushels said the Early Rose rotted worse than anything else, while

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 303

some of the newer varieties did not rot at all. The old varieties are
deteriorating' and we must go back to the seed and get new varieties.

Mr. President. — The Peach Blow is now one of the oldest varieties
we have. It is also one of the most exempt from rot. We have one
thousand bushels and there is not an unsound potato in the whole
lot.

Mr. Teuhner. — The Peach Blow is such a very late ])otato that it
grows in the fall when the weather is cool and there is plenty of moist-
ure. I think decay is prevented by early digging. One year I had
one hundred and fifty bushels of White Star. I dug a few very early
for the fair and after exhibiting them I stored them in a dry shed. The
others staid in the ground very late. The season was hot and wet.
By the middle of October I found one-third of those in the ground
"were rotten and the sound ones were rough and of poor quality. The
early dug ones were mealy and nice as they could be. Since that time
I have practiced digging them as soon as the vines commenced dying,
not letting them get hot in the sun, but digging early in the morning
and late in the evening.

Mr. LaiighUn. — I had a very fine patch, planted late, well tended.
I let them stay in the ground very late. After the first ^ight frost I
put them in the cellar and thouglit I was safe, tn the last week I find
one-fourth gone with rot, and going very fast. I will take them from
the cellar and put them in pits mixed with dirt. I have the Early Eose,
White Whipple and Beauty of Hebron.

Mr. Francis. — I remember a patch of potatoes that were fine. The
river overflowed them for three days. They were dug shortly after-
wards and there was not a sound potato in that part of the patch. I
keep potatoes dry, harvest them soon after maturity, i)ut them in gran-
eries in the barn, cool, dark and dry. I have done this way for years.
I have very little rot. The drier and cooler the place the better.
They sprout in the cellar.

Mr. Follett. — I think it is a question of vitality, of breeding. W^e
have the same thing with all manner of life. The same things that en-
genders scrofula in the human family will engender disease in the veg-
etable family.

Mr. Murray — I have several times procured seed potatoes from
the north. I find it increases my crop from thirty to fifty per cent. We
are in too warm a latitude to maintain the full vigor of the Irish potato.

Mr. Laughlin — I would like to have a cure for the potatoes now iu
the cellar.

Mr. Follett — You can't cure them.

304 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Galloway explained by blackboard illustrations the growth of
the fungus which caused the rot and how it destroyed the substance
of the potato. He said the spots of this fungus could not be killed
by any direct application.

Question 1. Why do we destroy the enemies of the coddling moth
by trapping with bands ?

Prof. Taft — Some of the enemies of the moth might be in the
bands.

2. What is the best time of the year to cut elder, to exterminate
it?

Mr. Gano — Dig them up by the roots any time in the year.

3. What is an effectual remedy for the cabbage worm ?
Prof. Tracy — ^The coal oil emulsion.

Mr. Goodman — Pyrethrum.

4. Should pie plant be cut or pulled !

Answer — Pull the stalks, cutting, leaves the surface exposed and
injures the plant more than pulling.

5. Should asparagus be pulled or cut above the ground !
Mr. BeiJil — Immaterial.

6. Why does the Huntsman apple spot and scab worse than other
sorts ?

3fr. Speer — I would say it does not.

7. Does thickness of skin have anything to do with it ?
Mr. Galloway — It does in the potato.

A resolution was adopted requesting county and local societies to
take steps to organize societies in adjoining counties, and report at the
next meeting of the society.

Mr. Follett wanted the members to report all facts about fruit grow-
ing and especially as to feeding apples to stock.

The following history of Huntsman's Favorite apple is handed in
to the secretary :

John Huntsman settled two miles east of Lexington. An apple
tree came up by a stump against his house. From this tree the origi-
nal cions were taken by Mr. Wentworth, a nurseryman of Lexington,
and grafted into his nursery and named Huntsman Favorite.

The following resolution was presented and adopted.
Resolved, That the county societies of the State be requested to
make efforts for the organization of similar horticultural societies, aux-

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 305

jlliary to the State Society, in all their adjoining or contiguous coun-
ties during the coming year and report their respective success at our

aiext annual meeting.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Your committee to which were referred the report of the secre-
tary, submits the following recommendations, viz.:

1. ^Ye deem the establishment of experiment stations in each
State and Territory as provided for in the bill now before Congress
-and known as the "Hatch Experiment Station Bill," a measure of the
utmost importance for the furtherence of exact experimental work, and
recommend that the society take appropriate action to further its adop-
tion.

2. In the matter of the publication of our reports, your commit-
tee is unable to devise or recommend any plan further than that which
has been followed since the organization of the society. Our State
laws provide for annual reports only, and these are printed at the ex-
pense of the State. Should the society arrange for the publication of
quarterly reports as suggested by the secretary, the entire expense of
printing would have to be borne by the society, much additional labor
would be placed upon the secretary and the reports, when published,
would necessarily be so brief that they would not be so generally
sought after and so highly valued as are the reports in their present
form.

As we have seen at the present meeting the leading papers of the
State have reporters present, who are ready and anxious to publish
immediately all the important papers presented at any meeting, and in
this way our best work is given to the public while still fresh and new^

3. Your committee recommends that all matters concerning the
legal statutes of the society, and the securing of a_ sufficient appro-
priation for the State Legislature be referred to the Executive Com-
mittee, with full power to take such action as may seem best.

H. E.— 20

306 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4. Your committee fully endorses the work of the secretary in
collecting statistics in regard to the fruit crop of the State, and, if suf-
ficient means can be provided, recommend that the work be carried on
to as full an extent as possible.

5. Your committee recommend that the Executive Committee of
this society is hereby authorized and directed to secure the services of
some competent person to investigate the injuries to plants caused by
parasitic fungi, and also to secure the services of some competent
Entomologist. For the expense of these investigations an appropriation
of five hundred dollars per annum from the funds of the society is
recommended if it can be obtained from the legislature for that pur-
pose.

Amended so as to leave with the Executive Committee.

6. Your committee recommends that this society send a delegate
to the next meeting of the American Pomological Society, and also
that one be appointed to represent this society at the meeting of the
Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Arkansas and Kansas State Horticultural So-
cieties.

7. In the matter of the revision of the apple list, your committee
recommends the appointment of a special committee who shall under-
take the revision of the list, giving special attention to the date of
ripening and selling season of each, this committee to report at our
next annual meeting.

8. The appointment of a committee to provide rules for the gov-
ernment of the judges in our fruit exhibits, in order to secure uniform-
ity of awards is recommended.

9. Your committee recommends that Article III, of the constitu-
tion of the society be so amended that their terms of office shall begin
on the first day of June following their election. All of which is
respectfully submitted.

S. M. TRACY,

z. s. eaga:n',

Committee.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 307

EEPORT O^f THE IIs^SECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUITS IX MIS-
SOURI, FOR THE SEASON OF 188G.

READ BY MISS IDA CRUME.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO APPLES.

BY MISS MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, MO.

As the apple is the standard and 'standby fruit of the civilized
world, its insects enemies merit, and have received, special fconsidera-
tion from all economic entomologists.

My memoranda for the present season may therefore be appropri-
ately introduced by a passing reference to, or a more extended de-
scription of some of the six-legged depredators on this fruit of fruits.

Prof. Lintner, in his very valuable first report on the insects of
New York, enumerated one hundred and seventy-six species of insects
that feed, either exclusively or in addition to other vegetation upon
the apple tree. To this long list I could, from personal observation,
add at least a half dozen more, and I am sorry to say that almost every
tree that I saw during the past summer had the appearance of having
been ravaged by the entire army.

It is true that the unthrifty foliage of the orchards and the general
failure of the fruit crops in all the States bordering on the Mississippi
river^ were due in some measure to the unusual climatic conditions.
The severity of the previous winter, the excessive rains of May and
June and the protracted drouth and the extreme heat of July and Au-
gust, could scarcely fail to produce very unequal development of both
foliage and fruit, besides rendering the trees peculiarly susceptible to
various fungus diseases. But, in addition to these, many of the most
formidable of insect pests made their appearance in vast numbers and
in uninterrupted succession. Scale insects and woolly aphis spread
over the bark; borers excavated the roots and tunneled the wood;
bugs and plant-lice rioted on the swelling buds, and, a little later, myr-

t308 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

iads of canker-worms made their advent and were joined in their noc-
turnal banquets by climbing cut-worms and other caterpillars, and,
when the fruit had set, there also was the ubiquitous codling moth to
make good its claim to about seventj^-five i)cr cent, of the product.
There may be orchards in Missouri from which a more encouraging re-
port could be made, but the above is, I believe, the average entomo-
logical history of the apple tree in this State for the season of ]886.
What wonder then that our bins and barrels are already empty, or but
scantily filled with small and flavorless specimens of the poorer varie-
ties ?

There are but few new facts to offer in the history of any of these
well-known pests. The only point of practical importance to be in-
sisted on is the application of remedies either prophylactic or directly
destructive.

APPLE TREE BORERS.

For borers in the trunk the best preventive application is soft
soap, made into a thin paste with soda or air slacked lime, and applied
especially to the crotch of the tree and for a short distance up on the
larger branches : the rains will wash it down far enough to protect the
lower part of the trunk, and the beetles will not lay their eggs on bark
thus coated. This should be put on in May or early in June.

Where the borers are already in the tree they may with time and
patience be extracted with a knife or wire, but this is a tedeous pro-
cess and scarcely worth while, except in the case of some particular
tree which the orchardist is anxious to save.

Nursery stock and young orchards occasionally suffer considerable
injury from the attacks of the broad-necked ViioniiH (Frionus laficoUis,
Drury), an immense borer which works in the main roots, completely
excavating them and often ascending some distance u}) into the trunk.
The habits of this insect were briefly described to this society at the
last annual meeting by Mr. Lionberger, for whom it had destroyed a
large number of young trees. He had not at the time identified the
grub with its perfect form, but in the course of the summer I received
from him a full grown specimen which I at once recognized as the larva
of the above named species. From a short account of it, which I pub-
lished in Colman's Eural World of ISTov. 4th, I copy the following par-
agraphs :

"The broad-necked Prionus was fully described and illustrated In
Prof. Riley's first and secohd reports on the insects of Missouri. It

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 309

was then considered chiefly as a grape-root borer, but its frequent at-
tacks on young apple trees and some other kinds of vegetation also
mentioned.

"The larva in question is fitly described as 'gigantic' — a full grown
specimen measuring three inches in length by nearly three-fourths
inch in diameter, across the thoracic segments. It is of cream white
color except the head, which is small, horny and dark brown. The
first thoracic and the terminal joints are smooth and glassy, but the
greater part of the surface is much wrinkled and pitted.

"The borer has never, so far as I am aware, been bred from the
egg to maturity, but is is supposed to require about three years for its
complete development. It works for the most part in larger roots, but
occasionally bores through the collar and upwards into the trunk of
the tree, completely excavating it and, of course, causing its speedy
death. As this borer is capable of moving freely through the soil, it
often passes from one tree to another, if the one first entered does not
sutiice for its sustenance. It attains its growth in the autumn of the
second (?) year, passes the succeeding winter in a torpid state within a
hollowed-out root, changes to pupa late in the following spring and
the beetle makes its appearance early in July. The latter is among the
largest of our long horned borers, the female measuring from one to
one and a fourth inches in length and three-fifths inch in diameter.
The male is often much smaller. The color is a shining brown-black
throughout. The head is suppled with strong, pointed jaws and many
pointed antennae of medium length. The thorax is sharply notched or
toothed at the sides."

While there is no record of this species having been found in
large living trees. Prof. Riley states that it breeds in decaying stumps
and wood of forest trees, and advises not to plant orchards or vine-
yards on land on which any stumps have been suffered to remain. The
only remedy that has been suggested is to kill the beetles and larvae
wherever found, or to make the attempt to attract the beetles to their
destruction by means of bon-fires in summer in the vicinity of ;^oung
orchards or nurseries in which this borer has been found.

THE CASJKER WORM.

Among the leaf feeding apple tree pests the spring canker-worm
{Anisopteryx vernata, Peck) is pre-eminent on account of its general
distribution, its constant re-appearance and the difficulty of entirely
eradicating it from an orchard in which it has obtained a foothold.
This insect is too well known to need re-description here. How to

310 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

keep it in check is the only part of the subject that is wortli while to
consider in these notes.

Dr. Goslin, of Oregon, Mo., wrote me last spring that he kept his
orchard free from it by spraying with Paris green or London purple in
liquid suspension. There is no quef^tion that this is the best means of
killing the worms, but the difficulty is that so few fruit growers will
take the trouble and incur the expense of the apparatus and powders.
There is likewise some danger in the handling of these poisons, and
unless great care is used the tender foliage may be burned.

The most effective preventive measure is frequent and thorough
stirring of the soil. Where the orchard is plowed and harrowed late
in the autumn the pupie are disturbed and exposed and a large propor-
tion perish during the winter. Plowing every alternate year would
serve to keep an orchard measurably, if not entirely free from them.
If in addition to this, an application of some sticky substance, such as
refuse molasses, coal tar, or printers' ink, be made very early in the
spring, to each tree for the purpose of trapping the wingless female
moths, the foliage of the treos can be tolerably well preserved without
the use of insecticides.

THE CODLING MOTH.

What the canker worm is to the leaves of the apple the codling
moth is to the fruit, only in a still greater degree of destructiveness.
For this insect, also, no direct remedy has been found of greater value
than the Paris green solution, in the ratio of one and one-half ounces
of the green to five gallons of water, applied by means of a force pump,
hose and one of the patent spraying nozzles advertised in our horticul-
tural journals. This remedy should be first used when the apples have
attained the size of a pea and are still erect on their pedicels, and other
applications should be made at short intervals for several weeks. Prof.
Forbes, State Entomolsgist of Illinois, in an exhaustive and valuable
paper on the codling moth, records a series of careful experiments with
Paris green, London purple and lime, with a view of determining their
intrinsic and relative value. His conclusions on the subject are thus
summarized: "That paris green will save to ripening at a probable ex-
pense of ten cents per tree, seven-tenths of the apples which must
otherwise be conceded to the codling moth, that London purple will
apparently save about one-fifth, and that the lime will save none."

The experiment was tried during a season when the apple crop
was scant, following one in which there had been an abundant yield,
in which the insect had bred excessively. Prof. Forbes cautions

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 311

those using the arsenical preparations against their application late in
the season, as in an examination of apples, treated about the first of
September, a dangerous amount of the green was found still to adhere
to them when ripe, although they had been repeatedly washed by
heavy rains. Of course, no domestic animals, not even chickens, could
with safety be admitted to an orchard in which these insecticides were
used. Some injury to the foliage is inevitable where the applications
are frequent, and it is doubtful if trees, treated during successive sea-
sons, would be very long lived. In view of these drawbacks on the
best remedy yet known, we cannot conclude that the doom of the
canker worm and codling moth is settled, and there is consequently
still room for invention and discovery as to the best methods of pre-
serving our orchards from their attacks.

THE PLUM CUROULIO.

Of stone fruits — speaking for a large section of the State, only the
•common red cherry and a few of the hardier plums yielded average
crops ; and for lack of the peach, sweet cherry, apricot, etc., the plum
curculio was compelled to perpetuate its kind by means of fruits, which
ordinarily it seldom injures to any extent. The Red cherry, however,
swells too suddenly and is too juicy to suit the taste of the larvsB and
I have seldom succeeded in rearing those found in this fruit.

A large proportion of the AVild goose and Chickasaw plums, which
are generally almost exempt from attack, were stung-and dropped from
the tree ; but although the larv'ne seemed perfectly healty in their
development, I did not obtain a single beetle from a large number
which I consigned to the rearing jar.

SMALL FEUITS.

Berries of all kinds yielded abundantly and there was no general
complaint of insect destruction.

Strawberries in St. Louis county suffered considerably early in the
season from cutworms and white grub, and later in the summer an un-
usually large proportion of the leaves were folded and turned brown by
the strawberry Leaf-roller {Phoxoj)teris comptana^ Frol.), an insect be-
longing to the family Tortricidoe of the Order Lepidoptera. The larva,
which does the damage, measures, when full grown, less than half an
inch in length and is about as thick as a medium sized knitting needle.
It is of a dull olive green color, somewhat hairy, with a shining, horny,
brown head. It folds the leaf upper surface in, fastening the edges

313 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTEAL, SOCIETY.

securely together. In this p iich it lives, feeding on the green tissue
of the upper surface of the leaf. When full grown it changes to a
small, naked, brown chrysalis and in the case of the tirst l)rood, the
moth emerges in from ten days to two weeks. The second brood of
worms appears in August and passes the winter in the pupa state.

Where this insect is so numerous as to be seriously destructive,
applications of Paris green or tobacco tea have been found effectual,.
and in some fields the heroic measure of burning, by the aid of a light
covering of straw, has been tried with entire success in exterminating-
the leaf rollers, while the strawberry plants were not injured at the
roots and immediately put forth a strong growth of new leaves.

The Strawberry Slug or False caterpillar [Umphytus maculatus.
Norton), was reported to me from some sections of the State, but I
could not learn that its injuries were very general or very great. As
it is at times, however, very destructive it is well for the fruit-grower
to be able to recognize it and to be informed as to the best means of
combatting it.

The perfect insect is a small, black, four-winged liy, belonging to
the group known as saw-flies, from the peculiar saw-like construction
and action of the blades of the ovipositor. It may be seen about the
first of May flitting sluggishly about or resting ui)on the strawberry
plants and depositing its eggs in little slits in the stems. From these
eggs the tiny worms soon hatch and begin feeding on the leaves, per-
forating- them with round holes. The full-grown worm is rather more
than helf an inch in length, of a dull translucent yellow color, shading-
to bluish green on the back. Head round, dnll yellow, spotted with
brown. Thoracic legs long, prolegs sixteen in number but slightly de-
veloped. When not feeding it rests on the leaf in a coiled position.
Transformation is effected in a slight earthen cell just beneath the sur-
face of the ground and the larv* remains in a dormant condition until
the following spring. The -greatest difficulty in contending with this
pest lies in the fact that it is single brooded and commits its most ser-
ious depredations on the plants just as the fruit is ripening, and unless
the crop be entirely relinquished, no poisonous applications can be
made to the vines. Pyrethrum in powder or infusion can be used, but
is scarcely to be depended upon.

Where the insect is present in great numbers it is advisable to
plow up and thoroughly work the soil of the strawberry beds and re-
plant in as distant a location as possible. The plowing and harrowing-
will disturb and break open the cells in which the larvse rei)08e, or
bury them deeply in the ground, and in either case they will perish.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 313

PICKLED FRUIT FLY.

In concluding" these notes I must refer to an insect that is becom-
ing year by year an increasing nuisance, especially to housekeepers.
This is a small two-winged fly or gnat, popularly termed the pickled
fruit fly, pomace-fly or ferment-fly, and scientifically described under
the name of Drosophila annyelophila, Lowe. This insect first attracted
my attention four or five years ago, hovering over baskets of gathered
fruit and infesting jars of pickles and jam that had not been hermetic-
ally sealed. Every succeeding year it has become more numerous and
destructive and during the past summer and autumn was an almost in-
sufferable pest. The fly is one-eighth of an inch in length, of a dull
yellow color, faintly banded at the posterior end with black. The head
is short and broad with prominent eyes. Thorax large and rounded,
and, like the entire body, clothed with fine, often-branching hairs. The
broad wings are beautifully irridescent, intersected by a few strong-
black veins and delicately fringed with hairs.

These flies are attracted to all fruits on which the epidermis is not
absolutely intact, and especially to cooked vegetables, preserves and
expressed fruit juices. The eggs, which they deposit on these sub-
stances, hatch almost immediately and in a very few days the food will
be swarming with small, somewhat spindle-shaped, whitish maggots.
The latter when full grown are about one-fourth of an inch in length,
scantily clothed with short hairs and have at each end several minute
tubercles. They retiuire but four or five days for development and at
the end of that time, stationing themselves in some permanent situa-
tion, they gradually shrink and harden into pale-brown puparia^ with
tuberculated heads and tails, from which, in a few days, the flies
emerge by ruptures in the upper ends.

This insect does not, so far as I have been able to discover, ever
attack perfectly sound, growing or pickled fruit. But the slightest
puncture, like the peck of a bird, or a cut made by a wasp or other in-
sect affords it an entrance and the larvre soon reduce the fruit to a
mass of decay. In this way the work of the codling moth and curculio
is rendered doubly destructive. •

It has been reported as a v^y pernicious pest in vinyards, and
many grape growers contend that the larva^- make their way into sound
fruit, but this is doubtful. It is probable, however, that they do, indi-
rectly, destroy many perfect berries, by spreading to them the fer-
menting juices of those which are infested and producing the condi-
tions favorable for their entrance and development.

314 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Around tlie cider mill these flies may be seen in dense clouds and
any pomace that is neglected for a day or two will be found absolutely
alive with the larviB. But this is not so serious as the fact that they
follow the cider into the vinegar barrels and breed in the latter to a
disgusting extent. My attention was called last year to a barrel of
cider in process of fermentation, on top of which, supported on the
scum, these larvre formed a layer nearly a quarter of an inch thick,
while the sides of the barrel above the liquid were densely encrusted
with their puparia.

During the present season the drying of apples or other fruits in
the sun became an impossibility on accout of this insect; and all
pickles, preserves and even jellies had to be tightly sealed while still
hot to insure their preservation. Even the fruit placed on the table
for dessert would be attended by such a swarm of these litter pale flies
that one lost one's relish for it.

Kemedies for such a pest are difficult to discover, and extermina-
tion seems impossible. The only way in which the evil can be miti-
gated is in burning, or otherwise disposing of all refuse liable to at-
tack, and in extreme care in kitchen and pantry, not to leave exposed
any preparation that will afford it a breeding place.

MAEY E. MURTFELDT,

Kirkwood, Mo.

A vote of thanks was given to the reader and to the writer of the
paper.

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO SMALL FRUITS.

BY PROF. S. M. TRACY.

'The paper was not furnished for publication.

SECRETARY.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 315

DISCUSSION.

Prof. Tracy — If grapes rot after being bagged it is because the
bags were not placed upon the fruit before the spores were upon its
surface. I don't believe the spores would get up if covered deeply
with the plow in the fall, but it is impracticable to cover them all. It
can't be done. They have no balloon and will not come up through the
g:round if they are covered.

A PLEA FOE OUR BIEDS.

BY THEO. G. LEM3I0N.

To one engaged in the study of Missouri Ornithology it is an evi-
dent, as well as deplorable, fact that some of our most interesting and
useful native birds are diminishing in numbers with a rapidity indica-
tive of early extinction. The pleas, under which this uncalled for kill-
ing is carried on, are almost as various as the whims of those who do
the killing. The-boy-with-a-gun, the call of a senseless fashion, and
the supposition that certain birds are destructive to an extent that their
killing is thus warranted, are the principle causes of destruction.

To you whose pursuits and tastes are such as to bring you into
contact with bird life and an appreciation of its beauties, who own lands
over which the sportsman (?) and vandal carry on the work of destruc-
tion, I come with a plea, begging you to enforce the laws preventing
shooting on your grounds, except by those whom you can trust to carry
out your instructions as to what to shoot. If you are for an instant
in doubt about what to have shot, let me offer you a few facts gleaned
from fourteen years of study of Missouri birds as well as some gleaned
from other studejits in other fields, nor will I call your attention to a
single bird that I do not know to have been taken within the bounda-
ries of our State.

316 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The killing of American birds for the protection of any crop grown
on Missouri soil, I am convinced is a mistake. I care not what the
bird may be, nor what the crop to be protected. I do not speak at
random, Missouri has a bird fauna of at least one hundred and eighty-
eight species, not one of which do I deem it wise husbandry to destroy
for the protection of any crop grown here, nor yet for the protection
of either bees or poultry.

Feeling that it is entirely by your kindness that I come before you
to offer a plea for our birds, I must necessarily feel that my time is
limited. I will, therefore, begin by pleading for those upon which the
fiai of destruction has been passed by men for so long "that the mem-
ory of man runneth not to the contrary." Even our legislatures have
gone so far as to allow the killing of certain birds throughout all sea-
sons, and, in at least one case, offered a reward for the heads of
hawks.

Now, let us discard, for a moment, the superstitions regarding
both hawks and owls, and see if these dignified bodies have not been
guilty of trying to perpetuate a superstition as wikl as the dreaiu of a
sap-sucker, and that, too, by "an act entitled an act, and rendered valid
by the signature of the Governor and the great seal of blank. A gen-
eral assembly of owls could draw a better bill, so far as ornithology is
concerned, and yet it is not because these men are not intelligent enough
to know, but because they had rather adopt and work on a popular
superstition than do the work necessary to learn the truth.

I do not deny that hawks and owls catch chickens. In the twenty-
two years over which my memory reaches with a distinctness sufficient
to make it reliable, 1 have three times seen a hawk catch a chicken,
so I am positive the poultry industry has suffered from this cause a
dead loss of two chickens — the third chicken I rescued, so no loss
was sustained.- My hearer did you ever see a hawk or an owl catch a
chicken? How often have you seen it"? Have you seen it often
enough to keep, for six months, a single hawk as fat as a gray hound,,
or even a church mouse '?

' I know you believe it, I know everybody believes it, and I know
nobody can give any better reason for the belief than you can ; and
you will acknowledge you have not evidence enough to convict a man
of treason if it were directed against a man instead of a bird, and given
in a court of justice instead of poured into the too eager ear. Ninety-
nine hundredths of your »s-idence is hearsay, and you could write all
you have heard on a postal card, and yet have room for the seal and
signature.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 317

But we are not confined to such evidence, if we will but look
where better is to be found. We have evidence given upon profes-
sional honor, which is as sacred as an oath, Mr. B. Harry Warren, of
Chester county, Penn., has so studied and written, (see report of the
Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture for 1883), as to enable us to know
the facts so far as hawks are concerned. Let us read the lesson as he,
by eight years of study, learned it. He dissected the following speci-
mens and found them to contain what is herein set forth.

RED TAILED HAWK, ( But 60 boreaUsJ.

One hundred and two birds dissected ; "in 81, chiefly mice and
small quadrupeds, also some small birds ; 9, chickens ; 3, quail ; 2, rab-
bits ; 1, ham skin ; 1, part of a skunk ; 3, snakes."

KED SHOULDERED HAWK, ( ButeO UncatUSj.

Thirty-six birds dissected; "in 23 mice and small quadrupeds, grass-
hoppers and coleoi)terous insects ; 2, snakes and parts of frogs ; 2,
small birds, particles of hair and orthopterous insects."

BROADWINGED HAWK, f But 60 Pennsylvanicus).

Twelve birds dissected ; " in 4, were mice ; 3, small birds ; 4, frogs ;
1, killed the 22d of May this year (1883) was gorged with crawfish with
which were traces of coleopterous insects." *

SPARROW HAWK, ( Timmiwulus sparverius).

Twenty-nine birds dissected; "fifteen principally mice, with fre-
quent traces of various insects; 6, grasshoppers; 2, coleoptera and
grasshoppers ; 2, meadow larks ; 4, small birds, sparrows."

COOPERS HAWK, fAccipeter cooperij.

Twenty-seven birds dissected; "fourteen showed the food taken
to have been chickens; 5, small birds, sparrows and warblers^ — Den-
droeca ; 2, quail ; ], bull-frogs ; 3, mice and insects; 2, hair and other
remains of quadrupeds.

SHARP-SKINNED HAWK, (Accepiter fiiscusj.

Fifteen birds dissected; "six of this flumber showed small birds ;
3, quail ; J, mice ; 4, remains of young chickens ; 1, grasshoppers and
beetles."

318 MISSOURI STATE HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK, fArcluvhuteo lagopiis Sancti Jo-

JiannisJ.

]Srine birds dissected; "all showed their food to have been exclu-
sively field mice."

From this it appears that except Cooper's, the hawks are the
friends and assistants of the Agriculturist and Horticulturist, and that
upon no other is war necessary, nor do I deem it necessary in his case,
but as he is small, one of the swiftest and least suspicioned, he will
care for himself.

The owls need but little defense^ if you want to find the home of
an owl, go into the heavy forests and look on the ground at the roots
of the large trees, particularly the hollow trees. You will not have
hunted long, in the proper locality, till jou find at the root of some tree
a number of queer looking pellets made of hair and bones. These are
waste matter disgorged from the stomach or crop of an owl. If you
are not well enough posted in comparative anatomy to recognize the
bones, you can at least conclude that the hair did not come off of any
of your chickens ; whether the wholesale destroyers of rabbits, field-
mice, moles, etc., merit extinction at the hands of agriculturists and
horticulturists, these gentlemen may determine.

The crow is under ban from which I will make no effort to remove
him, as he is abundantly able to take care of himself.

I will simply say, in his favor, that he is the untiring enemy of the
wire worm.

During the fall of 1884 I was at Lexington, Mo., and heard con-
stant complaint of the ravages of the wire-worm. Knowing the crow
to have been charged with enmity to the insect I took advantage of
the favorable opportunity to make investigations. By shooting and
examining a number of birds I satisfied myself that he was, at least,
one of the most formidable natural enemies of this pest. While I be-
lieve 99 per cent of the depredations charged to him are made upon
hearsay evidence^ I do not deem it at all necessary to offer anything
more in his favor, but would address him in the language of the im-
mortal Tallyrand ; "Madam you can schwim!"

Of our small birds I find the Cat-bird, fM. CaroUnensisJ, the Or-
chard Oriole, fJ. SpurinsJ^ the Bee martin or King bird, (T. CaroUnen-
sisj, the Jay bird, fC. crislatus), and the Domestic Sparrow or English
Sparrow, (P. domesticusj changed with high crimes and misdemeanors;
or at least with conduct unbecoming the friend of the horticulturist.
I am not prepared to sit in judgment upon the cat-bird, from lack of

A^^NUAL, BIEETING AT LEXINGTON. 319-

opportunity to make an exhaustive study of him in his relations to the
fruit crop. He is one of our tamest birds, as well as one of our sweet-
est singers. I, therefore, would beg that persons entertaining the
least doubt, would give the bird the benefit of the doubt.

The Orchard Oriole — This little fellow with his black head, wing,.
and tail and chestnut body- color, or little lady with black trimmings
and yellowish-olive body-covering. I am, as a result of a series of in-
vestigations undertaken at the instigation of the President of the Mis-
souri State Horticultural Society, forced to render some evidence
against. He will nip a grape occassionally, nor does he wait upon the
occasion.

Last summer in an arbor where I had an opportunity of watching
some, that had evidently nested near, I found them among the vines
earl}^ indeed. The greater part of their work, I was soon convinced
from their activity, was capturing insects. On several occasions I was
convinced the bird attacked the grape. Going immediately to the
spot I found at least one grape that he had taken in his month and
squeezed thoroughly ; the skin of course being broken in each case ;
and at least a part of the pulp gone. But for every berry in the arbor
so injured I found several as efi'ectually ruined by being punctured
with a little round hole through which I found the bees Were feeding.

Later, on shooting some of these birds and dissecting them on the
spot, I found in at least three of them (I shot four) traces of grapes;
though the crop was pretty well filled with insects — to which the bees
were not exceptions.

The Bee Martin or Kingbird is a true fly catcher and is not over-
choice in his diet. His principal want in life seem to be quantity and
not quality ; the one problem to the solution of which he devotes him-
self with, one assiduity worthy of a more noble cause, is, how to se-
cure the largest amount of food with the least possible outlay of exer-
tion. Hence, he hovers over the bee-hive simply because it saves
labor. He never disturbs fruit. He does disturb bees, and bees will
disturb fruit, at least, after the skin is broken.

The Bee Martin if he locates near your orchard or vineyard does
so, because he finds food convenient — insect food. He can not afford
to waste vital energy securing food. He needs all his vital energy to
whip everything else that wears feathers and flies in sight of his domi-
cile. He will tolerate no invasion of his pre-empted grounds. As I
said before, he cares little as to the quality of his food, if it only ranks
up well in quantity.

I once dissected a Bee Martin, which, from the number of pairs of
wings I found. I was convinced had that morning eaten thirteen Colo-

320 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rado potato beetles, and this is the only bird I have ever known to
destroy that insect.

The Jay bird, (C. crcstatus,) is one of our prettiest and most fami-
liar birds, and as a songster is capable of producing- a series of low
melodious tones ; but he is an omniverous marauder, an unmittigated
scamp. He is the school-boy of bird life, whose only excuse for living
is that he may comuut some outrageous depredation and then fly off
and yell his joy in demoniacal tones. He does sometime forget himself
and warble a low, sweet melody; but it is only during his mental
aberations. I think as soon as he collects his wits he is thoroughly
ashamed of himself for having wasted a moment which might have
been devoted to the commission of some nuisance.

He is a connoiseur in diet, and takes to variety ; and will pull the
shuck down from a green ear of sweet corn and peck the grains off
with apparently as much relish as he will rob the May cherry, apricot,
early appie or grave vine. Yet these are only the dainties for which
he renders compensation by the astonishing quantity of insects he
feeds to his progeny.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW, fP. domcstkus.).

England's contribution to American Ornithology — was inported to
destroy the canker-worms and geome birds; but with true English
perversity, positively refuse to have anything to do with either from
the day of his landing to the present. jSTature built him on the princi-
ples upon which grain-eating birds are fashioned ; but he declines
grain for fruits or the garbage of the gutter. Pugnacious in the high-
est degree, he drives asvay the native birds that would feed upon the
insects he was imported to destroy. Of all the bird fauna of A^meilca,
this alien promises to prove the greatest if not the only nuisance. He
is already a nuisance in the city, and, judging from the observations of
American, and the experience of Australian ornithologists, he promises
to as completely overrun the country as the city ; and that within a
few years. As rapidly as he encroaches upon the rural districts, he
should be murdered — utterly regardless of the suffering entailed upon
his numerous progeny. The New York Sun " detests the English spar-
row as a bird that is wholly depraved, a robber, a brigand, a pirate,
everything that is bad;" and if it would echo my entire sentiment it
n)ight add, " nothing that is good." Listen to his acconjplishments as
an Australian importation, and then we will drop him — as often as he
comes in gun shot.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 321

Miss Gordon Curainings writes up one case in which a horticultur-
ist was foraged upon by these nuisances to the extent of a ton and a
half of grapes and the entire product of five fig trees, and this assess-
ment was levied and collected in the brief period often days.

Kev. J. G. Wood says : " Poison and traps have been tried in
vain, as the sparrow finds fruits quite good enough for him without
eating poison, and is much too clever to be enticed into a trap."

An Australian journal says: " The sparrow in Australia has con-
ceived a new and broader scheme of life than that with which he was
satisfied in the old country. Nothing is safe from his devastating bill.
His appetite for grapes is insatiable, in figs is his delight. In peaches,
nectarines, apricots, pears and plums he makes such sad havoc as to
cause a famine in those fruits, abundantly as they grow in the kindly
soil of Australia. The agriculturist has found in him a foe more terri-
ble than the blight or the caterpillar. Wheat, barley and peas are de-
voured in the ear and in the pod, when fruits are not in season. AYhen
neither fruits nor grain are to be got, then tender flower buds and suc-
culent young vegetable shoots are laid under contribution,"

For years in some parts of the continent he has been an out-law
upon whose head a price was set. Yet his increase is steady.

The fecundity of the bird is astonishing. I have known a pair to
raise to flight three broods of from four to six birds each in a single
season — from twelve to eighteed birds increase from a single pair. We
may safely put the increase at ten fold per annum, which will cover the
Ameicau continent more rapidly than did the Europeans.

Finally the English sparrow was a stranger and we took him in,
and, verily, he promises at a far too early day to return the compli-
ment.

Mr. Lionherger — I would like to ask whether the frog is considered
beneficial or injurious ?

Mr. Goodman. — The toad is one of our best friends. A good big
one is worth ten dollars. The frog is our friend also.

Mr. President. — The toad is beneficial to the agriculturist. I do
not know that the frog is.

Mr. Patterson. — One 'frog caught in a pond was opened and found
to contain five large grasshoppers. It was not a toad.

H. K 21

322 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3Tr. Lau(]hlin — Coudemned*the loafer who roams over the country
with a six-bits shot gnu. The only good he does is to kill a few rabbits.

Mr. Fresidoit.— When I see one I go to him with a piece of paper
and ask him " What is your name f and the next one 1 ask " What is
your name f I do that and they never come back.

Mr. Laughlin. — I think we ought to enforce the law and stop this
nuisance of trespassing.

Mr. Maitland. — I thing the county court should pass a law for-
bidding shooting upon the public road. You can't stop them from
trespassing upon your premises as long as they are allowed to shoot
upon the roads.

UTILITY :N^0T the ONLY EEQUISITE.

PROF. GEO. L. OSBORNE, WAERENSBURG.

AVhen I received a letter from the secretary of this society asking
me to write something upon this subject I thought I would do it, but
before I had had time to consider the subject I found my name down
on the programme. I have been so busy with making reports and
other labors that I have not had time to write anything. This is my
apology.

What I may be able to say upon this subject will be of an exceed-
ingly rambbng nature. I presume there is something in store for us
in the near future as those tables over the way are still full.

"Utility not the only requisite " seems to suggest that utility is the
only requisite in the early ages of civilization. The caves our ances-
tors inhabited seem to have been occupied only for their utility as a
shelter from rain and snow, heat and cold. As civilization advanced
we find them ornamenting their homes, dressing the stones, frescoing
the walls and hanging pictures on them. Let us examine the wooden
structure and its progress, beginning with the wigwam of the Ameri-
can Indian. From the wigwam of poles and bark to the unhewn log"

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 323

■cabin, from the rou<;h to the hewn log house, from tlie log house to
the regular frame structure, from the frame building which meets only
the wants of utility to the modern Queen Anne house in Avhich orna-
ment forms the chief element, is the order of progress.

We might examine the orick structure and we can trace the pro-
gress from the sun dried material to the building of those palaces which
are now being excavated and brought to light upon the plains of
Western Asia. The walls of those buildings were not frescoed but
were of a substance like Alabaster upon which were sculptured figures
of their deities. Even they looked from utility towards the esthetic.
Let us look at articles of domestic manufacture. The savage uses skins
for clothing. These were to them useful, but became more and more
useful as they were decorated with paint or beads and made more
beautiful. Turning aside from that which nature presents, as scarcity
forces them to use something else for their protection, we find them
using various resources of nature as hemp, coacoanut fiber, weeds,
with still the same idea of utility. Further along we find the silk and
the embroidery of the Chinese. The Chinaman has gone beyond the
phase of utility and is appealing to the esthetic in human life. The
law is, from utility to the esthetic when we find leisure for the pursuit
of the higher demands of our nature. In China we look upon another
phase of nature in which utility is the controling element. The China-
man is limited in the number of wives he has, by the number which he
can purchase. The wife plowing with a forked stick is a thing of
•utility. One wife is as much as we can afford, and that wife is sup-
posed to be not only the most useful but also the most ornamental of
objects. There is a stage in which we pass beyond the inspiration of
utility to that higher inspiration which comes from love of the beautiful.

Let us next look at the development of monumental art, at the dis-
position which we seem to possess by nature to remember the dead.
Prom the simple earth mound which covers the grave of the departed
simply to remind us of the one who lies there; the next step is to the
rough, unhewn grave stone. In this the element of utility is the first
inspiration, Let us follow it still further and we reach the time when
the stone is polished and the simple mark is replaced by an inscription
commemorative of the virtues of the dead. Still further the monu-
ment becomes a thing of beauty, like the statue of " Liberty enlighten-
ing the world," whose light future generations shall see as they sail
into the harbor of i^ew York when we are cold in death.

Turning aside from art, let us look at nature and behold with its
Tiolets spread out before us how she combines the useful with the

324 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beautiful. What is there more useful than sunshine? It also gives
the rose and the lily their beauty. Above the usefur comes that other
and better which owes itself to this same sun and shows the wisdom
of Providence. What is the lesson that we as horticultorists should
learn from this ? We should grow fruit with a full sound form and a
beautiful skin that it may sell in the market. Look at that table of
apples, the most attractive are not necessarily the best. Take the Ben
Davis as a sample, its flavor is somewhat flat, and yet it will not loose
much in comparison with some of the finer flavored kinds upon the
the table; one of its good qualities is its tine appearance. I remember
my first sight of the Ben Davis, and it has been feasted upon ever since
regardless of its lack of flavor. We do not give our attention all to the
useful fruits, but some of it to flowers, which lead to the higher life.
The majestic trees which line our plains are not valuable only because
they are useful. Their foliage and their forms appeal to this higher
sense of the ornamental, and the planting of trees is an instance of the
combining of the useful and the beautiful. We will not plant all water
maples, but will not discard it ; its fast growth makes it necessary-
We will go to the southeast for the sweet gum, one of the most beauti-
ful, and plant them alternately. During the entire summer the air is
fragrant with the odor that comes from these trees. Let us plant and
tastefully ornament our school grounds, and in every possible way
appeal to those higher elements in human nature which will lead us to
a higher and better life. The esthetic will reach upon the useful and
make it still more useful. I trust that soon the school houses now
standing alone upon the bleak prairie will have sheltered walks under
which the school boy and girl may enjoy their recesses and the shade»
I feel under great obligation for the contribution of trees you sent us at
Warrensburg. Some of your children may bask in the shade of those
trees— at least some of Missouri's children may have the benefit.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 325

"WASTE PLACES."

BY MRS. A. C. SKINNER, BUTLER, MO.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: When we contem-
plate what a grand old country we have to live in and such a splendid
climate, with rich and fertile soil, how can we, as its inhabitants, abuse
the privilege of making it as attractive as possible. But we come far
short of this when we note the "waste places." Go in any direction
yet you find patches of ground that have never been in cultivation,
which could, with a very little labor, be made useful in the way of a
vegetable and flower garden, for the fruit and flower missions of our
cities are among the most beautiful charities. There are compara-
tively few farms in our country but have "waste places."

A house surrounded by a neat grassy plat is an object any one
cannot help admiring, and is said to be a sure sign that cheerfulness
reigns within. How many farmers live on the same farm for years,
aye, for a life time and not plant but few trees, shrubs and flowers.
Where is the farmer that is so poor or pressed for time that he cannot
have at least a neat lawn about his house. This should be one of the
first considerations in the way of improving a home, for 1 would sooner
live in a cabin than without these "jewels."

Farmers, I am sorry to say, are the most negligent on this score.
It does not seem for the want of land, but prompt action. They have
so little opposition in this respect they lose their pride and ambition to
a certain degree. Of course there are exceptions, but as a rule there
are veiy few tidy farms on account of "waste places."

Yet nature has not been idle, -but with lavish hand hath strewn
through the woods and fields plants as pretty as any grown by flor-
ists. Then let each and every home have a place for the cultivation
of trees and flowers. They will reward us with both beauty and fra-
grance. They also teach us important lessons how to make our homes
attractive to our children, friends and ourselves.

Imagine for a moment a house when spring has come, found
naught but wild weeds, night shade and rough-leaved burdock in the
place of the sweet doorway greeting of the honeysuckle and the rose ;

326 MISSOURI STATE HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

where the house wall seemed blistered in the sun, without a tree or
vine to cast the tremulous shadow of the leaves across the curtainless
window. Then imagine, dear friends, the other side of the picture with
only "waste places'- and you have a sorry picture before. Shall we
then fill the "waste places" in our minds by useful study and by becom-
ing members of the Horticultural Society!

PUBLIC PAEKS.

BY Z. S. RAGAN, INDEPENDENCE, MO.

1 am glad to find that an effort is being made to establish a public
park for Kansas City, and that Mayor Kumpf has recommended, and
the city council has the same under consideration. The local horticul-
tural society for six years past has recommended, and by numerous
essays, the importance of suitable drives, boulevards, cemetery and
parks as a necessity in any city of importance.

At the present time it may not be out of question to discuss some
of the important questions to be considered. In the selection of
grounds, there are two essential requisites :

First — A sufficient area of contiguous territory containing water,
shade, etc., to be improved from year to year, keeping pace with ad-
vance and enlargement of the city.

Second — The eligibility as to health, diversity and beauty.

If only a small park is wanted its lay is of but little consequence,,
confined only to its immediate locality. Many of the Kansas county
towns have one or two public parks. Yet if a city park is desired,
ranking with those of leading American cities, a suitable area of land
must be had to be commensurate with the wants of the city.

The Central Park, in N^ew York, being the most important work of
the kind that has been undertaken in America, the importance of which
was urged as a necessity by the horticulturists. At present it contains
2,700 acres, and the city park at Philadelphia contains about the same

ANNUAL 3rEETING AT LEXINGTON. 327

amount of land, together with a large body of water. Chicago and St.
Louis each have ten or a dozen parks. Low grounds, however beau-
tiful, if cut off from outward view, in the vicinity of artificial ponds or
sluggish streams, creating miasma or malaria, cannot be considered fa-
vorable. Such as want diversity or variety cannot be considered
without enormous expense to avoid monotony. The late A. J. Down-
ing, author of "Landscape Gardening of American," says : "The ad-
mirers of nature, as well as the lovers of pictures and engravings, will
at once call to mind examples of scenery distinctly expressive of these
ends of beauty. In nature, perhaps, some gentle, undulating plain
covered with enameled turf, partially or entirely encompassed by rich,
rolling outlines of forest canopy, its wildest expanse here broken occa-
sionally by noble groups of round headed trees, or there interspersed
with single specimens, whose heads of foliage flowing in outline or
drooping in masses to the very turf beneath them. For an example of
opposite character perhaps a romantic valley, half shut in on two or
more sides by steep rocky banks partially concealed and overhung by
clustering vines and tangled thickets of deepest foliage against the sky,
outlines the irregular trunk of some old, half decayed tree near by, or
the horizontal unique branches of the oak or elm, with their strongly
marked forms. Kough and irregular stems and trunks, rocks half cov-
ered with masses of flowering plants, open glades of bright verdure -
opposed to dark masses of bold, shadowy foliage, form i)rominent ob-
jects in the foreground."

Has the city of the hills, grounds pre-eminently suitable for this
purpose ? Echo answers in the affirmative. Other American cities
"would give millions of dollars if they could be possessed of these cov-
eted grounds that nature has so lavishly formed, awaiting the finishing
touch at the suggestion of the landscape gardener. Big Muddy, one of
the greatest rivers in the world. The Nile of America. The only river
on the continent that has an annual summer rise from the cool, pure
waters caused by melting snow and ice in the far off distant mountains
in the northwest. This great river is perpetually sweeping by at the
foot of the city, and its prominent bluffs has given to the city the ap-
pellation of the city of seven hillS, which may appropriately suggest
that one more might be added as a park. One of these promontories,
in easy range of the city, according to the government survey, is the
highest on the river in the State, being 365 feet above the water in the
river. From this isolated elevation is to be had one of the finest views
in the world, eclipsing anything on the boasted Hudson river. An
eminent tourist and writer has said that "no scene is complete without

328 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a river." Another adds tliat "distance lends enchantment to the
view."

Here we have both these together with the fancy, beauty and pic-
turesque ideal of landscape gardeners. From this latitude a sweeping-
view in all directions from thirty to sixty to seventy-five miles, includ-
ing the meanderings of the Missouri river, with its islands, inlets, pro-
montories and extended beautiful fertile valleys. An extent of many
miles may be seen heavily laden steamers, while passing near by is dis-
tinctly heard, not only the puifing engine, but the creaking machinery
and the merry songs of the cooks and hands, and the waving handker-
chiefs by the passengers. Those passing down stream glide gaily and
majestically like some great sea fowl wending its way to the distant
ocean. On either side of the river are to be seen trains on numerous
railways coming to view at intervals and again and agaii> disappearing
behind some clump of timber or bluff. Froni the valley the eye is
greeted by here and there an abrupt promontory and intervening gen-
tle swelling slopes, beyond which opens out extended prairies, dotted
over with farms and farm houses, at the same time a bird's-eye view is
to be had of half a score of towns ^nd cities. Thus we have presented
to view not only a vast extent of country, but one of the grandest per-
spective landscapes in America.

Among the important features of this locality are the wilderness — ■
a thickly wooded, diversified, picturesque wild — containing many speci-
mens of the flora of the country, in part including groves of large sugar,
maple, elm, ash linn, walnut, oak, cherry, mulberry, hickory, sycamore,
red-bud, cottonwood, hackberry and many others, with a thick growth
of underbrush of pawpaw, dogwood, etc., together with wild grape, ivy,
bittersweet, and other climbing vines. Yet some of the more magnifi-
cent and rare attractions are the gigantic bluffs, with a succession of
terraces, adapted to secluded drives, at different altitudes from the
riverside to the summit. Here are to be seen the rugged precipices
cropping out 'mid the overhanging trees and vines. Numerous springs
gush out and ripple down among the rocks till they pour over some
high ledge, furnishing perpetual shower baths.

Further along may be seen great caverns environed with dense
masses of trees, brush and vines all conspiring to complete the wild
appearance of a den of a bandit.

Continuous deep ledges of rocks at intervals project out among
the dense forests, with a background of dense, shady green. Eeced-
ing outward from these river scenes, the land is beautifully undulating
and alternating between native groves and green fields traversed by
small steams fed by never-failing springs of purest water.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 329

"Here Nature in her unaffected dress,
Plaited with villies and embost with hiils,
Enchast with silver streams and fringed with woods,
Sits lovely."

— Chamberlayne .

' 'II est des sions plus donuse, un art plus enchanteur,
C'est peu de cliarmer I'oeil, faut parler au coeur.
Avez-vous done connu ces rapports invizibles,
Des crops inan nes etdes entrees sensibles?
Avez.vous entendu des canx, des pres, des bois,
La muette eloquencu et la secrete voix '?
Rendez-vous ces etlets "

— Les Jardina, Book 1.

It may be no visionary prophecy to say that such grounds as can
now be had at a mere nominal price, and improved at moderate cost,
will rank among the most celebrated parks or public grounds in
America.

Both visitors and citizens who seek pleasure and health outside
the dust and smoke and din of the crowded city will be delighted by
the scenery and invigorated by the high, pure air and water, and return
praising the public park and the guardians of the city who founded,
and those who continue to foster it.

Z. S. EAGAN.

Independence, November 19, 188G.

EEPORT BY CHAS. PATTEESON, KIEKSVILLE, MO.

Mr. L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir — As I was prevented from attending your late meeting
at Lexington (except by proxy of my son), I thought of partly making
up the loss by attending the Illinois meeting at Jacksonville, the 14th
and 16th instant. I now regret not having made any notes of the pro-
ceedings for your report, and can only plead that they seemed so inter-
esting I surely never would forget them, and while this is true in gen-

330 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eral, I find it difficult to recall particulars with sufficient accuracy for
record.

Tbe exhibits filled five good sized tables closely, and were gener-
ally quite creditable, though I missed nearly all the new candidates for
popular approval, and it was not very uncommon to find our familiar
marks of the Codlin moth on the best specimens. And I was pleased
to hear their delegate to your meeting mention with approval and
recommendation your i)lan of exhibits and awards.

The exhibits must have been all arranged the day before, or very
early that morning, for all were ready and a goodly attendance in wait-
ting, promptly at the time set for opening the first session. My first
surprise was on l)eing called up, introduced and made an honorary
member, as representing our State and society. But when I called to
mind their generous love of their pursuit and their fellow-men, seeking
objects however humble to entwine themselves around, like the tend-
rills of a vine, I accepted the honor as gracefully, and perhaps as awk-
wardly as I could.

One of the most generally interesting papers was by Prof. S. A.
Forbes, Champaign, detailing his experiments in sprinkling apple trees
with Paris green, against the Codlin moth, continued from last year.
The directions were to apply one and a half ounces of Paris green in
five gallons of water, when the ai)ples range in size from a small pea
to a hazelnut. If rains should occur soon after, it would be necessary
to repeat. I should prefer, and perhaps he said, lo apply as soon as
they reach the size of a pea, and again when the size of hazelnuts.
After the apples begin to hang downwards, exposing the basin around
the stem to catching and holding a quantity of the poison, there might
be danger of poisoning the apple, before that there is none. It was
suggested that stock had better be kept out until rains had washed off
the poison from grass and weeds, but some one's experience seemed
to indicate that the danger was small or none. By having selected
similar trees as checks in the experiments, the results indicated that
seventy per cent, of those that would have been strong were saved by
the two sprinklings. It is to be hoped that these experiments will be
continued from year to year.

While the apple crop in central and southern Illinois has been
good — better than last year, and better than seemed then in promise,
the northern parts reported their trees dead, and their only hope
is to bridge the chasm with the hardiest varieties, top grafted on Du-
chess, Whitney, etc., until new seedlings or Russian importations offer
more encouragements. Adam-like, they try to blame somebody for

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 331

tliese misfortunes, and nursery men must bear at least an important
part, if not all, for grafting; on seedlings from cidermills, or the smallest
and poorest apples. Some members seem to be beyond the powers of
reasoning on this subject, and certainly know a great deal more about
pigs and colts than about the difference between a grafted tree and a
seedling.

Such wide-spread disasters by cold winter_, or rather as I think by
the immature state of the trees, as occurred two years ago, seems
never to have occurred before in the memory of the oldest inhabitant,
and may not occur again in the same length of time, but it would be
fairly safe to plant orchai'ds here, expecting to market apples there
until they shall gather courage to plant extensively again. Undoubt-
edly many of their orcharcls that still hold out some promise, are suffer-
ing from want of cultivation and pruning, but not a word was said, or
seemed to be acceptable on that point. I am glad to learn that our
membfers are generally awake and agreed on that subject. Mr. Eiehl,
their delegate to your convention, gave warning that if Illinois horti-
culturists did not keep a sharp look out, they could not long be in the
lead, and I feel quite safe in staking the issue on that j)oint, before he
or they will suspect us.

In discussing vegetables, one member claimed to have grown cel-
ery successfully by planting seed in bottouiless quart tin cans, until
ready for transplanting, then plunging the cans in the permanent place,
gradually raising the cans and drawing in soil as the plants grow.

The society was invited to visit the asylums for the blind, the deaf
and dumb and the insane. The programme assigned all these for Fri-
day, after adjournment, but perhaps from fear thaf iiearly all would
leave then, it was decided to visit one each morning, and still there
was nearly a full attendance on Friday. It is safe to say that if a ma-
jority of tax-payers could visit their own institutions of this class, we
would all pay our taxes more cheerfully.

The city of Jacksonville attracts admiration for having all its
streets and lawns planted in trees, more than any other thing. The
square or Central Park, embraces four good size building blocks. It
has five electric light towers (I think), costing probably many times as
much as all the trees, evergreens and shrubs, but who could entertain
the idea of comparing their beauty or utility I

I think of attending the Iowa State meeting at Charles city, 18th
and 21st of January. If you will indicate how I could serve you better-
there, I will endeavor to comply.

■332 MISSOURI STATE HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HOW TO PRODUCE NEW VARIETIES OF APPLES.

In the early settlement of the country a large number of seedling-
orchards were planted, by pioneers, missionaries, Indians and others.
From these most of our leading varieties were obtained, by selecting
from an immense number. But this is now abandoned, and where can
we look for further improvements! A few are planting seed carefully
selected, and others are scouring Kussia, but that is mostly for iron-
clads, rather than superior quality and productiveness for our latitude.
Let nurserymen select such seed as they deem best and plant it as for
grafting roots. Select the best looking and grow into trees to sell, one
or more in every bill. I believe most customers would buy that much,
if not we can throw them in, and they will certainly thank us for them.
Thus we can get 100,000 planted in Missouri and stand a fair chance
of getting several improvements.

Yours truly,

OH AS. PATTEESOIS^.

ECOXOMY OF MULCHING— THE CHEAPEST AND BEST.

BY Z. T. RUSSELL, CARTHAGE.

Officers and Members Missouri Horticultural Society :

Notice had been received from Secretary Goodman that I will be
expected to furnish a paper upon the above subject at the coming an-
nual meeting at Lexington. I have had no experience in the business
of writing essays. and do not feel able to write anything of value upon
this subject, but since I have been asked to do so I will make the ef-
fort and leave the result with you, hoping that if it does not contain
tain anything new or of especial interest it may at least call out some
points in the discussion that will be of value. ,

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 33S

The purposes for which mulch is used are varied in character aud
five in number. The best mulch is the one that will come the nearest
to filling- perfectly all of the requirements or purposes for which mulch
is used. It should afford protection from the rigors of winter and the
freezings and thawings of spring. It should keep down the weeds;
should protect the fruit from the soil ; should retain the moisture in
the soil, and it should furnish nourishment to the growing plants.

AVhat I shall write will be written with special reference to the
use of mulching for strawberries. I have had but little experience in
its use for any other purpose.

The best mulch ever used upon my place was obtained from the
livery stables in town. It was a coarse, trashy manure. It was made
by giving the horses an abundance of bedding, and, of course, cleaning
out and renewing the bedding daily. Anyone having a horse to care
for can make enough of such material during the fall and winter to
mulch quite a large patch of ground, using old straw or hay or leaves,
or all for bedding. I like a great many leaves mixed in. I regard this
material as the best mulch because it is light ; because the straw or
hay used is usually broken up short and hence it can be spread easily,
rapidly and evenly ; because it is one of the best materials that can be
used for preventing the evaporation of moisture from the soil and is
unexcelled for preventing the growth of weeds, provided it is free
from seeds, as it should always be, and last though most important of
all, because it contains a large amount of fertilizing material which is
washed out by the rains aud snows and absorbed by the top soil where
it helps very materially to increase the size of the berries and in carry-
ing the crop through, good sized to the last picking. The cost of this
material depends entirely upon circumstances. The Carthage livery-
mien charge about twenty cents per two horse load for it, but it can
oftan be obtained for the hauling, and in some towns no charge is ever
made. When one makes it himself it costs practically nothing at all
except a little labor.

Some fruit growers buy up old straw stacks during the summer
and haul them to the cattle yard where they are spread out and left
until needed. The straw is soon broken up fine and well mixed and
saturated with the voidings of the cattle. This doubtless makes a
very superior mulch and is well worthy of trial by anyone who is sa
fortunate as to possess both a strawberry patch and a herd of cattle.

Prairie hay makes a good mulch. In this county large quantities-
are cut and stacked in the field. There is always more or less of it
gets damaged by rains, etc., and is left upon the ground. This can us-

334 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ually be bought cheap or obtained for nothing, the owners of the land
being glad to have it removed in order to keep it from killing out the
grass where it lies. I have used considerable of this material and like
it very much especially if it is short and partly rotted.

Wheat straw, when used alone for mulching, is of about the same
value as prairie hay. It is cheap and is to be had everywhere. When
bright and good it is too valuable to be used as mulch, but when it be-
comes damaged so as to be of little or no value for other purposes, be-
coming dark-colored, half-rotten and easily crumblad, it is still very
valuable for mulch, much better, in fact, than the good bright straw.
I think I ruined one patch of strawberries by mulching them in the
spring with bright straw

The costliest mulch ever tried on my place, and the poorest, was
obtained by sowing oats thickly over the patch. I had seen this
recommended ver3' highly by an old fruit grower of the east — one who
had had much and long experience in the business. Having my mulch
to buy, and being naturally inclined to try experiments, I concluded to
try sowing one bushel. This was done at the time recommended —
during the first week in September. This soon came up nicely and
grew off luxuriantly until they were checked by the cold weather, when
they fell down, forming a fine winter protection. I thought j had
struck a bonanza, but when spring came, lo! they were still alive in-
stead of being killed by the winter as I had expected them to be. And
they were not only alive but they grew up so thick afid tall that I was
compelled to pull them by hand in order to save the berries. It may
be claimed that they were " winter" oats, and that if "summer" had
been sown instead the result would have been different. I grant that
in some respects it might have been so, but think that at the best it
can only be a " costly experiment." The plants were so shaded,
crowded and robbed of their food during the fall that they were very
inferior in size to those growing right alongside of them treated alike
in all respects until the sowing of the oats. The berries were greatly
reduced in numbers and still more reduced in size. I don't want any
more " oats for mulch." I am perfectly willing to leave that luxury to
those who admire it. If I wanted to try and induce a man to ruin his
berry-patch I would recommend to him that he try sowing " oats for a
mulch," otherwise I should recommend that he grow his oats and
strawberries upon separate pieces of land.

ANNUAL MEETING AT LEXINGTON. 335

Tlie following resolution Avas passed :

Resolved, That Mr. Dan Carpenter be reiiuestedto gi\ e us a i)aper
showing- the other side of the fruit question.

EEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINAL RESOLUTIONS.

Resolved, That the thanks of the society are hereby expressed :

Ist. To Providence for a season of most delightful weather dur-
ing the entire session.

2d. To the people of Lexington for their kind and generous hos-
pitality.

3d. To Lafayette County Horticultural Society for the provision
of a hall in which to hold our session, and for other valuable services
in matters of arrangements.

4th. To the several railroad lines for the usual reduced conven-
tion rates for delegates attending.

oth. To the Kansas City Journal, Times and Live Stock Record,
the St. Louis Republican, Globe-Democrat, Colman's Rural World,
Journal of Agriculture ; and the Prairie Farmer, of Chicago, for pub-
lishing proceedings.

6th. To Hans Neilson, St. Joseph; R. S.Brown, Kansas City,
and J. P. Coen, Lexington, for the magniiicent contribution of ilowers
furnished on this occasion.

7th. To the presiding officer, J. C. Evans, for the prompt, impar-
tial and efficient manner in which the exercises have been conducted.

8th. To our very efficient secretary, L. A. Goodman, for his untir-
ing zeal and devotion to the welface of the society in all of its aspects
and vicisitudes.

9th. To the ladies of this society who have so kindly furnished a
number of such valuable papers.

J. B. FOLLETT,
HENRY SPEER,
A. AMBROSE,

Committee.

336 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

After a few parting words from tlie secretary on the success of
this meeting beyond his expectations, and a hope that our meetings
may grow in interest and in usefulness, the society adjourned one of
the most pleasant meetings ever held.

REPORTS

OP

Local Societies

AND

SOME OF THE PAPERS READ,

H. R. — -i^

MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SOUTH MISSOUEI.

ITS BEAUTIES, ITS ADVANTAGES, ITS PEOSPECTS.

[by G. W. HOPKINS OF SPRINGFIELD.]

Mr. President and members of the Missouri Valley HortieuUural Society:

Having furnished you a paper last year on the future prospects of
this part of Missouri, and promised to continue the subject at some
future time, I will now endeavor to fulfill that promise.

Taking- advantage of the occasion of the meeting of the State Hor-
ticultural Society at AYest Plains, Mo., I embarked at Springfield on
the morning of June 7th, and after a few hours ride over the Gulf
railroad arrived at that flourishing little city.

On the route we passed several nice towns, among which were
Cedar Gap, Mountain Grove and Willow Springs. At all of these
places are found saw mills and huge piles of lumber, the product of
the pine forests of the surrounding country.

At Willow Springs are found evidence of prosperity. ISTew houses
are being erected, real estate is booming, and everything shows an air
of business. It is from here the Current Eiver railroad is being built,
which penetrates the finest belt of j)ine timber in the State. This road,
when completed, will certainly be an important factor in cheapening the
price of lumber.

Of the beautiful city of West Plains, and the hospitality of its citi-
zejis to the members of the Horticultural Society, it is not necessary
for me to speak. Others have exhausted the subject, and I simply en-

340 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dorse all they have said. The moment I entered the courthouse and
saw the beautiful floral decorations, I knew we were among a refined
and cultured people, which opinion was more strongly confirmed the
longer we staid. By this trip I have got rid of an idea I have long
entertained in regard to the people of South Missouri and Arkansas.

I once heard an old man say who had been through this section of
country years ago, that there were grown ladies there who had never
worn a shoe, and their feet had become so hard they would strike fire
from the flint rocks at every step. That you might take a basket of
soda biscuit and toll the entire population to St. Louis. Well, this was
certainly an exaggeration, or there has been a wonderful transforma-
tion since that time.

I am not impressed with the idea that the country south of Spring-
field is adapted to the growth of agricultural products. There may be
spots where the cereals and grasses can be successfully grown, but the
country as a whole, can never hope to compete in this line with their
more northern neighbors. In passing through this country we notice
a luxuriant growth of wild bunch grass, similar to that found in Colo-
rado and New Mexico. This grass is very nutritious. It dries up in
the fall, and for winter pasture is equal to the best of hay.

Why cannot this land be utilized for stock raising? Why is it that
men continue to battle with the polar climate of Wyoming and Montana,
where 50 per cent, of their cattle freeze and starve to death in winter —
while here is a country where there is scarcely any winter and where
cattle will do woU without feed almost the entire year I

W^e believe that in time this will become a great pastoral country,
and stock raising oiie of its prominent and profitable lines of business.

The formation of South Missouri is wonderful to contemplate. It
has every evidence from the fossil remains and shell formations found
in the rocks, of having one time been the bottom of the ocean, which,
ages ago, was thrown up by some mighty upheaval in nature.

We cannot see why citizens of Missouri and adjoining States will
spend thousands of dollars annually in visiting the mountain gorges of
Colorado, in climbing the Alpine heights of Switzerland, in basking in
the sunny smiles of fair Italy and other famous resorts of Continental
Europe, while here within a day's journey of their own homes can be
found some of the most attractive scenery in the world.

Here can be found fossil remains, and petrified specimens of every-
thing that grows upon the earth or abounds in the depths of the mighty
ocean. Here is found grand old caverns that rival in beauty and pro-

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 341

potion the famous Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. And last but not least,
it is here that we tind the most wonderful spring in the world.

In California and Southern Utah there are several streams which
suddenly sink and are lost forever to the sight of man ; but history
gives no account of such a tremendous body of water that wells up
from the bowels of the earth in the shape of a spriug. Could this body
of water be followed in its subterranean wanderings through mother
earth it might inform us of some great curiosities and hidden treasures,
that possibly may never be revealed to the eye of man.

Who can say but what Southern Missouri may some day be fa-
mous as a pleasure resort?

I have not yet spoken of the most important industry that in the
future will engage the attention of a large portion of the citizens of
South Missouri. I Tefer to fruit growing and will only touch the sub-
ject incidentally, as in a former paper I had expressed my views.

And now, while writing at my home, near the most beautiful city
in all the grand old State of Missouri, in imagination I wander down
the Ozark range, way into old Arkansas and picture out, (horticultu-
rally speaking) one of the grandest empires the world has ever seen.

An empire which is destined to supply future generations of a
great portion of the country with the choicest products of this favored
land.

Situated in the centre of this empire, rising in majestic propor-
tions like the pyramids of old Egypt, we find that wonder of modern
time, the Olden fruit farm.

We confess before visiting this farm to some misgivings as to the
final result. But now we believe it will be a success.

It will not only be a success, but will stand as a nucleus around
which will spring up similar industries, until the whole surrounding
country will appear as one grand orchard.

It may be asked, what shall be done with all this fruit?

We answer, sell all you can, dry, preserve, can and jelly the rest.
Why not supply this whole western country with canned goods, in-
stead of shipping from Maryland asd other points in the east f The
starting of such factories might drive from the market the vile stuff
with which the country is flooded, that which, containing not a particle
of fruit, is sold as preserves and jelly.

Success to the Olden fruit farm ; we believe it is doing more to
develop the resources of South Missouri and bringing more emmigra-
tion than any other agency. We think there are sufficient brains, money

342 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and push in this company to carry it through "all difficulties. And
while they are laboring- for the successful accomplishment of this en-
terprise, let them be cheered by the fact that they are engaged in one
of the noblest callings ever practiced by Adam's race. .

bota:n^y of our flowers.

BY L. A. GOODMAN.

[Read before the July meeting of the Missouri Valley Horticultural

Society.]

In discussing this subject I shall take the liberty of embracing in
it some of the fruits and wild plants of our fields as well as our flow-
ers.

All vegetable creation is divided into two series. 1st, Flowering
Plants, Ud, Flowerless Plants; the first series into two classes, 1st,
Exogeneous, and 2d, Endogeneous.

The first class comprise those which grow from the outside by ad-
ding layers and having bark, wood and pith, forming annual layers ;
and second those which grow from the inside and form their woody
portions in thread like tissues running the whole length of the stem,
and if they live more than one year they add more threads.

I shall not give you the names of each of the following divisions
with their meaning, but will try and show you how easily they are
classified and followed from one to another, and if we make no mistake
in reading the flowers and plants we can always tell where they be-
long.

REPORT OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 343

AVe liave, therefore, the following- divisions :

CLASS, ORDER, GENUS, SPECIES.

Series:

Class — Sub-Class.

Order or Family — Sub-Order, Tribe, Sub-Tribe.

Genus — Sub-Genus or Section.

Species — -Variety.

But it will not do for us to enter into this field of discussion or it
will take a series of papers running- through the summer, so we will
content ourselves with taking- up our proper subject and give you a
few illustrations showing where some of our flowers belong, and show-
that what with some tlowers, many, on first thought, pronounce an im-
proper class'ification, is more seeming than real, and see how positively
our botany settles the matter for us.

In giving- you the names of these flowers and their places, I cau
give but a few, but shall try to mention those which we know and can
recognize as familiar friends, giving them in the order of their families.

The botanical name of a plant, that by which a botanist knows
it, is the name of the genus, followed by that of the species.

The name of the genus or kind is like the family name of a person-
The species answers to his given name.

BOTANICAL FAMILY.

The Crowfoot family embraces such common varieties as Anemone,
Buttercui)S, Larkspur Peony and Tree Peony.

The Magnolia family — The Cucumber-tree, Umbrella tre-^. Great
Laurel, Tulip tree, Purple Laurel of Japan.

The Barberry family — Common Barberry, May Ajjple, Mahonia.

The Poppy family — The Poppy.

The Mustard family has among the flowers, the Wall flower. Ten
AVeeks Stock, Candy Tuft, Sweet Alyssum.

I cannot but mention here the close union of some of our most
valuable vegetables as being so closely connected with our flowers ;
and our fruits will also show a close union with the most beautiful of
all our flowers.

Under this family come all of our cabbage, turnips and radishes.

Violet family includes all of our violets, pansies and sweet violets.

The Mallow family embraces our Tree Mallow, Hollyhock, Okra,
Cotton Plant.

344 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Geranium family includes these beautiful liowers of that name, and
came originally from the Cape of Good Hope.

The real name of these is not geranium although that is the family
name. They are of the genus Pelargonium and under this genus we
have all the beautiful varieties known to the florist.

It embraces also all the scented leaved as well.

Our wild Cranesbill belongs also to this family.

The Camelia family embraces our Common Camelia and the Tea
Plant.

The Soapberry family has three sub-orders : The Bladder Nut^
the Buckeye and the Maple.

Under each of these are included all the varieties of each sub-
order. As for instance, the Ash Leaf M«,ple, False Sycamore, Sugar
and Norway. Also strange as it may seem the Heart seed or Balloon
vine belongs to this family.

In the Pulse family among the flowers we have the Lupine in all
its varieties. The Golden chain, Indigo plant, common Sensitive plant^
and the true Accacias, the common Locust, Wisteria, Red Bud, Ken-"
tucky Coffee tree and Honey Locust.

Of vegetables we have the Peas, Beans, Lentils, Peanut, White
and Sweet Clover.

Rosacae or Rose family is the most important of all the botanical
families; the Flowering Almond, Meadow Sweet, the Rose in all it&
beautiful varieties, the Mountain Asb, Japan Quince, Cinque Foil^
Sweet Brier, Hawthorn.

The fruits. Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberries, Almonds, Apricot^
Nectarine, Plum, Apple, Pear, Peach, Quince and Cherry.

The Almond, Peach and Nectarine are of the Amygdalus or Almond
genus, while the Apricot is of the Prunus or plum genus. Hence it is
never right to call an apricot a peach, or a nectarine a plum, but more
correctly the opposite.

You will notice that this family embracing so many of our fine
cultivated fruits has none of the garden vegetables allied with them.
Yet to a stranger in the study of the subject it is very hard to see any
likeness between the cinque foil or sweet briar and our luscious pears
and peaches ; or between our mountain ash and the strawberry.

Yet when we follow the flowers themselves and their fruits they
will unerringly bring as to its true order.

But I find that I will [occupy too much of our time if we try to
mention a small portion of our beautiful flowers and shrubs and we
shall have to pass over many of them.

REPORT OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 345

The evening Primrose family embraces the Fushia, Primrose and

others.

Gonrd family has in it the pumpkin and squash whicli are only dis-
tinct in their na^tures in the character of the stems ; that of the pump-
kin being groved and that of the squash not.

The Saxifrage family include the well known Hydrangea, Deutzia,.
Syringa.

Honeysuckle family, the Snowberry, Snowball, Wigilia, Honey-
suckle and Woodbine.

Composite family includes at least one-eighth or one-tenth of all
our plants : the Aster, Daisy, Snntiower, Dahlia, Marigold, Pyrethrum,.
Feverfew, Chamonile, Thistle and Canada Thistle.
Heath family has the Azalea, Ehododeudron.

Vervain family includes the Verbenas, Lemon, (Sweet Verbena),
and Lantana.

The Borage family, the Forget-me-not and Heliotrope.
The Cyprus vine and Sweet potato are of the Convolvulus family..
ISTightshade family embraces Bitter-sweet, Potato, Egg Plant, Jeru-
salem Cherry, Tomato, Peppers, Petunia, Tobacco and Deadly :Xight-
shades, some of our best friends as well as worst enemies.

To the Olive family belong the Lilacs, Forsythia, English and Flow-
ering Ash.

The Fig tree, India ruber tree. Mulberry, English elm, Osage
Orange, are of the is ettle family.

The Pine family embraces the Pines, Spruces, Cypress, Yew, Cedar
and all of their classes.

The Amaryllis, Iris. Lily and Grass families are all familiar to us
and come under the second class or endogenous plants, and it well be
impossible for us to followthis farther lest we weary you.

When we once begin this study we tind such a broad opening and
extensive tield that we hardly know when and where to stop. I hope
therefore that I have not wearied you, but that I can be able some day
to give you a series of articles which will be of some benefit to each
and all of us and awaken in the n^inds of the young a love for this
study. For let me assure you that there is no more inviting field for
both profit and recreation than in this beautiful study of botany. It is
such a true science that like mathematics, if you work without mistake
you will surely find your goal.

L. A. GOODMAN.

346 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTEAL SOCIETY.

OUR FLOWERING SHRUBS AIS^D PLAXTS.

[An essay by Miss Mary Holsinger, read before the June meet-
ing of the Missouri Yalley Horticultural Society.]

"Flowers," says Bishop Coxe, "are words which even a babe can
understand." Truly, by their beauty, they convey a meaning as appar-
ent as though expressed by our language of speech. But, as many of
our simplest words, with a well known English significance, when
traced back to the root in another language, are found to have their
origin in a queer custom of ancient times, or an act of some good, great
man, thus giving to the ordinary definition a deeper shade of meaning,
so the prosaic little plant frequently has a history, which, if known,
would redeem it forever from the crowded ranks of objects which we
designate unattractive.

The story of its migration from a far different clime, its reception
in a foreign land, the changes it has undergone under the ever-watch-
ful care of the gardeners, these topics are surely worth a moment's
notice.

If we knew how much of beauty and worth is oftimes stowed away
under a plain exterior ; if we realized that familiar objects, upon in-
quiry, reveal so much that is strange and wonderful ; if we guessed
what struggles, what cherished hopes and ambitions give color to the
inner life of a quiet friend, we would more earnestly strive to become
acquainted with the common place things and people about us.

If we knew what tender romances are folded in the bright, young-
leaves of our flowering plants, and how much influence, always for
good, they have exerted over the lives of other people and nations,
the happy offsprings of mother earth, would be nourished even- more
tenderly.

The first of the many blossoms that gladden our eyes with the
■earliest touches of spring green, is the snowdrop, whose single, fra-
grant flower on a nodding pedicil is sometimes seen as early as Febru-
ary. It receives its name, not from its resemblance to a drop of snow,
but to the ear drops worn by the ladies of the sixteenth century. The

REPORT OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 347

^'winter's tiuiid child," as it has been happily styled, is a native of
Europe and is found in great abundance in England.
The bright little crocus blossoms is another which

"Comes before the swallow dares,

And takes the winds of March with beauty."

"Cheerfulness," the gay little iiowers symbolize, and certainly no
word can better portray the eflect produced by their first appearance.
The beaming glances which they throw at the smiling spring sun seem
to deny the truth of the mythological legend which affirms that they
bear the name of an unhappy lover, whom the gods in pity changed
into this flower. Surely, they were never unhappy.

Then there are many shrubs "that, at the call of spring, burst forth
in blossomed fragrance." The flowering almond, is little rose-shapped
forms, clad in pink robes, climbing all over the stalk that bears them ;
the bridal wreath, its tiny white flowerets forming a thick covering for
the long, slender branches; and the spirea, always a most welcome
spring guest.

The lilac and mock-orange both belong to the genus syringa,
though the resemblance is so slight one would hardly expect to find
them so closely related. The term syringa is from a Greek word signi-
fying pipe^ probably given to this shrub because in early times the
wood was used for making pipe stems. A century ago both the lilac
and mock-orange were known in old English gardens as "pipe-tree."

The common lilac, a native of Persia, was carried from its rich
eastern home to the countries of Europe in the sixteenth century, to
be transplanted again in North America by the European colonists,
where it is now half naturalized. Its profusion of bouquet-shaped
flowers, with their sweet perfume and delicate colors in white, violet
and purple, makes it beautiful both to the eye and to the heart.

The creamy white petals of of the mock-orange with their centers
of golden hue, are not less welcome a little later in the season. The.
botanical name, syringa, has been retained for this shrub in spite of
the remonstrances of the botanists; who claim that it more properly
belongs to the lilac. Its classical name, Philadelphus, was once borne
by an Egyptian king, who was celebrated for his untiring afl'ection for
for a brother; for this characteristic the syringa was appropriately
consecrated to his memory. Hence, it will always be known as the
smybol of "fraternal love."

The snowball, otherwise known as the guelder rose, is found in its
■wild state in the cooler partsof Asia, Europe and North America grow-

348 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing upright, from two to ten feetinheighth. Each branch is terminated
by a large cluster of white flowers, those in the center being small and
perfect, while those of the margin are much larger, but sterile. The
perfect flowers are followed by a bright red, berry-like fruit having one
flat smooth stone. When cooked with sugar the acid fruit makes a
nice dish known as bush cranberry.

Years of cultivation have so altered the plant that in the guelder
rose of our gardens, the flowers are all like those of the margin in the
wild plant, thus changing the original cluster to a spherical ball of white
corollas all of which are sterile. Its appearance gives to it the popu-
lar name.

The snowball, melting as the heat inscreases, fall to the ground,
thus making way for the numberless leaves and flowers which light-
hearted June carries in her arms.

Go into the summer flower garden and notice what varieties take
the lead to beautifying the glad world.

First of all the brilliant geranium, always the standby of both hot
house and window gardener, claims attention. Here at your foot is a
plant whose graceful form, smooth glossy leaves, and, above all, the
delecate odor tells you its florigraphical sign is "preference." There is
a plant equally beautiful, but bending to inhale its sweet breath the
disappointed experimenter finds it scentless, and understands why this
otherwise perfect flower is symbolical of '-'deceit."

Is it not strange that the scarlet geranium is regarded as the em-
blem of stupidity ? Could not the poet find some more suitable mean-
ing for this most prized beauty of all its kind ?

The plants generally known as geraniums are by the botanist di-
vided into three classes, erodium, pelargonium and geranium, the En-
glish signification of the terms being heron's bill. The names are given
from the fancied resemblance of the flowers to the appendages of these
birds. Those most cultivated with us belong to the family pelargo-
nium, or stork's bill. They are brought from the Cape of Good Hope.

Standing near its more brilliant sisters, quietly emitting the odors
that makes fragrant all the air about, is the heliotrope, a flower as
sweet as the word of which it is emblamatic, "devotion." Heliotrope,
derived from two Greek words meaning "sun" and "to turn," was the
name given to this plant, because it was supposed to turn continually
to the sun. The origin of the flower is ascribed to the death of
Clytic, who pined away from hopeless love of the sun god, Apollo.
Nine days she sat upon the ground, it is said, with her eyes riveted on

REPOET OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 349

the god, till at length, her body cleaving to the earth, she was trans-
formed to

'* A flower resembling the pale violet,

Which with the sun, though rooted fast doth move

And being changed, changeth not her love."

Here is a much loved little liower whose face is of tender blue,
looks pleadingly out from among the stronger plants. In the legen-
dery lore of Germany there is a romantic tragedy connected with its
christening.

This is the story which the silver-haired peasants love to tell their
grand-children as they gather about them, their hands filled with the
flowers blooming so abundantly in the fatherland: — It was a summer's
evening long, long ago. A knight and his betrothed were walking on
the emerald banks of the swift flowing Danube. They paused to gaze
at the brilliant tinted western sky across the expanse of quiet, deep
water when a spray of small blue flowers floated by with the current.
From the lady there was an exclamation of delight, a half expressed de-
sire to possess it, and the mail clad warrior had plunged into the riv-
ers bosom and grasped the coveted blossoms.

He turned smilingly to the shore, but the heavy armor so weighed
him down that he was unable to remount the slippery bank. Finding
that in spite of all his efforts he was fast sinking, he threw the sky
blue spray ashore to his agonizing lady love, crying, as he sank forever,
^'Forget me not." And so the flower was named. The plant is espe-
cially dear to the Germans, who place it upon the grave of their de-
parted darlings.

With so many floral beauties about us, rich, both in color and per-
fume we cannot help wondering why a little scentless floweret like the
daisy should receive so many plaudits. Perhaps Montgomery guesses
the real cause of their popularity when he sings

" The rose has but a summer's reign
The daisy never dies.-'

A grand old Gaelic poet tells us this "tiny bulb of golden hue"
was first sown over a baby's resting place by the dimpled hands of in-
fantine angels. With such a celestial origin ascribed to it the

"Wee little rimless wheel of fate
With silver spokes and hub of yellow."

€Ould not fail to be admired.

350 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Traveler's climbing- Pike's Peak dnring the summer months have
noticed the forget-me-not and daisy blooming along side by side at the
very edge of perpetual snow and ice. Here, under the dreary shelter
of an overhanging rock, they smile contentedly at the frozen mountain
top, never doubting that " God is in the shadow, God is everywhere.'^

Lilies without their graceful form and varying tints would be
highly esteemed for the number of times they are mentioned in the
Bible. Christ tells us to '" Consider the lilies." For this we would
gladly love and cherish them were they robbed of their majestic beauty.

But the flowers which has ever and for all future years will con-
tinue to take the lead in decorating our homes* is the rose. By com-
mon consent it has been voted the lovliest amongst the children of
Flora. Its home is in the orient, whence it has traveled westward and
now opens its glowing petals to the sun in every quarter of the globe.
Its varieties of form and color are innumerable, some of which are ex-
ceedingly popular one season, others another, but all are admired. The
Gen. Jacqueminot, a rich crimson queen now stands at the head of
what is considered the most valuable type.

In speaking of our tendency to give grand names to these floral
favorites, some one has said, 'Xow the favorite roses are all Dukes
and Duchesses, Counts and Countesses, Lords and Ladies, Generals
and Senators, till we wonder if there are any plebeans left." After all
is this not a beautiful way to perpetuate the names of our great and
good men and women !

The summer garden also produces verbenas, phlox, beds of fra-
grant mignonette, an endless variety of flowers grown from the seed.

Royal hearted violets bloom profusely. Stately Dahlias are here
as much at home as in their native Mexico.

Summer blooming shrubs are not wanting, honeysuckles are every-
where to be seen, and the modest flowers of the calycanthus and jas-
mine brighten up the quiet nooks.

Of the gaudy but scarcely less admirred " common " flowers Henry
Ward Beecher says, " As for marigolds, poppies, hollyhocks and valor-
ous sunflowers, we shall never have a garden without them, both for
their own sake, and for the sake of old-fashioned folks, who used to
love them."

The sighing fall winds blight the tender summer flowers, but
waken to new life the more hardy bloomers of the fall, among which
the aster and golden rod are prominent. The aster is a large family
embracing two hundred species, one hundred and fifty of ^v^hich are
native of America.

REPORT OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 351

Beside this bardy bloomer is anotlier flower tbat is the autumn's
harbinger and pride. When (he meadows have become brown and
seared

' ' Then how bright
How deepening bright like mounting flame, doth burn
The golden-rod upon a thousand hills."

Many of us who love and admire the beauties of nature, and
especially these jewels with which she is so plentifully adorned, care
for them only in a passive way, so that little good comes of our fond-
ness for them. The flowers we pass by the wayside make us so much
the better but we need their constant companionship in our homes,
and so few are willing to give the attention needed to secure their
healthy, happy growth about the door yard.

He who would have beautiful flowers in his garden must have

beautiful flowers in his heart. He must love them well and always.

He must have not only the glowing admiration, the enthusiam and the

passion, but the tenderness, the thoughtfullness, the reverence and the
watchfulness of love."

BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

INAUGURAL.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Bates County Horticultural Society:

In assuming the duties and responsibilities of the office of presi-
dent of the Bates County Horticultural Society, I earnestly ask such
an active co-operation of all zealous lovers of horticulture, and of
everyone sincerely interested in the growth 'ind improvement of the
material wealth of our county as may enable us to become the most
useful society in our State.

Already we have made some progress, but we need not boast of
our achievements. Our record for usefulness may be seen and has

352 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been recognized in our influence over the commercial interests of our
county. Encouraging words and flattering encomiums are extended to
us, not only by our county press, but we have been honored by praise,
not. unmerited, w'e hope, through organs of high standing and popularity
in other parts of our State.

We have just begun our career. Favored with a county of great
fertility of soil, rich in mineral resources, so situated as to be enabled
to reap the first benefits of the newly occupied territories on the west;
is easy and direct communication with the markets of the east. Our
duty to ourselves and our countrymen is to seize and apply every cir-
cumstance or opportunity that may oifer to enable us to make rapid
progress in the development of the resources of our county.

Zealous, well directed eft'ort, not only brings the reward of com-
mercial gain, but carries and culiives the enabling influence of public
benefaction.

While acting as members of this society we cannot work from
selfish motives if we would. He who plants a tree or a shrub, or he
who influences his neighbor to do so not only adds so much material
wealth to the value of his own home, but makes an investment at the
same time that adds to the wealth of his county and state.

He who ascertaines by years of toil and actual experience, what
trees or plants we may and ought to grow and what methods of culti-
vation are most successful, and cheerfully impaits his knowledge to his
neighbor, freely conveys just as many dollars to that neighbor as it
might have cost to gain, the same information through the channel of
long and weary days of toil, of misdirected eft'ort and many disappoint-
ments.

If then we love our neighbors as ourselves — if then we have that
sincere desire for the growth and prosperity of our county, that as true
patriots we ought to possess, and highest and most important to each
of us who are members of this society, if we would expect such success
as we ought to expect we must work as a unit with an unfaltering
determination that our infant society shall carry off the banner as the
first, the strongest and most useful society in our State.

C. I. KOBAKDS.

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 353

WHAT BENEFIT SHALL WE DERIVE FEOM PLANTING NEW

VAEIETIES OF GRAPES ?

BY O. J. WELTOM.

Mr. President^ Ladies and Gentlemen:

In opening this subject for discussion, I find there are two heads
under which it is advertised ; the first, as I understand it, is, " What
benefit shall we derive from planting new varieties of grapes ;" the
second, as is printed in Colnian's Rural World, is, " What varieties of
grapes are best to plant for family use."

The grape is one of the oldest fruits we have any account of (unless
it be the apple that mother Eve gave to Adam), and that was a mere
supposition that it was an apple. We have just as good reason to be-
lieve it was the bread fruit as an apple, and I am inclined to think it
"was the latter ; for the apple is found in more northern climates. We
have mention of grapes in the days of Noah, and they must have been
in use long before that, for we read of their being made into wine, and
we see the bad effects of it in his life ; we also read of sour grapes and
grapes of gall. If we are to gather any idea of the grape of that time,
in the world's history, it must be very little like the grape of today —
sweet and luscious. At what period in our world's history they began
to improve upon this fruit, I have never learned, but perhaps the last
century has done more to develop new varieties than the five thousand
years previous, till to-day the kinds are like the apples — numbered by
the hundreds. But what interests us more particularly is what do we
gain by planting and increasing the number. Much in many ways :
First, we are to-day standing upon the threshhold of fruit culture;
though the last twenty-five years have been a marvel of success and
brought so many and choice varieties into use, the possibilities are
good for still better and sweeter fruit in the near future. So many of
the finer sorts grown to-day are local in their produciions and subject
to disease; so we should keep adding until we find the best possible
sorts for all localities, until we can equal, if not excel, those of sunny
Italy and our clusters hke those brought from the promised land. To
this end every nurseryman and vineyardist should be encouraged in all

H. R.— 23

354 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

proper ways to produce the best new varieties. Premiums should be
awarded to all kinds that deserve merit. We often hear it said, "I
have a few Concords and they are good enough for me." This kind of
logic would, if put in practice, drive us back to ox teams and wooden
mold-boards ; to cut our grain with sickles and mow our grass with
scythes ; to piit an eternal veto upon all inventive genious and destroy
all science.

En this age of progress the grape is considered among the finest
of the many choice fruits, and for healthfulness none excel, nor are su-
perior. A dish fit for the king and alike good for the peasant. But
nearer to the question, "What benefit shall we derive from planting
and increasing these newer varieties f We might as well ask what
benefit it is to the farmer to keep a good horse over a poor one, or fine,
well bred stock over the Arkansas knot heads, or to have a good, neat
substantial house, over a log hut or board shanty — what good 1 They
make our lives sweeter, longer and more cheerful ; they add to the re-
finement of our children and the communitj'in which we live ; in every
way they make society better. Who would think to-day of inviting
their friends to a feast of good things and then set before them a wild
grape of the forest, or even our Concord or Isabellas, when we can
furnish them with something better. Our rich Golden, Pocklington,
fine Duchess and Jefferson are nice, but the day will come when our
children will wonder at our idea of fine fruit and look back upon us as
we do upon our ancestors, and cry fogyism. Again, we should plant
new varieties, for in this part of the world, and especially in this part of
Missouri, we can grow so many of the finer sorts that will not stand
the cold of more northern climates, and in our country we have fewer
enemies to contend with than they have in many of the older countries^
Again, in a financial point, we should plant the best, as they are always
the cheapest. For example : The iSfiagara and Empire State is pro-
ducing more pounds to the vine than the older sorts, and the average
price per pound in the markets for this season was 14 5 8 cents, while
the Concord, Clinton and that class only brought from 3 to 10 cents,
and there are many other varieties that promise fair in production and
quality, with the Niagara and Empire State. When we can make two
blades of grass grow where only one grows now, we are a blessing to
humanity. But you ask, will not the markets be overstocked with this
fair fruit. Kever ; for the best it will surpass all poorer varietiep^;
hence the wisdom of leaving first principles and going on to better
things. Again, the farmer will ask, when shall I stop i)lanting these
newer kinds? When the time comes that you cannot improve your

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 355

flo ks and herds by closer attention and introducing better strains of
blood, then, and not till then, the law of progress will ever urge us on
to improve our homes and bring this world of ours as near as possible
to its highest perfection. As to what shall we plant for family use —
plant the best and all of them you can get. To the friends of our so-
ciety, I say, plant, take care of what you plant, do good and be happy.

woma:n's woek in hokticulture.

BY MISS IDA CRU3IE.

True womanhood is ever ready to respond to calls for the amelior-
ation of the condition of mankind. In the sick room, in the contagious
atmosphere of the hospital, and even amid the thickest showers of
deadly missiles on the battle field, her presence, her tender care and
soothing words have been recognized as the most powerful aids to re-
covery, or the most quieting sedatives for the dying patient.

All true and noble women are heroines by nature, ready for any
emergency that may arise to develop their latent powers. Heroes and
heroines are creatures of circumstance patiently working until the great
event of their lives shall suddenly arise to spring into action this hid-
den power, unknown, perhaps, even to themselves, which when
aroused may electrify the world. .

Look, for illustration, at the case of Miss Long, the Missouri hero-
ine in the rescue of the lost children. Until the very moment when
the madman had left them to their fate of certain death in the trackless
forest and furious freezing midnight storm, IVIiss Long had never been
known outside the range of her own quiet neighborhood. The next
morning to her own innocent surprise the little lady awoke to find her-
self a heroine. She had a brother, why did not he become a hero by

356 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the same circumstances that unfolded a new life to her; simply because
he did not possess those finer intuitive perceptions, those irresistible
emotions of sympathy that lay like dormant fires in the heart of the
girl. This uncontrollable smypathy for the innocent lives in peril,
when once aroused in her woman's heart, blinded her to every sense of
danger for her own life. While the boy tried to dissuade, she had no
time for reason and no reason to give. She wasted no time in an effort
to awaken sympathy in others, but only acted. Sbe rushed to the res-
cue. Her brother, like a brave body guard, followed at her command.
A half hour's time for deliberate thought or preparation might have
proved fatal to the lives of two innocent children, and the world would
have lost a heroine.

By what motive are women actuated to become prominent in the
cause of Temperance ? certainly not from a desire for notoriety, for
true woman's nature causes her to shrink from publicity.

The truth is apparent that women see that the great crises have
come when our nation has become so endangered by the cunning wiles
of a hord of unprincipled rum dealers, that she must fly to the rescue.

Man is moved by the influence of deliberate calculation and well
laid nlans; woman acts from the impulse of the moment.

Man may be represented by the machinery of the clock ; woman is
the pendulum that starts the machinery into action.

Woman's quick perception of the requirements of the hour prompts
a way for speedy relief and makes no delay until the work if begun.

Her work in horticulture, however, is easy and delightful. In this
labor she is accomplished by the memory of the perfume of the flowers
of the garden and the fruits of the field. As the first woman was cre-
ated in a garden we may believe the Creator had some good motive in
placing her there.

If she may not till the soil or dress the vine, she may at least de-
sign the arrangement of the plants or suggest varieties for planting.

Her province may be that of a useful and friendly adviser for man.
If he needs encouragement sh'e may be able to speak some cheering
words or oft'er some suggestion for his benefit that may prevent fail-
ure or disappointment.

Woman's work in horticulture may be so governed by her individ-
ual surroundings or circumstances that it cannot be defined or antici-
pated. If she have her heart in the work her intuitive peception will
cause her to do the right thing when the moment for action arrives.

What woman may do in horticulture may be best shown by what
she has done and is doing. By her influence and at her request the

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 357

rose, the mignonette, the pansy and the verbena nod tlieir heads and
cast their perfume at the guest who enters the gateway.

Her presence is indicated by the well-kept lawn, by the climbing
rose and honeysuckle and the beautiful beds of geraniums with their
endless display of summer bloom.

Not that she does all this with her own hands, but because she is
there, by some irresistible inHueuce, call it what you may, the work is
accomplished. With few excei)tion8 men uninfluenced by woman
would fail to supply their families with an abundance of the delicate
fruits of the garden.

Most men plead they have not time to plant a strawberry bed or
prepare a supply of small fruits for their families, but by woman's in-
iluence these health-giving fruits have become so abundant that nearly
every household in the land revels in them all summer long. Out of
their season they become a good reserve for winter use.

Then at last who but she has planted those little mementoes of
love over the graves of the dear departed ones, with one last effort to
keep their memory forever green.

OUE BIEDS.

BY A. C. SKINNER.

Butler, Mo., February 20, 1886.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Since our last meeting I have been chosen as one of a committee
of three, appointed by the president of this society, to report on Orni-
thology and Entomology.

This being the time of year when bugs and insects are taking a
rest and most of the birds are enjoying a southern clime, I have not
much to report from observation during the last month. I have seen
a few birds, such as the Jays, Robins, Blue Birds, English Sparrows
and a few others that stay here, except in severe cold weather.

358 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

While the most of our beautiful songsters have gone south to en-
joy the sunshine and try and forget the cruelties imposed upon them
during our last summer by their nests being robbed and their young
imprisoned. Cannot we as a society devise some means for their pro-
tection by the time they return in the spring. There is a law that
protects birds and nests, and the enforcement of that law is what we
want, if necessary. Birds will become exterminated if something is not
done to stop the wholesale destruction of eggs as was practiced by
boys during our last season, in collecting and shipping them east as an
article of exchange. This is not all. There are thousands of birds
killed annually for decorative purposes — to gratify some odd fancy. It
is all wrong. All insectivorous birds are friends and we should pro-
tect them, and any person or persons found in any way injuring them
should be punished according to the crime.

If there are any who do not realize the value of birds and the
amount of worms and insects destroyed by them, just watch the Mock-
ing Bird, Thrush, Eobin, Oat Bird and many others, and see how busy
they are collecting food for their young during the summer. Com-
mencing with the early dawn and continuing their warfare until dark ;
always cheerful and happy when unmolested. But the life of a bird is
a perilous one ; they have many enemies and very few active friends.
Man is one of their greatest enemies. Man, that intelligent, highly cul-
tured and sympathetic being, who will follow a Eobin across a forty
acre lot with a double barreled shot-gun to shoot it for taking a
few sour cherries — cherries that the same Eobin has helped to protect
since the unfolding of the first leaf until the ripening of the fruit. • If
he fails to shoot him, as he does sometimes, he will instruct one of his
brightest boys to hunt the marauder's nest and destroy it, thereby hop-
ing to get rid of the grief. Oh, how selfish. Our domestic animals
are fed and provided for, but the birds, which are much more valuable
than some of our animals, must stand back and not take anything ex-
cept what we cannot use for ourselves. Such discrimination is wrong.
Birds should be rewarded according to their merits.

I would like to call attention to the bothersome Mocking Bird —
one of the most interesting birds in the world, as well as one of the
most useful to the horticulturist. Imitating the notes of many birds
almost perfect, this bird is highly prized in the cities as a singer, and
commands a high price. But here they are too common— we get their
beautiful warbling free, therefore they are not appreciated nor pro-
tected as they should be. Boys are allowed to cage their young and
peddle the poor little innocent things on the streets, and if they can't

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 359

sell them they are taken home, there to die in a filthy cage by starva-
tion and neglect. Such cruelty to young birds should be condemned
by every intelligent man, woman and child of our land, and I hope
the time is not far distant when there will be but few who are not wil-
ling to speak and act in their behalf.

Who would not speak in defense of the birds when they think of
the many days spent in their childhood under the leafy boWer of some
spreading tree or wandering through the shady groves, where all na-
ture seems to be animated by the cheerful melody of the many song
birds as they fit from branch to branch, singing forth their praise.

Those are days that are treasured in our memory — written with in-
delible ink on the pages of our life, never to be forgotten. Such will
be the memory of our children when they become men and women, if
they are taught to value each bird according to worth. There are
many children who are taught to love and cherish the beauties of na-
ture, such as birds and flowers, and from such children we may expect
noble men and women.

A. C. SKINis'ER.

EARLY AND LATE CULTIVATION OF TREES AXD PLANTS.

BY JOHN B. INNIS.

Upon a correct understanding and a proper application of this
subject of cultivation depends our success in horticulture, and a sub-
ject of vital importance to every cultivator of trees and plants. Culti-
vation of the soil by mechanical means is simply separating its part-
icles, thus fining and pulverizing and putting it in the best possible
condition for the small hair like roots, to make their way through it in
search of food and moisture. The effects to retain moisture, the part-
icles of earth being separated admits the air, which leaves a portion of
its moisture, especially during the night, and slow to throw off or give
up its moisture. A pulverized soil is cooler in hot weather; the part-

300 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

icles of earth as they are separate conduct the suu's heat but poorly,
as compared with a hard, compact soil, which can be proven by exam-
ining- the different conditions of soil on any hot summer day. It also
assists the capillary attraction of moisture from below and retains it, and
is not so easily carried away by the drying winds during the day. Now
one of the difliculties to be overcome in growing trees and plants in
our long, dry summers is drouth, hence the need of cultivation to pre-
vent its deleterious effect, but how long should this cultivation be kept
up, is a question upon which all are not agreed. I would say as long
as the drouth and heat lasts, or the weeds put forth. Weeds should
not be allowed to grow, as they pump up and evaporate through their
leaves an immense amount of water. If we quit cultivation early, a
luxurient growth of weeds spring up, take up and evaporate its moist-
ure, leaving the ground hard and dry, forcing the tree to stop growing
and into permanent ripening of wood, and poorly supplied with stored
food. Should this be followed by fall rains and warm weather, a new
spring-like growth is started, the buds swelled and sometimes burst
into bloom, the whole organism filled with crude sap, which has not
time to thicken nor the wood to ripen up properly before winter. To
produce a healthy tree a steady, uniform growth must be kept up dur-
ing the entire growing season. Yes, but sir your late cultivation will
keep up a late growth which can not ripen before cold weather and
will be winter killed. It will prevent a premature ripening and keep
the tree or plant growing until it is ripened according to the God given
laws of nature. Mulching is universally recommended to prevent the
earth drying and stopping the growth, and who would recommend re-
moving it in the middle of summer, for fear of too late a growth. Now,
cultivation and keeping the ground fine acts as a mulch and a far better
one than that made of straw. Cultivation of the soil increases its fertility
by exposing it to the elements, thus making its plant food available.
Many persons believe the roots literally eat their food, and that it
should be placed in direct contact with them, as we frequently see ma-
nure placed immediately around the trunk of the tree, which can do
but little good. It is the fibrous roots that take up its food and that
in a very thin crude state.

A fertilizer must be spread as far as the roots extend, that the ex-
tremities may get the benefit. Corn or late potatoes would be a good
crop to grow in a young orchard ; when it is large enough to bear, then
sow down clover and pasture with hogs or else mow and let lay on the
ground as a mulch. In no case should the grass be entirely removed,
to let the heat suddenly in upon the ground, drying and destroying

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 361

many of the fibers that had sought the surface soil on account of the
shade given by the grass. No small grain should ever be grown among
trees for the same reason. If the ground is allowed to get very hard
and dry, many of the fibers will die and the vitality of the tree be injured.
The same effect will be i)roduced by the tree standing in water, as the
fibers will not live in water. (xVquatic plants have no fibers.) Hence
the need of drainage, if not naturally so, artificial means must be used
to get rid of all stagnant water in the soil.

A few words on the raspberry and I am done.

Some members of our society complain of the Turner winter kill-
ing, when ordinarily it is iron-clad. Its lack of hardiness is caused by
lack of cultivation, the very cause I have just described. The red
raspberry is objected to by some on account of its suckering. This is
easily overcome. When the suckers are a few inches high, hoe or
plow them off, leaving just enough to bear next year's crop. In spring
cut back to thirty inches of the ground, and an occasional plowing
during the summer, and the Turner will go through winter without in-
jury. In neglect of cultivation it is the summer heat and not cold that
kills. The Black Caps require nearly the same cultivation, except the
young growth should be pinched at 18 or 20 inches, thus causing it to
throw out laterals near the ground, and less liable to be blown down
and destroyed than if not pinched. Cut back the laterals in early
spring to within about a foot of the main stock, at the same time cut
away the old canes — those that bore fruit the previous year. Now the
cause of winter killing of trees is either an excessive amount of water
in the soil, or a soft, late growth, winter finding them with their struc-
ture full of crude sap that has not had time to be assimilated and the
wood hardened. But if a steady growth had been kept up during the
growing season, nature's laws would have stopped its growth and prop-
erly ripened it up in season and prevented injury by the latter cause.
There is no such thing as luck in growing trees but a continual persist-
ant work and that in conformity with the immutable laws of nature.

362 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MARKETING SMALL FRUITS.

BY CHARLES I. ROBARDS.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Bates county Horticultural Society:

All the remarks I shall make on this subject shall be based on the
proposition that there are enough consumers waiting and money ready
for all the fruits yet grown in the land. Yea, more than this, that fully
m proportion to the increase of production of this character of fruits
for many years to come, will there be an increased demand sufficient to
absorb all such crops. Over production is not general. Localities it
is true are in danger of being over supplied because of concentration
of producers, without markets. The consequences of this state of af-
fairs may at first seem to threaten disaster. But this in time will to a
great extent regulate itself.

The various branches of commerce are so related to each other as
that wherever a marketable commodity is producing sufticient quantity
to invite transportation there will be no great delay until suitable
means of exportation seek it. To convince ourselves of the truth of
this theory we have only to refer to our own experinence in the mark-
eting of our crop of apples during the past few years. In 1884 our ap-
ple crop begged shippers to take it at 25 cents per bushel for best win-
ter fruit. In consequence of this, together with the advertisements
brought about by our local society and the aid of the press, the outside
world was informed that we were capable of producing more apples
than we could consume.

The result, as you all know, has established the belief that we need
not fear that good winter apples will fall below 40 cents per bushel for
many years to come. Thus in the growing of small fruits for market,
could we induce growers to unite in a common effort not only to pro-
duce much larger quantities as well as to plant the best varieties, we
might expect to realize sooner the same result in the marketing of our
small fruits. Just now we stand only with reference to a home mar-
ket, not enough to ship in a proper way, too much, perhaps, for home
consumption.

To prove that fhis is the case we have only to refer to the market
facilities of other States. Illinois, with no better climate than ours,

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 363

sends annually from many of her towns, daily, whole trains of straw-
berries in their season. There, in such localities as have gone largely
into growing small fruits, instead of three or four acres, many men
manage strawberry fields from fifty to one hundred acres. This busi-
ness certainly could not be maintained without good shipping facilities
and without adequate markets. By our present rude methods of ship-
ping, where perishable and delicate commodities are piled indiscrimi-
nately with all manner of rough freight, and all handled with the same
reckless haste, we are just as certain of loss when we place our prop-
erty in the hands of our common carriers as we would be if we placed
it in the direct front of a double distilled cyclone. Better as we are
now situated gather only our best fruits, give full rounded measure,
get the best prices obtainable and when we cannot realize prices suffi-
cient to pay something over the cost of growing and marketing, let the
remainder stay on the vines to enrich the land for the next year's crop.
Where such valuable and desirable crops can be grown in such pro-
fusion, and where the soil and climate have been proven to be so lav-
ish in return as ours of this portion of the west, we need have no fear
but that the thousand who need and cannot produce what we now waste,
will some day near at hand open our doors with gold for our wares.
Then, too, will canning factories be established. Larger and other
towns will be built in the land. By the free use of healthful and appe-
tizing berries in their season, a habit will be formed for the more gen-
eral use of them, thus with the growth and increase of large supplies
will come new and large demands until we will be permitted to look
back on what we are now doing as baby work in comparison with the
great enterprises that lie just ahead in that near future when our re-
sources are properly advertised.

364 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WILL IT PAY TO PLANT PEACHES, EITHER FOR HOME USE

OR MARKET?

BY HENRY SPEER.

Mr. President — This question has been asked in our society and
has been referred to me to answer in a paper upon the subject.

I have no doubt the samb question has been asked thousands of
times, in various ways and by different persons in the last few years,
in public meetings, in private conversation, and in the minds of those
contemplating- planting- an orchard, and no definite answer can be given.

The question, will it pay, is the one uppermost in the human mind,
particularly in the American mind ; and any enterprise that does not
hold out some promise of pay will not have many followers. Now, in
order to more fully understand our subject, we must inquire into the
nature of the peach. The true home of the peach is in the milder
parts of the temperate zone ; while not a tropical plant (as it does no
good in even the extreme southern parts of the United States) ; yet it
will not endure very great extremes of cold. When the thermometer
falls to 10 degrees below zero it is almost certain death to its fruit buds.
Though partial crops have been raised when it reached 15, but when
it drops to 20 there is no hope for fruit, and unless the trees are in
very good condition to meet it, we can say good bye to them also.
Now, I believe there are none to deny that * ur soil is adapted to the
peach. Neither have I ever heard it questioned that our spring and
summer seasons are favorable. The peach buds and wocd usually
ripen up well in the fall and go into winter in good condition. So it
appears to me that all the conditions are very favorable, except one,
that is the north winds of the winter sweeping down over the plains of
Dakota, fresh from the icy regions of the frigid zone, cause the tem-
perature to drop a little too low for the peach ; and it appears from the
treatment that the peach is receiving of late years it has got too low
for the planters also. Now if I am correct in my premises, it resolves
itself into a question of meteorology ; in other words, are we to have
a continuation of the kind of winters the past four have been ; if so,
we may as well give up the peach at once, as it will continue to be a

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 305

failure. On the other hand, are not our seasons passing round in a cir-
cle, and may we not confidently look forward to milder winters ? The
time has been when the peach was one of our surest crops, and why
may it not be again 1 The conditions are more favorable now than
then. In some of the more eastern States the peach failed where it
had once succeeded and they have never succeeded in reinstating it
and probably never will. The reason is obvious. The vast forests
which once protected that country and modified its climate, have been
removed and will never be replaced ; while with us, it is different. The
orchards, hedges and groves, which have been planted will more than
balance the native timber destroyed. So that in this respect we are in
better shape than when the first white man set foot on our soil, and
this process is going on year after year to the west and northwest of
us. I look forward with much confidence for a change for the better
and I am planting some each season. Should the peach come in again,
I look for prosperous times to our peach growers, as most of the ene-
mies of the peach have perished for want of something to feed upon.
There is one more question I wish to touch upon, that has received
very little notice ; yet it is one which I have no doubt is of great im-
portance; that is the selection of hardy varieties. We all know some
varieties of apples are hardier than others ; the same is true of black-
berries, raspberries, grapes, and in fact all other fruits; but when it
tiomes to peaches, it has hardly been considered. I am aware that they
have failed for the last few years, but that does not prove that some may
not succeed when others fail. In conclusion I will say, plant peaches ;
plant them both for home use and profit ; plant some every year, and
if you don't raise any peaches you can raise some stovewood and have
an approving conscience — you have at least tried. The peach is too
fine a fruit to give up without a mighty effort.

366 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WHAT YxVEIETlES OF APPLES SHALL WE PLANT FOR

PROFIT !

BY Gr. W. JOHNSON.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: At our last meeting
our worthy chairman assigned to me the duty of reading an essay be-
fore this society at this meeting to-day, and gave me for a text, "What
varieties of apples shall we plant for profit," thinking, no doubt, that I
could so far overcome my innate bashfulness as to get up and say
"Why, Ben Davis, of course."

Well, I thought so, too, but when I got home and wrote it down it
looked as though my essay would be rather short; so, without consult-
ing the society I took the privilege to change the heading, hoping by
this means to be able to spread it out over more paper, whether to
your edification or not, I leave the society to judge.

Fourteen years experience in growing apples for profit in Bates
county, Missouri.

In November, 1871, I landed in Bates county with a view to mak-
ing it my future home, and the next spring I planted out the following
varieties of apples — for profit, of course : For summer — Early Har-
vest, Red June, Kirkbridge, Red Astrican, Early Strawberry, Benoni,
Sweet Bough and Cooper's Early White. Fall — Maiden's Blush, Por-
ter, Baile;y's Sweet, Pennsylvania Red Streak and Fulton. Winter-
Ben Davis, Wine Sap, White Winter, Pearmain, Rawles Janet, Hunts-
man, Missouri Pippin, Roman Stem, Nonesuch, Fallawater, Pryor's
Rod, Baldwin, King of Tompkins County, Spitzenburg, Willow Twig,
Milam, Yellow Belltlower and Lady's Sweeting. Two years later I
planted Sweet June, Emma's Favorite, Henning's Striped Sweet and
Red Sweet, Fameuse, Fall Pippin, Whittaker, Lawver, Gen. Lyons,
Lansingburg Pippin, Northern Spj-, Winter Sweet, Paradise and Gil-
pin. Two years later, or ten years ago, I added Grimes' Golden, Nick-
ajack, Rome Beauty, Smith's Cider, Stark, White Winter Pippin, Lady
Finger and Chronicle.

My soil is light and sandy and generally considered good for fruit.

For several years after planting I cultivated in corn and potatoes,
then seeded down in clover.

Now for results: Early Har.vest — Good tree, early and prolific

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 367

bearer. Red June — upright grower and good bearer; Red Astrican
— bore this year, for the first ; Early Strawberry — ditto ; Kirkbridge —
good bearer, but fruit small ; Cooper's Early White — good bearer and
apples large and fine ; Sweet June — poor tree and fruit small ; Emma's
Favorite — hardy tree, annual bearer, fruit good size, smooth and best
quality.

Fall : Bailee's Sweet — fruit large, and fine and good bearer ; Ful-
ton, fourteen years planted — first fruit this year ; Rambo — slow coming
into bearing, but very full this year and quality very good ; Fall Pip-
pin — not come into bearing yet ; Fameuse — fruit small and irregular y
Maiden's Blush — good grower, good bearer and fruit unsurpassed by
any; Pennsylvania Red Streak — not desirable and fruit uneven; Fos-
ter — the prettiest tree I have in the orchard ; fruit large, uniform in
size and best quality ; Ben Davis — splendid grower under any and all
circumstances, free from borers, early and annual bearer, fruit large
and showy and commands the highest market price ; Baldwin — poor
grower, no good ; Yellow Bellflower— ditto ; Nonesuch — worse and
worse ; Fallawater — tree winter kills and is a shy bearer ; Huntsman
— poor bearer ; Jonathan — good grower, good bearer and fruit best
quality; King of Tompkins County — poor grower and worse bearer;
Lawyer — good tree, but poor bearer; Missouri Pippin — one of the first
to bear, wood brittle, with tendency to overbear; Milam — poor grower;
Northern Spy — no good; Pry'or's Red — all dead; Rome Beauty — win-
ter kills badly ; Rhode Island Greening — good grower, but poor bearer ;
Rawles Janet — tree winter kills, cannot recommend it ; Roman Stem —
good grower and good fruit, but not a late keeper; White Pippin —
fine tree, large apple and fine flavor ; Willow Twig — not a success ;
White Winter Pearmain — sickly tree ; a rabbit will go five miles to get
a chance to peel one of them ; Wine Sap — tree good grower, fruit
small and not salable.

Now in conclusion : If the society expects me to recommend a
list for planting, I would say for summer, Early Harvest, Red June^
Benoni and Cooper's Early White. For fall — Foster, Maiden's Blush,
Rambo and Bailey's Sweet. For winter — Ben. Davis, Jonathan, Grimes'
Golden and Lansingburg Pippin.

368 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

HOLT COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AN INTERESTING SESSION OF THE HOLT COUNTY SOCIETY — ESSAY, ETC.

A bighly interesting- session of our fruit growers was held at the
office of Dr. Gosiin on Saturday last.

Papers on pruning were read by Wm. Brodbeck and W. R. Laugh-
lin. A long and interesting discussion followed, in which nearly every
person present took a part.

Mr. Blanchard brought into the room two old neglected grape
vines and with saw and pruning shears gave an illustration of his plan
of treating such vines. The discussion was earnest, but there was no
point of essential difference between the members as to the pruning of
either trees or vines. Both papers are to be furnished for publication
in the papers of the county.

Dr. Goslin told of his success in the almost new method of propa-
gating grape vines from single eyes, showing a bud cut into shape for
planting, and telling how they are to be treated. Several members
spoke highly of the Niagara grape.

Mr. Culp told the society that wire screening had perfectly pro-
tected his trees from rabbits.

The president read a letter from Mr. Goodman, secretary of the
State Society, and after discussion it was voted to advise the State
Society to pay to Miss Mary Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Mo., for her work
during the present year as entomologist the sum of $200. Also, that
the pay of the Secretary of the State Society be properly increased.

There was a good deal of talk about spraying apple trees to pre-
vent the Codling moth, and of getting a force pump for that purpose.

Voted to hold Society meetings in the court house hereafter.

Voted to hold our June meeting — strawberry festival — on Saturday,
June 4, at 10 o'clock A. M.

The meeting voted to request J. N. Menifee to prepare a paper on
strawberries, to be read at that meeting. Also, Mrs. Goslin to prepare
a paper on a subject of her own choosing.

The secretary was instructed to send written invitations to Presi-
dent Evans and Secretary Goodman, of the State Society, to Levi
Chubbuck, Associate Editor of Colman's Rural World, to C. C. Bell, of

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 369

Boonville, to T. W. Gannt, of Maryville, to Miss Murtfeldt, and to our
sister society at Mound City, to be present at our fourth of June meet-

ing.

Dr. Goslin was appointed to ask the Oregon cornet band to play
for the fourth of June meeting.

The secretary was instructed to assure Mr. Goodman of the best
possible assistance of Holt county in making a great show of Missouri
fruits next fall at St. Louis and elsewhere.

iN". F. MUKEAY, President.

W. R. Laughlin, Secretary.

PLANTING AND PKUXIKG.

BY MR. BRODBECK.

This is certainly a much more important feature to fruit growers
than the most of us are aware of. I here give my idea of transplanting
and pruning, and whatever I may say I will be sure of an opposite
opinion of some one. I believe trees should not be taken up until
spring as it is impossible for us to place the roots and fibers as nature
has placed them to protect them through the winter. They lay dor-
mant so long, from fall till spring, that to heal them in the ground, we
can't straighten out all the little fibers as well as where they grow and
they come out in the spring all crooked up, and more or less dried out
or mildewed. In setting the tree all the little fibers should be well
straightened out, no two to touch or cross each other. It is not neces-
sary to dig a great deep hole and put in brick or rock like they do
where they have hardpan ; our land here has a natural under drainage.
The ground should be well pulverized, using the top soil among the
fibers. Don't set them too deep. I use water in setting and lean the
trees a little to the southwest ; curtail the top in proportion to the root;
head four to five feet high ; three limbs and the center is enough for

H. R.— 24

370 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the head — never leave more than five with the center; balance them
on one stem ; keep the buds rubbed off eighteen inches or two feet
from main stem. Let these head limbs grow up high enough to be out
of your way, and if they incline to come down too low, clip them at a
bud that turns up, if they run too straight up cut at a bud that turns
out. You can by so doing regulate the top of the tree in pruning.
Keep all unnecessary limbs off by rubing off" the buds or cut when very
small. By so doing we avoid cutting large limbs from the trunk or
main branches, which has been the cause of the death of a great many
good trees in our old orchards. Let enough limbs remain on the inside
of your trees so you can step from one limb to the other in old trees —
this makes a ladder to get to the top of the tree. Where there is an
opening let a watersprout grow, thereby making a young top on an old
body, I believe the watersprouts should not always all be cut off. We
go to work in a great hurry in pruning our orchards. Many of us com-
mence cutting and cut all the limbs, even every twig, from four to six
feet from main trunk, which makes it very difficult to get to our fruit.
If you will notice you can see most of our low-headed trees eight to
ten feet (often even more than that) to the first fruit limb from the root
of the tree. A great many from five to eight of these branches, or
trunks, as I call them, all eight to twelve feet to the first twig that can
have any fruit. The center branches will have to be cut off or the top
will be too thick. Now we have a little brush of fruit limbs high up
and almost impossible to get at for the want of limbs to stand upon.
This leaves nearly all the fruit ten to twenty-five feet from the main
trunk of our trees. We have too much wood — entirely too much top
to bur trees. When they are full of friiit the ground we give them (16
to 25 feet) is not enough to suppoi't all this wood and also keep the
fruit in a healthy condition. The fruit will become diseased for the
want of nutriment or proper food.

And now the thinning begins. Nature won't trim our trees, but it
will thin our fruit. If we don't do our part and keep our trees in
proper shape the apple becomes diseased from starvation because we
have too much top or tree — because we head too low. Head high and
your trees won't have so much top and you can easy keep them in
proper bounds. The codling moth and other insects soon know when
an apple is not healthy^ — they go for it^ — they were created for that pur-
pose. Why, let the sturdy oak of the forest become diseased, and it
will become filled with these pests before we would know there was
anything the matter with the tree. We don't find any of these insects
in vigorous, healthy trees, and we don't find many in vigorous, healthy

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 371

growing apples, nor will they fall until we gather them. I have adopted
a different plan of pruning. When a limb interferes or crosses another
limb I don't always cut that off close to the trunk or main limb, I cut
one or two or three feet from one or the other of the interfering limbs,
owing to how it comes in contact with other limbs. Always leave some
branches growing out of upright limbs, or at least a few buds even
though they are no longer than four to six inches ; but leave them as
long as possible, so long as they do not come in contact with other
limbs. It is said the leaves are the lungs of the trees. l!fow
these buds yoh leave on these short limbs will be lungs for that part
of the tree. By this we avoid having six or eight feet without a leaf
or lungs, which, I believe, is very injurious to the tree and fruit. I be-
lieve we should prune our trees so as to throw the bearing wood as
close to the body of the tree as possible, and we can gather the fruit
•easier and in less time, and not let the limbs grow out from the tree
fifteen or twenty feet and then only a little bunch at the end for the
fruit. I believe the ends of long limbs should be cut off and throw
the fruit near the strength of the tree. Cut more, outside and not so
much inside, and let the sun and light in by thinning the outside. When
these long limbs get full of apples they bend all out of shape, and often
break. They say if you bend "osage orange," or hedge, without cut-
ting it will die because the sap can't flow through. If it has such an
effect on hedge, which clings to hfe more than any other timber we
have, why, then, should it not have the same effect on a limb of apples
that is bent equally as much as the hedge, with a great lot of fruit be-
yond this bend or pressure. More than that, the heavy winds twist
this limb, already strained to its utmost, in many cases twisting the
bark loose, and it takes this tree years to recruit again and it never
will come altogether out of its crooked and twisted shape. Then would
it not be better to cut the limbs back shorter and let the sun in from
the outside. We all know the fruit on such a bent or strained limb is
both small and tasteless. Some say nature wiU prune our fruit trees
for us ; others say they don't need pruning. This, I think, is a mistake.
I don't think God intended us to have this good fruit in any such a lazy
Avay. God created Adam and placed him in the Garden of Eden to
dress it, the fruit thereof to be his meat. It seems this much he was
commanded to do before the fall of Adam and Eve. By their trans-
gression for eating the forbidden fruit it makes this dressing or prun-
ning more laborious to us, as God says, "cursed is the ground, for thy
sake, in sorrow sbalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life ; thorns also
and thistles shall it bring forth to thee ; thou shalt eat the herb of the

372 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

field, in the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat bread." We are also told to
turn our spears into pruning hooks. There are other passages in the
divine law that speaks of prunning. Therefore I think that it is right
to prune and if we prune with taste and good judgment we need have-
no fears of the result. WM. BEODBECK.

SMALL FRUITS.

BY N. F. MURRAY.

This term includes grapes, goose-berries, starwberries and currants.
These delicacies can all be grown here with profit, and will succeed on
any land that will produce a fair crop of corn. Every owner of a farm
or good sized garden should seek to supply his own table with a variety
of all these healthy fruits in their season. They will grow and produce
such abundant crops, that it becomes a matter of economy to have a
constant supply on hand, and no kind of diet is more conducive to
good health than a free use of such fruits. And for market some of
these fruits will pay five to ten fold more for the labor expended in
their production than any farm crop, and are just as sure to give a crop
as corn or wheat.

And yet how very few of our people are growing them for their
own use, to say nothing of supplying the market. Your own citizens
of Mound City are compelled to send their or orders for these fruits
to St. Joseph, and they are often filled with shipments from other
States at high prices. And your supply of canned berries and jellies
are most all from California and eastern States.

EEPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 373

How long shall we remain with folded armes and closed eyes and
allow the rich profits of this great industry to flow to distant States,
to enrich the people and increase the prosperity of towns we have
never seen, and to impoverish our own that we profess to be interested
in. Gentlemen, this is a question like many others. It is for the few
to answer. And if you wish to see a change for the better let a few
here and there lead off and show our people what can be done, and
enough will soon follow. Some five years ago I sold two thousand
Snyder blackberry plants to F. McConn, of St. Joseph, who had them
planted in a plum orchard on his farm, and he informs me that not-
withstanding the fact that he gave them but little care, allowing them
to grow as they could in grass and weeds, that they have netted him
about eight hundred dollars. Many of his neighbors seeing them do so
well, have bought and planted them by the thousands — and so the good
work goes on and yet the demand for blackberries is on the increase.
St. Joseph and Kansas City did not get half what they wanted last
season, although offering from three to four dollars per case.

A Mr. Hopkins, of Kansas City, a few years ago netted one thou-
sand dollars from one acre of strawberries, ^ow it requires but a
small piece of land to go into this profitable business. Enough vege-
tables can be grown among the berry plants the first season to pay ex-
penses ; after that the fruit will pay, and pay well.

Don't fear overproduction, especially on blackberries and raspber-
ries. If you can convert a thousand acres of the farm lands adjacent
to Mound City into berry plantations it would increase the income
from the same ten fold and give profitable employment to every man,
woman and child in your city wanting work in the summer. At three
thousand quarts per acre (a reasonable estimate), it would yield three
million quarts, which at the low price of five cents per quart would
bring one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This, together with vege-
tables and a canning, factory would give an impetus to your boom,
hardly yet dreamed of.

What the people need in this direction is information, and I can
refer you to no better source than Our State, county and local )^horti-
cultural societies and the reports of the same. In these you find a
record of the actual experience of the leading, wideawake fruit grow-
ers of the country.

No one should attempt to grow berries for market without first
securing reliable information as to the best varieties to plant, and then
buy first class plants true to the name from reliable men ; then plant
them carefully, give them good cultivation, and you will not be disap-

374 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pointed. By all means continue tlie good work so well begun hy
organizing a horticultural society, attend it regularly and discuss fully
all point of this important subject. Remember, that whatever pays for
doing- pays best when well done, and if you become weary, remember
^'That they who never tire never rest, and they who never hunger no^
feast enjoy."

PRUNING FRUIT TREES.

BY TV. R. LAUGHLIN.

[Read before Holt County Horticultural Society, April 23, 1887.]

From first to last the main object of pruning should be to prevent
the growth that is not wanted, rather than to cut it off after it has been
made. To so prevent is a saving of labor and of the vitality of the
trees.

The shaping of the trees for the first two or three years is the
work of the nurseryman, but after that the owner must do the work
himself, or trust to such skill and judgment as he can hire.

In the spring of 1882 I planted several hundred apple trees, three
years old, that had not been trimmed at all in the nursery. For five
years I have been doing my best to get them into proper shape, and on
a good many of them it has been a failure. I would not take another
lot of such trees as a gift. Buy no trees that have not been properly
shaped in the nursery.

When you have purchased trees from the nursery, you will find
that the tree digger or the spade has made a rough job, leaving bruised
wood where the roots were cut off. Look over every tree and with a
sharp knife make a clean cut of the end of every root, and take off" say
one-third of each limb, cutting back to strong buds that point in the
right direction. Any man who is fit to grow trees for sale wiJl know
that varieties have naturally very dift'erent shapes and styles, and that

KEPOBTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 375^

this fact must largely determine the treatment of many kinds. The
Eamsdell Sweet grows almost as upright as a Lombardy Poplar.

The Bailey Sweet is an irregular growth of long switches. The
Cooper's Early White is a stubby, ill-shaped mass of limbs, no two
alike, but delighting in a variety of obtuse angles. To attempt to
prune trees of these three varieties into the same shape would be a
grave mistake.

Just after your trees are set determine what limbs are to be taken
entirely ofiF. Cut them an inch or two from the tree and let the stubs
remain till the next year, for the reason that a tree grows but little the
lirst year after setting, and if cut close to the tree the wounds would
check and not heal over. The stub left wili not check back to the
body of the tree, ^ext year cut off these stubs at pruning time, and
the clean cut is soon healed over, or so nearly so as to prevent injury.

Trees so treated will require but very little cutting during the rest
of the years of their lives. Careful looking at a tree on all sides — per-
haps stepping around it two or three times, will reveal to you each
year what little cutting of limbs or rubbing off of buds is needed to
give it the right shape and balance, to prevent its growing into wrong
proportions and to keep the head properly open to the air and sun-
light.

A good mechanical eye, some experience at pruning and common
sense are necessary in the nursery and in the orchard.

«

TIME OF PRUNING.

My experience with young orchards began thirty-eight years ago,
with nursery stock twenty-nine years ago, and with the old orchard I
now have, in the spring of '81. I have experimented carefully and ex-
tensively in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas and now in Missouri. Except in the
case of a very old and neglected orchard, scarcely in any event will I
cut a fruit tree after it has been planted either in nursery or orchard
at any other time than during the first half of June. The nursery trees
or the orchard that has been rightly attended to, will seldom need to
have a cut made that is half an igch across. The tree is then full of
sap and of life. The mechanical pressure of the growth that is then
going on holds the wood together and prevents checking, and by the
time the second growth for the year is done forming almost all the
wood that was exposed will be covered in with bark. A very great many
many trees are spoiled by being pruned at other times. The surface of
the wound checks — the rain wets the little checks to the bottom — a
dry spell deepens the checks and next rain the water goes deeper.

376 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This process goes on year after year, and at last reaches the ground.
The wind blows the tree over, or it dies standing — the owner finds it
rotten at the heart, and wonders what caused it to be so.

In the spring of 1881 I found myself in possession of a very badly
dilapidated orchard of one hundred trees that had been planted in
1854. The trees had been seedlings originally, but in 1869, when
owned by Linville Murray, he and his father had top grafted most of
them. It passed into other hands and for ten years it was neglected
and victimized by six different renters. The only instrument used had
been the ax, and the slaughtering had been done by blows that struck
downward on the fated trees, haggling and splitting the mutilated stubs
that were left. Most of the trees were far past hope when I began with
them.

In the latter part of March, according to my best judgment, I cut
away at least one-third of all the wood — of course with a saw. I
painted two or three time wherever a limb was taken off, some of them
six inches in diameter. The abuse the orchard had received and the
hard winters since leave me with few trees of much value to-day, and
with not much of definite opinion based on the experiment.

During that time I had been observing a number of old orchards
that have been pruned in different styles, most of them barbarously.
So far as I have found any opinion during these six years, on the sub-
ject of reconstructing such old apple orchards, if I had another such
job to do I would cut in two styles, suiting my practice to each, indi-
vidual tree. Ist. I would cut back to ten to twenty stubs — if the tree
has sutficient vitality left it will send out a numerous growth of shoots
that may be handled so as to produce for more or less years a good
many apples of fine appearance and of high quality ; or 2d, if the tree
was too far gone for the first prescription, I would thin the top, make
the most of such apples as it would bear, and await the hour when
the wind or the ax should relieve me of its existence.

WHERE TO CUT OFF A LIMB.

On all varieties there is at the base of each limb an enlargement
that ceases more or less abruptly, close to the body of the tree, or
the larger limb from which the one you wish to cut off sprigs. Just at
the outer end of that enlargement, and sloping upward and inward, is
the place to apply the saw to larger limbs, or the knife to smaller ones.
This cuts them short enough and leaves the least of exposed surface.
Always cut from below up the slope.

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 377

■ Never hire a man to prune your trees unless you know he is very
good at that business, or unless he comes to you with the most posi-
tive recommendations from men that you know to be experienced and
successful orchardisls. Better turn a bull loose in a china shop.

GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE LAST MONTH OF WINTER.

[An essay read before the Greene County Horticultural Society,
February G, 1886.]

As horticulturists, workers, tillers of the soil, we have by this time
in our experience learned that every division of time has its value,
every season its opportunities and utility. Together with the natural
division of four seasons in every year there are many subdivisions,
quaintly denominated busy season, leisure season, idle season, etc.
The last is a misnomer, and by every horticulturist should be stricken
out. That spring, summer and autumn are all busy seasons is a fact,
busy al], heads, hands, implements and animals, planting, tilling, har-
vesting and marketing. The very seeds we sow and the soil are busy,
our plants, vines and trees, growing, blooming and fruiting are beauti-
fully busy. Summer's tillage and autumn's harvest ended and the
fruits of our efforts stored, harness, implements and animals go into
winter quarters for a rest. The we^ry acres of hard worked soil need
a rest also and now get it. It is good that Jack Frost should bid vege-
tation halt and that stern cold winter should command that we cease
to toil and that our physical machinery take a rest. The price of winter
may be estimated by the value of recuperation which this three months
of comparative inactivity secures to our soil and to our muscular pow-
ers. Winter has still other utilities.

While I was a farmer boy at home with my father I plowed in

378 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

summer and went to school in winter, and so we must do yet, stir the
soil in the summer and cultivate our mental gardens in winter. The
season of comparative physical leisure is a real opportunity for mental
action, mental culture. Winter is the workingman's best season for
study. The mind is quicker in the crisp invigorating winter to catch
new ideas and put them in solid shape, to pile up knowledge by read-
ing, thinking- and studying for summer's use.

Now is also the proper time to draft our plans for the incoming
horticultural year. In this we may be assisted by a careful review of
last year's operations, noting alike successes and failures with cause.
We may ; nay, we ought, after necessary thought and estimates in
winter, to determine what we will plant, where, how much, when and
how. And when satisfactorily planted should be put on paper for
actual use. Now we ought to investigate the seed question. Of whom
shall I procure my necessary supply of vegetable and flower seeds for
the spring planting just planted 1 And when satisfied in our choice of
seedman as most reliable for good, true, fresh seeds, it is well at once
to make a list of seeds wanted ready for an order.

Questions in reference to cultivation may best be examined and
settled now if any improvement in our departures from last year's
methods are determined, the implements will claim next attention in
our plans and all necessary changes put on our list of wants in the way
of an outfit for approaching season of active operations.

There are sound reasons, more than we have mentioned, why
winter should by every one of us be thus utilized. As there is a time
for all things — this is the time for these things. The best and only
time suited to such. If deferred now, it must be hurriedly done and
poorly done when our time is in pressing demand for other duties, and
we will then be all the season pushing one part of operations out of
joint with eftbrt to crowd in neglected work of other parts. But if
these matters of winter preparation are attended to, we must then be
able to feel a cheerful readiness for spring work with pleasant thoughts
of improvement over last year's operations and successes. JOT.

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 379

A HINT TO OECHARDISTS.

NEW APPLES.

[An essay upon apples, and the way to procure the best varieties,
read by M. J. Eountree before the Greene county Horticultural Soci-
ety, Feb. G, 188G.]

There are many hundreds of varieties of apples offered by nur-
serymen which do not pay to plant, many of them are first rate in qual-
ity, some of them do not keep well, others keep, but are poor in qual-
ity, others are deficient in color. All our apple lists need revising-; if
they were cut down 75 per cent, we would still have too many varie-
ties. The apple we want for profit we have not got. We may never
g-et it. The ideal coming apple should possess all the following char-
acteristics, viz. : The tree should be symmetrical and perfectly hardy ;
it should be well adapted to the various soils and conditions existing-
in the apple growing belt. The fruit should be medium or above in size ;
the color should be unexceptionable or such as to attract the attention
of the most casual observer ; the quality should be of the very best. It
should be a uniform free bearer ; it should keep well until May at least ;
it should be sufficiently firm to bear shipment. The Ben. Davis pos-
sesses several of the above mentioned characteristics, but is deficient in
some of the main ones. It bears well and its size and color is quite sat-
isfactory, but it is deficient in flavor and keeping quality. But so far, it
is, all things considered, the best investment we can make as a winter
market apple. It would be well for horticulturists to experiment in
the growing of new seedlings. A few seeds could be sown each year
from several different good varieties. Young seedlings should be
thinned out and only the smoothest and thrifty ones retained. Buds of
these young seedlings could be bujided in August upon young thrifty
bearing trees, and in from two to four years these buds would bear
fruit. The best specimens of these could be kept and fully tested. In
this way much might be accomplished without much loss of time, as
many varieties could be budded on one tree, and in this way the ideal
apple might be discovered. We certainly have not found it yet, or at
least, it has not been generally disseminated. Such an apple would be

380 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

worth millions of dollars. There are quite a number of varieties which
possess more or less of the good qualities of the ideal apple, and some
of them will do very well as makeshifts or substitutes for it, but our
best pomologists and fruit growers lament that we have not got a bet-
ter apple to take the place of the Ben. Davis. A great deal of atten-
tion is being given at this time to the discovery and introduction of
new promising seediugs, and all fruit growing associations are giving
much attention to the revision of fruit lists. It is to be hoped that the
Missouri State society will diligently apply itself to this much needed
departure and thereby educate planters upon this most important feat-
ure of the business. ISew beginners are at no loss about what to plant,
but experience finally teaches them that it is a question or problem not
vet solved.

WOMAN'S MISSION IN HOETICULTCJEE.

BY MRS. WADE BURDEN, SPRINGFIELD, MO.

Mr. President^ Ladies and Gentlemen :

The subject assigned me by your executive committee is " Woman's
Mission in Horticulture." Has woman a special mission in horticulture °?
The first woman who imagined she had came to grief, finding herself
unexpectedly at a horticultural exhibition (the first on record) where
the fruit was shown in its natural state, (on the trees) and the attend-
ance not large but very select, she immediately constituted herself a
committee on fruits and proceeded to sample the variety under con-
sideration. The result was disastrous. Had it not been for that com-
mittee of one this earth might now be one vast Eden, and man (and
woman too) be luxuriating on the fruits thereof instead of earning their
bread by the sweat of their brow.

But would that state of affairs be likely to promote the best inter-
ests of horticulture? We opine not. If such were the case woman
could not possibly have a mission, and then what would become of the

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 381

country? sbe could not even aspire to be vice-president of the county
horticultural society, to say nothing- of the State. Now the possibili-
ties are in her favor.

But seriously, can woman do anything in horticulture that man
cannot do equally well ? They say it takes a scolding- woman to sow
pepper seed: that is, to make a success of it.

It certainly requires a great amount of patience to be successful
with delicate seedlings to carefully transplant and shade them, keep
them free from weeds and bring them to perfection. But there have
been patient men, we hear of them occasionally, Job, for instance. It
is true there are not many women's names on the roll of horticultural
fame, but perhaps if justice were done we should find them there.
Many of the beautiful homes of our lovely city with their well kept
grounds, emerald lawns, set with fruit and shade trees and brightened
and adorned with borders and beds of choicest flowers are the result
of womans labor. There is such a home on East Walnut street, the
residence of the widow Hill and her daughters. Misses Sophie and
Katie, where woman's hands tilled the soil, set out the trees and shrubs
and personally superintended all the work that they did not actually
do with their own hands. There are many more that might be men-
tioned that you are doubtless aware of. In the rose gardens of France
it is just possible that some of the choice varieties produced there and
made famous throughout the world for which credit is given to Mon-
sieur Le Propriataire, may have been the result of the experiments of
Madame la Femme.

But there is a mission for woman in which she can give and receive
the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. It is in distributing- her fruit
and flowers where they will be appreciated, giving of her abundance
if she be successful in horticulture to those who are not so highly
favored. Her reward will be the blessings of the sick aud afflicted and
in this way she will realize the truth of the saying: "It is better to
give than receive." The AVomans Flower Mission of St. Louis are
availing themselves of this privilege and are bringing joy and gladness
to many a sick bed, both in hospital.and home.

382 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTRAL SOCIETY.

LATE AND EARLY CULTIVATION OF THE STAWBERRY.

The strawberry stands next to the apple in a money point of view,
and is adapted to a much wider territory. Probably no fruit is so uni-
versaly grown as the strawberry. I doubt if any fruit is susceptible of
greater improvement, at all events none has been improved so much
within the last quarter of the nineteenth century. And yet horticul-
turists have not obtained their ideal strawberry, new varieties are com-
ing forward for trial all the time and on every hand.

The cultivation of the strawberry is a matter that has and does em-
ploy the best thought in the horticultural field and has done so for many
years, and yet no one method is acknowledged and accepted by all.
I am of the opinion that much of the various theories grow out of the
variation of climate soil and the conditions surrounding- the cultivator,
and I have no doubt but my treatment of the strawberry out of irregu-
lar conditions is why I am asked for this paper.

Cultivators need not be alarmed or afraid that the strawberry is
going to be destroyed if one does step out of the usual methods of
cultivation of the plant, for it is one of the very hardiest and will stand
almost untold abuse and live and bear some fruit ; on the other hand, it
will, to my certain knowledge, bear as mutch deep plowing and rough
hoeing and harrowing as any plant cultivated, and grow and thrive
under it as much and give fruit to correspond.

I have no pet theory to offer to this society. I have had some
experience, however, that might be suggestive to some one. Straw-
berry beds often become so foul with weeds or grasses from manure
or otherwise, or so thickly matted that the fruit is small and unsaleable,
so that it become nescessary to plow up the whole plat to clean the
ground, or renew the too thickly matted bed by re-setting, thereby
losing one crop.

The experience I allude to is this : In the spring of '84 I set a
plat of ground to strawberries and cultivated well up to August, after
which they run and pretty well covered the ground, the land not be-
ing manured. During the winter of '85 I mulched well with well rotted
manure. In the spring I picked a good crop of nice berries, but by
the time the berries were off, the ground was taken by red and white
clover, blue grass and timothy. To let it stand the next crop would
have been meadow, so I mowed it to keep grass from seeding, but did
not begin cultivation until about the 15th of July. I ought to have done

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 383

it immediately after the fruit was off. I used a small turning plow,
throwing- the furrows together, forming ridges and leaving a space of
ten inches four feet apart, then hoed the unplowed space ; after a few
weeks we harrowed the ridges down, then used the double-shovel plow
with long, narrow tongue on plows running close to plants, and mel-
lowing the ground thoroughly, and so continued to cultivate and de-
stroy each new crop of seed until late in November. Of course the
plants were feeble when we commenced working them, and the weather
was dry for some time after the first working, but when it became
seasonable they grew and became stocky, but did not make but few
new plants, because of the lateness of the operation. So I hadbutfew
more plants for fruiting in the spring '86 than what stood on the 10-
inch strip. I also plowed and hoed them this spring with good effects,
and since fruiting this season have given them a thorough working;
the ground is clean and mellow, the vines are running and taking hold
in mellow ground. This I might have had if I had commenced soon
enough last season. I had a full half crop of nice fruit, but rather dirty.
All that I have to do now is to keep the runners cut back and form
matted rows. JOHX DAILY.

LAFAYETTE COUNTY HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

THE MANAGEMENT OF THE APPLE ORCHARD.

BY JAMES AULL.

PLANTING AND CULTIVATING.

In the setting out, cultivation and general management of the
orchard it is impossible to adopt one system for all orchards, since
orchards in different sections require different treatment.

384 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The obstacles we liave to contend with : First, the drouth ; second,
the borer, and third, the codling moth.

I think the following is the best course :

If possible, plow the ground deep in the fall and dig the holes in
the fall if the ground is not too wet. The holes should not be less
than two feet in diameter, the lowest point being two feet from the
level of the ground.

The action of the frost during the winter will tend to loosen the
subsoil, and any water that settles in the hole will readily pass through
the loose subsoil, and the following summer the tree is not apt to suffer
from drouth. When the time to plant arrives, cut down the sides of
the hole with the spade, which will fill the bottom with surface soil,
and make a fine bed for the roots to reach the damp earth in summer.
After planting sow a strip of oats along the tree row, and hoe around
the trees a space as large as the hole dug; keep this space free from
weeds, and when the oats are headed out, and before they are ripe,
mow them and throw them around the trees as a mulch, letting them
almost touch the trees. About the first of September cut the weeds
and grass and put around as before. The second and succeeding years
continue the same treatment. Mulching should be more generally
practiced in fruit-producing districts, for it is the least expensive and
most effective method of protecting fruit trees against the bad results
often following the frequent and sudden changes of temperature dur-
ing the summer and fall months, when the surface of the ground is left
exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Again, when the mulch is put
on two or three inches in thickness, the soil is constantly so moist and
loose, that even when no rain falls for a term of several weeks, the
trees or fruit receive no check for want of moisture and food under
such circumstances.

To prescribe one rule for all orchards is like one medicine for all
diseases. It is absolutely necessary for each grower to search out the
nature and needs of his trees, if he desires the best results to reward
his labor. Not unfrequently do we see barnyard manure recommended
for orchards to make them fruitful, and in many cases if put on in
small quantities it is beneficial, but in large quantities, where the soil
is rich, it is not only unnecessary, but is positively injurious, as it
causes a large growth of wood, thus increasing the evil rather than
diminishing it, for whatever tends to make trees produce an extra lux-
uriant growth, diminishes their tendency to bear fruit. Wood ashes
is undoubtedly one of the best fertilizers if spread over the entire sur-
face of the ground, and not applied as some do only a few feet from
the tree.

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 385

The feeding roots are at the small ends of the roots, more than at
the large ends near the tree, and are always near the surface, there-
fore whatever fertilizer is applied should be spread evenly over the sur-
face, and left but a few inches under it, then the feeding roots will
easily reach it.

An unproductive orchard may be made fruitful by making one
clean cut through the bark once around each tree when in blossom or
by wrapping the trunk with wire, letting it cut through the bark ; this
course will not injure the trees, but will check the growth so that the
tree will perfect the fruit buds for the next year. The operation may
need to be repeated, if the soil is rich and the trees thrifty, every two
or three years until a fruitful habit is formed. By this process the
growth of the trees will be reduced to the fruit standard, and all the
roots will remain in a healthy condition to perfect any crop of fruit set.

PRUNING.

In pruning it is better to cut only small limbs, and if it is done reg-
ularly it will not be hard to keep the tree in good shape. Cut out the
water sprouts and scrape the trunk with a three cornered scraper,
using the point to get all the old bark out of the forks of the main
branches. In some of the rapid growing varieties the wood grows
over the old bark, and the tree does not make a perfect joint and when
heavily loaded with fruit it is apt to split off and thus ruin the tree.
The trees should be washed in the spring with a thin wash made of
«oft soap and lime, and if a piece of rusty iron is left in the wash for a
few days it will be the better for the tree and also make the borer hunt
another tree, as iron is distasteful to him.

The codling moth is one of the greatest enemies of the apple or-
chard. By hanging a basin tilled with a little sweetened water in the
trees about dusk, a great many of them may be captured ; a little vin-
egar should be added, as it is the ripe apple or cider smell that attracts
the moths to their liquid graves. The time for commencing this will de-
pend on the season, somewhere from the first to the middle of May,
and it should be continued until July, when the first brood of moths
will have been captured. By hanging out a basin as a tester about the
time the moths a.re expected, their arrival can be exactly determined.
As everyone knows the codling moth is the mother of the apple worm.
She flies abroad only at night, when she visits one branch after another,
depositing a little egg in the blow end of the apple, and as soon as her
stock is exhausted she dies. The eggs soon hatch and the worm eats

H. R. — 25

386 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

its way to the core of the apple and then the injured frnit falls to the
ground, and if it is not picked up by hogs and sheep, the larvae soon
leaves it and burrows into the ground and there spins for itself a
witer house, or else hatches out, producing a moth that will visit the
fruit in August. *

SELECTION OF VARIETIES.

In the selection of varieties the grower should decide on a few of
the best standard sorts, as too many varieties make up such mixed lots
that but few buyers like to handle them. In my opinion the following
is a good list : Early Harvest, Eed Astrachan, Summer Bellllowery.
Maidens Blush, Jonathan, Ben Davis, Winesap and Huntsman's Fav-
orite.

GATHERING AND PACKING.

As a rule most farmers pick and haul their apples to buyers. This
is all wrong. Every farmer should pack his own apples in barrels in
the orchard, saving a great deal of time, and the apples are delivered
in much better order than when hauled loose in the wagon. In gen-
eral it may be said that winter apples should be picked when they are
ripe. Ripeness is shown by the color of the ap})le8 and by the ease
with which they part from the tree. Apples probably keep longer
when picked before they are ripe, but such apples never possess the
flavor and criepness of fully matured fruit.

If a person has a good cellar for keeping fruit, the apples may be
taken to it as soon as they are picked. Cider apples should be left on
the ground in piles, as they will lose some of their water and will make
better cider. Great care should always be taken in handling the fruit
in all cases, as upon that will depend the success of the apple orchard.

JAMES AULL.

EEPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 387

GRAPE CULTURE.

[xVu essay read at the iSlovember meeting of the Lafayette County,
Missouri, Horticulture Society by Clias. Teubner.]

The grape is one of the most delicious, healthful and productive
of fruits. It has been grown to yield over 500 bushels per acre. Al-
though it grows easily, yet the vine requires more attention and labor
than most other fruit, in order to grow it to perfection, hence it is not
so largely planted for family use as it deserves to be.

LOCATION.

The location should be elevated if possible and open, so as to re-
ceive plenty of sunshine and air. Eastern and southern exposures, or
slopes, are to be preferred, and when on a level, the soil should be
well drained.

SOIL.

The grapevine will thrive in any moderately rich, dry, porous soil,
such containing a large per cent, of sand being especially favorable.
Gravelly or stony soil, if underlaid with porous subsoil in also suita-
ble. Heavy or wet soils should be avoided, as grapes cannot endure
" wet feet."

PLANTING.

The soil should be thoroughly prepared by deep plowing and sub-
soiling, or spading. The holes shouLd be dug with a slant, on which
the roots are spread out, after being dipped in water, and then covered
with top soil, pressing it down moderately. The depth of planting
varies with the size of the vine, but one foot is considered enough and
even the largest, as very large vines can be inclined accordingly, and
the lower roots spread out horizontally, for the roots of the grape
naturally lie near the surface — they require warm feet as well as dry
ones. Strong one year vines are mostly used. The proper distance

388 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

apart for planting' varies with soil and varieties. Slow growers, or
vines on moderate soil require no more than 6x6 ft., but for strong
growers, or on rich soil, 6x8 ft., will be necessary.

The vines should be cut back to three eyes, (or buds), and in plant-
ing, these are left above ground.

CULTIVATION.

During the lirst year the soil should be stirred frequently with cul-
tivator and hoe, and the ground kept free of weeds. Cultivation dur-
ing the succeeding years is the same, with the addition of loosening
the uncultivated strip of soil in the rows every spring with a spading
fork or pronged hoe. Cultivate shallow.

PRUNING.

This may be done at any time after the leaves have fallen, until the
latter part of March, November being the best mouth for that purpose.
The surplus wood should be carried out at once, and burned when dry
enough. The canes should be freed from the trellis so they can drop
to the ground, where they will be partly protected against severe cold.

The first year's growth is cut back to within one foot of the
ground.

During the second year, two or three of the strongest and upper-
most canes are allowed to grow ; the others are rubbed off as fast as
they appear. The reason for this is that it concentrates, directs, and
confines the forces of the vine to a few channels, instead of being al-
lowed to expend itself uselessly on half a dozen or more.

The canes should now be tied to stakes, or a trellis, as they ad-
vance in growth, and the tips pinched off when they attain a growth of
five feet, in order to force the flow of sap into the laterals (or limbs).
These laterals should not be cut or rubbed off, as some do, but left to
grow at will, for it is on these that the most and best fruit is formed.

Of the second year's growth the strongest cane is selected and
cut back to four or five feet, and the laterals on it are cut to two or
three eyes each, i. e., those only which are strong enough, say lead
pencil size. The other cane or canes are cut back to three eyes, and
are then called " spurs." On these spurs, canes for the following year's
crop are grown, for the canes that produced a crop one season are cut
oft" the following year, new wood being grown for every crop."

During the third year three or four canes are allowed to grow from
the spurs, and treated like the second year's growth. In pruning the

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 389

third year's o-rowtli, two canes are left for bearing, and the others cut
back to spurs, while the old cane is cut off where it starts from the
body of the vine.

The treatment in after years is much the same, though somewhat
more laborious. On strong vines the number of canes may be increased
gradually to three and four, and the lengih of each extended to six or
seven feet. No fixed rules can be given, as the treatment of each
vine must be in accordance with its vigor, and each season's growth
will tell the tale, whether properly cared for or neglected, or overborne,
so that even the tyro in grape growing can soon learn what treatment
is necessary, and when the vine needs a rest or stimulation.

SUMMER PRUNING.

This consists in pinching or breaking off the tips of the young
shoots on which fruit is forming, when they have grown to six or eight
inches. Usually but two bunches are allowed to each shoot, and those
which have no fruit are rubbed off entirely. By this process the size,
quality and quantity of the fruit can be controlled and improved.

TYING UP THE VINES.

The canes or bearing wood should be tied up in March or April,
before the vine starts to growing, and should be spread out on the
trellis, in order to prevent the new growth from being ciowded.

For ties, willows or very strong twine should be used, as it is im-
portant to secure the canes in such a manner that the weight of the
fruit and new growth does not break the tie. During the growing
season the young canes and shoots should be tied up as soon as they
are long enough to do so, or else the wind may break them off while
they are yet tender. For this purpose twine, strips of rags, or pawpaw
bark will answer.

TRELLIS.

Wire makes the best and cheapest trellis. No. 12 is commonly
used, but No. 11 or 10 would be better.

For convenience a trellis is usually made five feet high, but the
higher the better — for the grapes at least. Strong posts, (4x5 inches,
and 7 feet long) are put at the ends of the rows, and after every third
vine, using smaller ones as supports between the other vines. The
end posts should be well braced. The wires are put on with staples,

390 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but SO they can move freely in them, because the weight of the fruit
and vines, together with heat, cause the wires to lengthen, thus re-
laxing the tension, hence they must be drawn taut every spring before
tying up the canes. The easiest way to do this is to run the wire
through the end posts, and wind it up on a flat piece of oak wood,
about ten inches long, two inches wide and half inch thick, the middle
of the sides being narrowed one and a quarter inch, starting at three
inches from the ends, thus:

Three strands of wire will — ^ — j answer, but four would do
better. " — — — j

The lowest wire is put one half foot farther from the ground than

the distance between the others.

VARIETIES.

For this section, and for general use, I would recommend Tele-
graph, black, very early ; Concord, black ; Martha, white, early ; jS'or-
ton's, black ; Elvira, white, late.

CEisTllAL MISSOURI HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

[The Central Missouri Horticultural Association holds a splen-
did exhibition of fruits, flowers and vegetables.]

The display of fruits, flowers and vegetables gotten up on short
notice by the Central Missouri Horticultural Association merits the
largest notice at our hands. This association was only organized last
spring, but has already done good work. The display shown at the
Thespian opera house last Friday and Saturday, under the aupices of
the association, would have done credit to the best established county
fair in the State. The opera house was neatly decorated and the ex-
hibits were arranged with great care and good taste. Fruits of all
kinds, flowers and vegetables filled the large hall completely, and the

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 391

very large number of visitors present spoke in highest terms of the
exhibition. The quantity of the exhibits was equaled by their splendid
quality. Some of the finest specimens of corn and wheat that have
been raised in the west were shown, the products of Missouri soil.
Apples, surpassing what was to be found at the l^ew Orleans exhibi-
tion, were on hand in profusion. Potatoes, onions, okra, pears, grapes,
oats, clover seed, beans, watermelons, canteloupes, pumpkins and all
seasonable products of orchard, garden and '•farm, delighted the eye
everywhere. The esthetic spectator was charmed by displays of cut and
pot ilowers, making the hall a bower of beauty. The list of entrees
given below shows the interest taken in the meeting, and had more
time been given there would not have been space to accommodate the
exhibits. There is not one of those who labored for the success of the
fair that does not deserve especial mention, as there could not have
been a more faithful corps of workers. The association deserves to be
most heartily congratulated. Tlie fair continued two days, Friday
and Saturday, and, admission being free, the hall was thronged both
days. Saturday afternoon there was a crowded house to witness the
exercises of the public meeting of the association, hear the prize awards
and listen to addresses by the speakers advertised. The meeting was
■called to order by Mr. H. M. Myers, President of the association, at
two o'clock, and the Secretary, Chas. C. Bell, announced the program.
Dr. H. Clagett, of Pilot Grove, was introduced and read an able ad-
dress on horticulture and kindred topics.

Mr. L. A. Goodman, Secretary of the State Horticultural Society,
was introduced and delivered a very helpful and entertaining talk. Dr.
Clagett added a few words on hay curing. He thought farmers should
have absolute knowledge, not simply opinions, on these disputed sub-
jects. President Myers here gave some history of an orchard he had
planted three years ago. He felt younger now than then. Eev. G.
E,eiche spoke briefly, emphasizing the fact that a man should not live
for himself alone. W. A. Smiley talked a few minutes on wheat. A
rather unexpected feature was the presentation to Miss Minnie Man-
ger, the efficient assistant secretary^ by the board of officers, of a hand-
some gold souvenir. W. P. Tompkins made the presentation speech,
and Miss ]\[anger responded gracefully. The inability of Judge Eice and
Professor Haynes to make addresses was announced, and Secretary
Bell concluded the literary portion of the exercises by a practical talk
on his favorite topic, apple raising. He said in reference to the dis-
play that California could not excel us in apples, that all we needed
now was cheap transportation. Speaking of the fair, he said it was

392 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gotten up at sliort notice, but that the association felt encouraged at
their success. After the awarding of the following prizes the associa-
tion adjourned :

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Wheat — First premium to exhibit 'So. 20, F. Kunkel ; second pre-
mium, Xo. 31, John A. King; third premium, 'So. 93, J. S. Garret.

Corn — First premium to exhibit No. 5, Ford Bros. ; second pre-
mium, xs^o. 28, Wm. King; third premium, No. 14, C. F. Adams.

Oats^Best quality, to exhibit No. 42, A. Harriman.

Clover Seed — Best quality, to exhibit No. 17, C. F. Adams.

Apples — Best display of shipping apples to exhibit No. 75, C. C.
Manger; second best, No. 50, R. T. Kingsbury. Largest apples, No.
76, W. D. Haus. Greatest variety. No. 53, F. J. Boiler.

Pears — Best quality to exhibit No. 104, Hugh Eoberts.

Fruits of all kinds — Best display to exhibit No. Gl, L. Geiger, Sr. ;
second best, No. 61, L. Geiger.

Grapes — Best and most perfect bunches, to exhibit No. 89, H.
Hamburg.

Wines — best quality of 1886, to exhibit No. 85, A. Stretz.

Cider — Best quality of 1886, to exhibit No. 86, A. Stretz.

Sorghum — Best quality, to exhibit No. 49, H. Edson. (Received
special premium of Meistrel & Smith.)

Potatoes — Best quality and display, to exhibit No. 69, George
Miller ; second best. No. No. 4, E. A. Myers.

Cabbage^ — Best heads, to exhibit No. 62, Charles Stretz.

Sweet potatoes — Best display, to exhibit No. 19. R, Morton.
Garden vegetables — Best display and quality, first premium to exhibit
No. 60, L. Geiger, Jr.; second premium. No. 62, Charles Stretz.

Melons — Best display of all kinds, to exhibit No. 29, J. B. Sibley ;
heaviest melon. No. 84, J. B. Sibley.

Pumpkins, squash, etc. — Best assortment, to exhibit No. 48, R.
Morton. Largest pumpkin. No. 41, G. W. Drennan.

Flovfers — Best display of pot flowers, to exhibit No. 73, Mrs. S.
Wooldridge ; second best, No. 58, Mrs. B. E. Secongost. Best display
of cut flowers. No. 91, Mrs. S. Wooldridge ; second best, No. 119, Miss
E. W. Force. General display. No. 73, Mrs. S. Wooldridge. Greatest
variety. No. 58, Mrs. B. E. Secongost. (Special premium by Boonville
Topic.)

Butter — Best quality, to exhibit No. 112, H. C. Lionberger ; second
best, No. 110, Mrs. J. E. Elliott.

REPORTS OF LOCAL SOCIETIES. 393

Honey — Best quality, to exhibit No. 72, Miss Grace Taliaferro.

Music — Best cornet band, Boonville band.

The following committees awarded the various premiums :

Committee on Grain — Dr. J. H. Wooldridge, W. C. Scott and Dr..
Harriman.

Committee on Fruit — H. Bunce, Dr. H. Clagett and George Dun-
can.

Committee on Garden Vegetables — L. A. Goodman, David George
and W. A. Smiley.

Committee on Flowers — Mrs. S. Rogers, Mrs. A. Machette, Mrs. J.
Durr and Capt. A. C. AViddicombe.

Committee on Butter and Honey — Mrs. W. P. Tompkins, Mrs. S.
Eogers, Mrs. A. Machette and Capt. A. C. Widdicombe.

Certificates awarded : Exhibit oSTo. 79, D. Lovet, for best Ben.
Davis ; exhibit ]!^o. 34, J. A. King, for best Geniting ; exhibit No. 30,
C. C. Eldridge, for best Bellliower ; exhibit No. 76, W. D. Haus, for
best Northern Spy ; exhibit No. 78, J. McFall, for best Tulpahocken ;
exhibit No. 56, J. C. Ingersoll, for best Jonathan ; exhibit No. 25, A.
Hosp, for best Winesap ; exhibit No. 96, A. Scott,' for best Baldwin ;
exhibit No. 65, George Miller, for best New Town Pippin ; exhibit No.
50, T. E. Kingsbury, for best Willow Twig; exhibit No. 53, Fred. J..
Boiler, for best Maiden Blush.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS,

FLOWERS.

[Graduation essay of Miss Mamie Trotter, of Breckenridge, Mo.,
read at the commencement of Kidder Institute, June 15, 1887. J

The earth has been rightly called the flower garden of God, and I
think it would be difficult to tind a more appropriate name.

We are enabled to realize this to its utmost extent, more in the
spring and sunimer than at any other time, when we may see our green
earth almost entirely covered with a countless variety of little beauties
which are of almost all sizes, colors and descriptions. We may for a
time think it strange that they can arrive at the state of perfection
they have, without being carefully watched and tended day by day by
the hand of man. Yet if we will stop and think, they are cultivated
and watched over by a Being who is the creator of the universe, and
in whose hand man is merely an instrument used for the performance
of such earthly tasks as tilling the soil, and arranging things while He
giveth the increase. Then has not our earth been rightly named His
flower garden ?

We find flowers vastly different from ours in the different zones,
in some growing more luxuriantly than in others, as in those having a
certain average annual temperature certain vegetable growth will flour-
ish and each zone has its characteristic form of vegetation. They are
arranged witli such care, too, as some of the very sweetest are found
where they will be seen only by very rough, uncultured people, and
thus in their purity we may imagine they are urging the creatures
around them to reform, and are thus doing the world some good.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS: 395

I have often thought what a dreary waste this earth of ours would
be without flowers ; we would have nothiug to look forward to in the
coming of spring, and life would almost be a burden to us with nothing
to brighten our pathway. And as we are trudging along life's rugged
journey we may almost sink in despair and wish for something to di-
vert our thoughts from our troubles, and nothing will accomplish this
half so well as a flower. When we but look at it we forget our troubles
in our ardent admiration for the beautiful object so free from care, and
then how much better we feel ; our load seems lighter to bear and life
grows stronger within us as their subtle perfume, like incense from
heaven, floats around us. The earth receives upon her bosom, the
falling blossom but leaves to us the undying fragrance of our crushed
immortelles. It is the delicate and sacred work of the Christian poet
so to concentrate and embody this ethereal sweetness that we of duller
sense may in fellowship with him receive and enjoy it.

In our zone flowers come just often enough and stay with us just
long enough to be better appreciated during their stay than where \eg-
etation remains green and flowers bloom throughout the year. As we
see their tender buds expand we watch them with childlike credulous
affection and are lead to think of them as emblems of the bright and
better land. We should, too, while they last, do all the good with
them we possibly can.

One of the most touching methods in which flowers are disposed
of is that in which the surviving heroes of the late civil war honor
their sleeping comrades, by strewing their graves with flowers, thus
typifying their glorious resurrection which must surely follow the en-
nobling labor they performed while fighting for their country. Surely
there can be no more sacred use for flowers than strewing them upon
the grave of those we love. They are the most fitting emblems of the
fair body hidden below, which once bloomed on earth, then perished
as the earthy.

I have often wondered if there was a relation existing between
flowers and human beings, and have several times seen species which
I imagined reminded me of certain jiersons I had met.

I will present a few of those I have particularly noticed and see if
you do not see the same resemblance. First, there is the tall, majestic
sunflower which follows the sun throughout its entire course during
the day, and which at a distance appears so beautiful. We find "that
distance lends enchantment to the view," for upon closer examina-
tion we find it to be composed of the very coarsest of material.

It reminds me very much of an old bachelor with such a broad,

396 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

goodnatured face. But if we examine his habits and customs closer
we find that he, like the sunflower, is a sham.

Again, the touch-me-not reminds me more of a sour old maid than
anything else, because so common. And then such a temper as she
generally has ! When she is in an ill humor you dare not even look at
her longer than she thinks necessary without her temper falling all to
pieces, lust as the touch-me-not does if you happen to touch it.

Next let us notice a sweet rose. It makes me think of a modest,
retiring country maiden who is " born to blush unseen, and waste her
sweetness on the desert air," but who, when found, is by far sweeter
than those moving wore in society circles.

Then we have the little velvet pansies which almost seem too del*
icate to be associated with the less refined flowers which surround
them. They remind me of a band of little children who, before they
even know the meaning of sin, seem too pure to associate with the
wickedness of this world lest their innocence be changed to some-
thing of a coarser nature.

Kext is the meek and lowly daisy which we find in the fields, wild
and uncultured, as well as in the beautiful flower gardens which adorn
our city homes. We may liken them to people who are -jlways con-
tented and who, in whatever position of life they may be placed,
scatter sumbeams all around them.

Then we have the snow-white lily of the valley. How very pure it
is. I can think of nothing that is sweet enough to compare it with but
the " sweet girl graduate," and I think you will fully agree with me in
this. Again we have the green tea rose. After noting its color alone
we know quite well what it compares best with. It is the " sour boy
graduate."

The poet has, we find, compared flowers to stars shining in the
earth's firmament. But we find the poet Longfellow has truly said :

"Everywhere about us they are g'owing

Some like stars to tell us spring is born,
Others their blue eyes with tears o'erflowlng

Stand like Ruth, amid the goldeu corn.

In all places then and in ail seasons.

Flowers expand their light and soul like wing,

Teaching us by most persuasive reasons
How akin they are to human things."

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 397

FARM FOR YOUITG ME:N^.

JAMES PARTON CONSIDERS AGRICULTURE A PROFESSION.

I do not know one educated young man of American birth who
thinks of farming as a profession. I have sat for ten minutes over this
paper trjing- to recall an individual who had even spoken favorably of
agriculture as a vocation to live by. Farming appears to have com-
pletely passed out of the thoughts of young men in the eastern States
as a desirable career. Is not this somewhat strange in a nation, the
founders and first rulers of which were farmers, almost to a man ? Ac-
cording to a recent statement a considerable number of students in our
college are willing to go into foreign countries as missionaries, and all
the professions appear to have some attraction for the young and am-
bitious, excepting, alone, this first and chief of all, the cultivation of
the soil.

Not long ago, standing upon the eminence which is the site of a
famous New York university, one of the professors said : "We suc-
ceeded with everything here, except in the department of agriculture.
We can not make our students take an interest in farming. The ma-
chine shop, as you see, flourishes ; it is a scene of absorbing interest
every day. All our other shops and laboratories attract attention more
or less, and every kind of study pursued here has its votaries. But
when it comes to tilling the magnificent farm which Congress has given
us, it is all up-hill work. The American youth of this age will not hoe
corn if he can help it. A good many of our students have been brought
up on farms. They have hoed com and driven cows from their 7th
year. They have done all that kind of work they ever mean to do un-
less compelled by inexorable necessity."

Who can blame them ? Let awy reasonable being visit one of our
old-fashioned, one-horse farms in any of the older States, and he will
not be disposed to scold those sons of farmers. One day last summer
I sought shelter from a shower in the barn of one such on the coast of
New England, a farm that dates back 200 years, upon which seven gen-
erations of laborious and thoughtful people have expended their
strength. The interior of that huge old barn was a spectacle of dilapi-
dation. Three good-sized country churches could have stood side by

398 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

side ill it, and there were 1,000,000 holes by which the members could
spy into the celestial vault. There were but a few places in the struc-
ture which afforded the shelter from the rain which we had sought,
and the farmer kindly threw a blanket over the seat of our carriage to
keep it dry. He did hot need nor occupy a fourth part of the space
for his half a dozen calves and cows, his small and dirty chaise, his
mare and colt and his numerous broods of chickens.

This withered old barn, a relic of other days, other men, other
modes, was a visible commentary upon the remarks of the professor.
There was nothing vigorous or hopeful about the place, except a young-
bull calf with which the proprietor had a severe tussle in getting him
away from his mother. The very spirit of desolation brooded over the
scene ; for the last two generations of farmers had been utterly de-
feated and laid prostrate by western competition.

"I tried winter squash," said one of them, "and raised thirty tons.
Just as I was getting ready to haul them to market, along came a train
full of squashes from Ohio, and knocked down the price to a point that
would not pay for hauling."

And now we hear the western farmers ask, how can we raise grain
against the competition of Bombay, with its fertile, boundless plains
and teeming millions of laborers which the Suez canal and the freight
steamers have put within twenty-two days of London ? I read myself
the other day in the London Times a paragraph which mentioned the
arrival of a steamer from Bombay containing 5,000 tons of wheat and
600 bales of cotton, which had left Bombay twenty-two days before.
This prodigious cargo was discharged from the vessel in twenty three
hours.

These are weighty facts. They announce changes in human con-
ditions of the most radical nature and widespread extent. The opening
of these boundless grain regions of northern India is to the farmers of
the west what the train load of squashes was to the Yankee. It noti-
fies them that the day is very near when the business of the whole
world will form one system, and everything will have to be produced
when nature herself has given the hint ; and when, too, all the ligatures
of protection will have to be unloosed and business take its natural
course everywhere. It announces that our race is going to raise and
distribute its daily bread on businesslike and economical principles.
The old-fashioned farm is already an obsolete thing, rapidly becoming
impossible. Agriculture is about to become a liberal profession, di-
rected by intelligence, sustained by capital, and its product distributed
with the minimum of waste. Instead of repelling young men, as it now

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 399^^

naturally does, it will attract those who have ambition, force, patience
and intellect. That kind of farmer will wage war with unchangeable
facts, but work in harmony with them. He will get nature on his side
by way of preliminary.

Summer travelers over this broad land, as they speed from county
to county and from State to State, can scarcely avoid observing that
each region has its special products, favored bj" climate, favored by
circumstances and strong enough to hold their own against marauders
We come to regions where the most delicate kinds of pear is a sure
fruit, and the car boys keep the trains abundantly supplied with them
in the season. Stick a pear tree down almost anywhere in Essex county,
Massachusetts, and it is pretty certain to do well. It may be too close
to a stone wall ; it may be crowded by an overhanging barn ; other
trees around it may be devoured by insects ; but the pear tree holds
its own and comes up smiling with a beautiful crop of pears every Sep-
tember. Here is a hint given by nature's own side, to anyone with the
requisite force, knowledge and patience.

Move along westward to the borders of Seneca lake, and you will
come to counties where the plum is nature's favorite, and the pear is
seldom seen. Along in Ohio there are peach counties,' and soon we
reach the wondrous prairie world, which is so curiously adapted to the
production of Indian corn that no other region of the earth can com-
pete with it. It is so all over the land. There is probably not a coun-
try jn the United States, nor one acre in any country, which does not
lend itself more willingly to the production of some one thing than any
other county or acre. Every successful farmer among us owes his^
success in great part to his working in harmony with these suggestions
of nature, our common mother.

It is special farming that now invites men of the requisite ability ;
and it invites them to success, not sudden, but brilliant and sustained.
That dilapidated old barn spoken of above bore testimony to the ad-
vantage which farmers derive fro?n acting on a hint given by nature.
The original owner of the barn possessed a tract of salt meadow bor-
dering upon the sea, which yielded him 150 tons of good salt hay at
the only cost of cutting and getting it in. This hay imparts to the milk
of cows a disagreeable flavor, and is, therefore, of but limited use to
the farmer, and brings a low price in the market. The builder of the
barn bought cheap cattle in a neighboring State in the fall, and then
with his lofts filled with salt hay and his stalls with lean bullocks, he
amused himself and his boys during the long, New England winter by
converting his hay into beef. When the spring returned he had some

400 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good fat cattle for the butcher, and a manure-heap of such proportions
as would have given him a great opportunity of successful culture if
he had had the right land upon which to use it.

Many similar examples will occur to country readers. Whenever
in the United States we see a truly prosperous and enviable farmer,
we find that he owes his prosperity to some special production which
his locality specially favors. He need not, as our southren planters
formerly did, to their great injury, neglect to produce his own supplies,
but he concentrates his best faculties and bases his career upon a
specialty. Consider, for example, the splendid results which have been
attained by the nurserymen and seed-growers of New York, Pennsyl-
vania, Connecticut and New Jersey. One of the wonders of the State
of New York, which so abounds in wonderful objects, is the great nur-
sery farm of Elwanger & Barry, near Rochester, who count their acres
by the thousand, their workpeople by the hundred and their annual
product by the hundred thousand. Anyone who visits that part of the
State without viewing this superb establishment misses one of the
most beautiful and interesting exhibitions of victorious industry which
the new world affords. Its two founders began operations there forty
or fifty years ago, one a German, the other an Irishman, whose only
capital was knowledge, intelligence and resolution. They have not
only succeeded themselves, but their example has filled all that region
with thriving nurserymen and seed-growers. If any one doubts that
agriculture in the United States is a fit profession for the most am-
bitious and advanced intelligence, his doubts will be dispelled by a few
days' careful inspection of the nurseries about Rochester and Geneva.

New York people all know something about Oyster bay asparagus,
which for many years commanded double the price of the ordinary
kind, and was worthy it. Asparagus, unless we happen to be eating it
at the moment we should naturally think of as a minor product of the
soil, is a trivial thing, the season of which scarcely lasts a month.
Nevertheless, Oyster bay asparagus has afforded for many years a solid
basis of prosperity to a considerable community of Long Island farm-
ers. Some families have grown rich by raising it ; many do well sell-
ing and transporting it; and now by the process of canning the busi-
ness is rendered still more stable and lucrative. Delicate as this
vegetable is, it yields itself readily to the preserving process, and com-
mands a high price in many distant markets.

Let us bear in mind, also, that those Long Islanders who devel-
oped the business of asparagus half a century ago had no such mar-
ket as their successors now enjoy. Ladies who went to market fifty

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 401

years ago intended to make their market money go as far as it could.
They were careful, conscientious mothers of families, of limited in-
come. We have now a lar;L>e class of consumers in the great cities to
whom the price of commodities is no consideration at all. They go to
market with only one idea — to buy the best thing, no matter what the
price. In the city of New York 300 or 400 men go to market every
morning, representing hotels, clubs, lines of steamers, restaurants,
families, who are all in quest of whatever is best of its kind. They
must have the best, and many of them must have it in great quantities.
I have been in a Broadway hotel which comsumed daily 600 spring
chickens.

A hotel need not be very large to order its asparagus by the hun-
dred bundles. It is in producing the high qualities of produce that
trained intelligence finds its opportunity. Common men produce com-
mon things. Men of force and ambition, men of forethought, patience
and knowledge, cannot be satisfied unless they are at the top of the
market. The field for such men is practically boundless. The market
cannot be overstocked with the best.

The farmer of to-day has another advantage over the farmer of
yesterday. Products of every kind, even the most delicate and per-
ishable, are now preserved, condensed, transformed and in various
ways rendered stable and merchantable commodities. Only a few
years ago I met the late genial Major Ben Perley Poore, who mentioned,
as a great joke, that he had just sold a load of excellent Baldwin
apples for 85 cents a barrel. " And the barrels," said the Major, "cost
me 35 cents."

Such a thing need never liapper at the present time, because at a
time of glut apples, like every other kind of fruit, can be subjected to
a change of form, or can be kept in their natural condition for six
month and sold for 84 a barrel. I know not who it was that invented
canning and its kindred devices, but whoever he was he made an in-
vention of immeasurable importance. He not only created new indus-
tries, but he gave new permanence and solidity to many others.

Those perishable plums of Seneca lake and California would be of
small importance to the plum-raiser if he could do nothing with them
but sell them as soon as they were ripe. The canneries now absorb
the surplus, and by so doing impart to the business a character and a
dignity which may well allure into it intelligent ambition. Most of us
can remember the time when those mightj^ peach-growers on the Dela-
ware below Philadelphia were frequently defeated by their own suc-

H. R. — 26

402 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cess. They poured into Philadelphia and Baltimore an overwhelming:
torrent of peaches, which the people of the cities devoured in vain.,
and the price fell until peaches were destitute of commercial value,^
and were thrown into the river by the boat load.

At present these transient trifles of the market share the rank and
dignity of grain and cotton. They are dealt with in masses. They
are quoted in the price-currents of foreign commerce. They have
become important objects of commerce. Even the strawberry, to
which nature assigned such a brevity of existence, can be preserved
with even an increase of its delicious flavor. The strawberry, indeed,
is now the incomparable preserve.

Poor Richard notified the people of the last centui-y that ''he who
by the plow would thrive, himself must either hold or drive." That
was true for the people of the last century, but the opposite of it is be-
coming the truth for the competent farmer of to-day. We now find
that the directing hand ought not be also the toiling hand.

The successful farmers of the future will as little think of holding
the plow as a Corliss or a Hoe thinks of wielding the sledge hammer.
Everything great and commanding is done through a subdivision of
labor. The head man of anything extensive and complicated is of
necessity exempt from manual toil; but, in return for this exemption,
he secures to those who labor under his dire -tion a happier lot than
manual toil alone has ever enjoyed.

This, of course, implies the possession of capital. " How am I to
get the capital "?" a young man may naturally ask. [ can tell him how
'one young man got it, to say nothing of the well known instances, some
of which I have mentioned. This young man of whom I now speak,
fresh from England, found himself in Illinois thirty years ago, with lit-
tle property beyond a trunkful of good clothes. The farmers about
him were " land poor," as the saying was, and he offered his services
to one of them as a farm hand. The farmer replied, after some parley-
ing : " Work for me two years and I will give you a deed for eighty
acres." It was a bargain. At the end of the two years, through utiliz-
ing all his chances, he came into possession of his land, with ten acres
of the prairie broken, with three calves and a log cabin. That was his
beginning. Within five years he was farming, cattle-raising and "opera-
ting" on a considerable scale. In a word, he was growing up with the
country, and asked favors of no man.

If any young fellow should ask me, Shall I be a farmer? I should
have to reply by asking another question: Are you man enough ?

JAMES parto:n\

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 403

OX TREES.

BY G. C. BEOADHEAD.

[Delivered before teachers and pupils of Pleasant Hill public
school April, 15, 1886.]

There is a beauty in the pathless woods. There is magnificent
grandeur mid a forest of big trees. There is grandeur and awful
loneliness mid the deep shade of a tropical forest. To me the sighing
of the winds through a pine grove is attractive and soothing in its
subdued music.

Certain trees have a sacred significance attached to them. In
ancient times the olive was held in great reverence among the
Grecians. Its branches formed wreaths for the victims at the Olym-
pic games and its oil was used in pouring out libations to divinity. The
poets from time immemorial have sung praises in the name of certain
trees. Yirgil attunes his lyre under a spreading beach and sings
"Tytire tu recubans sub tegraioe fagi."

In our times Southey, Hemans, Longfellow and Burns have in
like manner sung. Some of the prettiest poetry attuned to the sweet-
est melody has been sung. Among such I might name " The brave
old oak," "The Rowan tree." Macbeth had cause to be frightened to '
death at the approach of Biruams wood.

During the American revolution trees were planted as symbols of
growing freedom.

In France, in 1790, the Jacobins planted the first trees of liberty,
and they were found throughout every village in France crowned with
a liberty cap, and the people danced around them singing revolution-
ary songs, and during the Reign of Terror thousands lost their lives sim-
ply for having injured a tree of liberty.

In the revolution of July, 1830, (in France) trees of liberty were
again planted in Paris. In the revolution of 1848 liberty trees were
once more planted in places where the people held republican princi-
ples, and in Paris they were consecrated by the priests.

During the election contests, we, of the United States, put up
poles and named them after our favorite candidates. Some trees are of
historic importance. Treaties have been framed beneath their spread-

404 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing branches, and for that they are long remembered. For many years
the tree remained in the suburbs of Philadelphia under which Wm.
Penn effected a treaty with the Indians in 1G82, by which they relin-
quished their right in Pennsylvania. In 1827, a stone monument was
erected where this tree had stood.

In 1687, Sir Edmond Andros, Governor of New England and New
York, came to Hartford by order of King James 2d of England, to de-
mand the Colonial Charter. He did not succeed; it was hidden in a
hollow oak and was thus preserved. That tree was ever after known
as the Charter Oak. In 185G, it was blown down during a storm.

Certain forests are also historic, as Ettrick Forest, Windsor For-
est, New Forest, Forest of Dean — all in Great Britain.

New Forest contains over 92,000 acres, and it is of historic im-
portance, for there William Eufus, son of William the Conquerer, was
shot with an arrow and killed. The other English forests above named
also include extensive areas. But they are not altogether dense for-
ests. They have roads, villages and manufactories within their limits,
and the Forest of Dean includes one of the most valuable coal fields of
Great Britain, with a population of over 8,000 coal miners. In Wind-
sor Forest there are several historical trees, as "Elizabeth's Oak,"
"Shakespeare's Oak" and "Hearne's Oak."

The first trees planted for timber in England were planted during
Elizabeth's reign in Windsor Forest. There are also trees in that for-
est said to be more than 1,000 years old.

The Black Forest (schwartzwold) of Germany is a wooded moun-
tain chain rising 4,750 feet, but it is also not all forest, but is well in-
habited by industrious manufacturers of wooden ware, such as clocks,
music boxes, etc.

The uses and virtues of trees are innumerable. In every clime
there are found trees possessing valuable medicinal properties, or else
they may bear delicious fruits or nuts.

The Italian chestnut is an absolute necessity to the peasant, who
not only eat the nuts without any previous preparation, but also grinds
them and bakes bread of the pounded meal.

The Bread Fruit tree of the Pacific Islands affords a useful substi-
tute for bread, and the healthful fruits of tropical countries are innu-
merable. The Cow tree of South America affords a pleasant and deli-
cious milk which also coagulates into a cheese.

The Date Palm of North Africa and Western Asia forms the chief
subsistence of the Arabs, and along the verge of the deserts and on
small oases it is the only vegetable, where it not only assists in appeas-

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 405

ing hunger, but furnishes a grateful shade to the traveler. Seeing a
cluster of trees afar off upon the desert, he is sure to find there a pool
of water. Every part of the tree is used for some purpose. So much
are the Arabs attached to the tree that it is related that an Arab wo-
man was once taken to England. After remaining there four years,
upon her return many questions were asked her concerning the coun-
try, the people, etc. To all she gave favorable answers, but she con-
cluded by saying, "England wants one thing," " What is that '?" they
asked. "There is not a single date tree in the whole country. I looked
for nothing else when there, but looked in vain." The minds of her
listeners were at once filled with pity and they wondered how people
could live in a country where there were no date trees.

This is analagous to the story of the Kortli Carolinian, who moving
to Missouri became discontented and moved back next year. Being
asked the reason, he answered, "I cannot get pine knots to make a
light with."

The Bamboo of the east is probably used for more purposes than
any other tree. From it houses are made, bridges built, baskets, cups,
ropes, sails, cloths, troughs, pumps, fences, paper and many other things
are made, and the j^oung shoots are eaten.

There is a tree in the island of Java called the Upas tree. For a
long time, it was believed that the atmosphere in its immediate vicinity
was so deadly in its effects, that neither plant nor animal could survive
after breathing it. • But it is now known that other trees do grow near
it, and that man can also safely approach it ; but a poison is extracted
from its sap.

Some trees grow very curiously, others attain a great size. A
species of palm grows in the island of Tenerift'e which is called the
Dragon tree. HumboMt considered one of these to be the oldest
known tree, and there are existing documents proving it to have been
as large in the 15th centur;v as at present. It was 60 feet high with
finger like jointed branches at top, was 48 feet in circumference at the
root and 10 feet in diameter at the height of 12 feet. A Baobab tree
in Senegal is supposed to be 5,150 years old. One, a Cypress at Cha-
pultepec, Mexico, is 117 feet in circumference. The celebrated Chest-
nut tree of Mt. JBtna apparently consists of five large and two small
trees, growing closely together and are considered as one tree ; but
the stems are said to be united beneath the ground into one big trunk.
The largest trunk is 38 feet in circumference, and the entire distance
around the cluster is 165 feet.

A public road wide enough for two coaches to drive abreast ex-

406 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tends through it. A house has also been built in the center. The tree
is probably over 1,000 years old.

The Eucalyptus or "Blue Gum" of Australia grows to a greater
height than any other known tree, many of them reaching over 400 feet,
and one species has been measured 480 feet high ; one tree has been
reported 159 feet in circumference at three feet from the ground.
Another 80 feet circuit at 56 feet height.

The Eucalyptus is one of the most rapid growers; its timber very
valuable, the tree beautiful in form and grandeur. It possesses great
power of absorbing moisture and its emanations tend to purify the at-
mosphere. Hence it possesses great medicinal value. It has been
naturalized and successfully planted in Algeria and southern Califor-
nia ; but will not stand the climate of the southern United States.

It has also been introduced into India, Cape of Good Hope, Ar-
gentine Republic, Chili, Central America and some of the West India
Islands. There are 140 species of it which differ from each other in
growth and other characteristics. The largest and tallest trees of
America are the Sequoia or Redwood (2 species). The Redwood belt
f Sequoia sempervirensj is about 15 miles wide by 150 miles in length
from the northern boundary of California to Monterey.

A single tree has been worked up into 65,000 feet valued at $1,000.
The Sequoia sempervirens is said to possess great power in condensing
fogs and mists into rain and there are always cool, well supplied springs
in their vicinity. Dr. Bolander asserted that in his opinion, if the red-
wood forests were destroyed California would truly become a desert.
No other trees ever attracted so much attention in so short a period.
Whitney speaks of seeing redwood forests of large trees, extending as
far as the eye could reach; of trees eight to twelve feet in diameter
200 to 300 feet high, thickly grouped, with very strong trunks and
branchless for 100 to 150 feet^ above forming a dense canopy exclud-
ing the sky. These trees are found between 5^000 and 7,000 feet above
the sea.

There are eight groves of " big trees." In the Calaveras grove
there are thirty trees with circumferences ranging from 31 to 61 feet,
and of heights from 231 to 325 feet. The tallest tree is about 390 feet
high. One of these trees was cut down, having a diameter of 27 feet,
including 18 inches of bark, and it occupied the time of five men for 22
days to cut it down, and after being cut off it stood so erect that three
days were occupied in persuading it to fall. Counting its rings of
growth, it was estimated to be over 1,300 years old.

In the Mariposa grove there are 17 trees over 60 feet in circum-

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 407

leience at the ground, but they are not so tall as the trees of Calaveras.
One of them is 92 feet in circumference at the ground.

It has generally been supposed that the annular rings of trees also
indicate the annual growth. With some trees in some climates and
chiefly in ours, this is true, but not so with all, especially in the tropics.

All trees cannot be transplanted with success; some by reason of
the long tap root, especially the oak and hickory. Some trees require
certain kinds of soil. Their successful growth is dependent on the
underlying geological formation, and will not thrive unless the soil is
suitable. In southeast Missouri the pine is nearly always found grow-
ing upon a sandy or silicious soil, the cedar upon limestone glades.

Now with regard to our own peculiar trees. In the United States
there are a little over 400 native species of trees which grow over 16
feet high; of these the Oak and Pine prevail. There are 60 Conifer-
ous trees, 30 of the Eose family, 20 leguminous, 13 Walnuts and Hick-
ories, and a lesser number of other species.

In Missouri the natural line between the prairie and forest region
is a line drawn from Jasper county, northeastwardly through Cedar,
St. Clair, Cooper, Chariton and northwardly. There are prairies on the
east of this line and some extensive timbered tracts on the west, but
a*8 we proceed westward the large trees become few and the species
less. In Missouri there are 70 species (exclusive of vines) over 16 feet
in height, the greater number in southeast Missouri. They include
Pawpaw, Linden, Buckeye, Black Ash, Blue Ash, Sugar Maple, White
Maple, Ked Maple, Box Elder, Hackberry, Elm (red), the White and
Wahoo Elm, Sycamore, Black Locust, Tulip tree or Yellow Poplar,
Cottonwood, Honey Locust, Coffee tree, Water Locust, Ked Bud, Plum,
2 species, Dogwood, Persimmon, Bamelia, Catalpa, Willow several
species. Pine, Cedar, Cypress, Sassafras, Black Gum, Tupelo Gum,
Wild Cherry, Crab Apple, 4 or 5 Hawthorns, Service tree. Sweet
Gum, Black Walnut, White Walnut, Pecan, Shellbark Hickory two
species, other Hickories 3 species, 13 species of Oak, Beech, Horn-
beam, Iron Wood Tupelo. Many of these afford useful timber and
grow to magnificent proportions in' their native habitat, but cannot be
successfully transplanted. Of tlie list 23 are not found in Cass county,
11 bear good fruits, 5 bear nuts and about 12 of them will admit of
transplanting. Trees should be set out so as not to be any deeper in
the ground than they originally grew.

An important fact regarding forests is when a country is shorn of
its trees, the climate will become more arid. A moist climate wit'h
running brooks along whose banks and valleys are thick groves, may

408 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be entirely changed by cutting away the trees, and streams may even
entirely dry up. In southern France, where the Olive trees at one
time formed forests, in 1822, a severe frost killed them. After that a
number of springs failed entirely, and in the city of Orleans nearly all
the wells dried up. During the Eoman rule in France, the river Du-
rance, south of Avignon and the Seine, were navigable and well sup-
plied with water. ISTow since the head waters of these streams have
been cleared, the Durance can hardly float a skiff in summer. Similar
facts are also related of Germaey. In Germany this matter has been
closely in Testigated, and it is proven that "destroy the timber upon
the mountains and there will be a decrease of water lower down." Or,
as a distinguished naturalist says, "man strides over the earth and a
desert follows him." The facts have awakened our government and
timber claims are now made on public lands. Several States encour-
age the planting of trees by statute, and in Kansas we already see
favorable increase of rainfall. Cut down no trees unless absolutely
necessary, and plant trees and posterity will thank us.

EFFORT FROM IOWA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY CHAS. PATTERSON, KIRKSVILLE.

The main object of my attendance at the meeting of this society at
Charles City, Jan. 18-21st, was to ascertain the actual condition of their
orchards. 1 had read their previous reports of general destruction by
recent test winters, but as they seemed to include even the southern
part, of which I had some personal knowledge, I suspected that the
whole State might still grow sufficient fruit for home consumption, at
least in favorable seasons. This suspicion seemed again fully confirmed
on hearing their first report from the extreme southeastern district.
The reporter himself had grubbed up a considerable orchard IG years
old, at Bonapart, only a few miles from our state line, where I have
sold trees last season, and heard of no such complaints on our side.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 409'

My impression is now that his orchard, like nine-tenths on this side of
the State line, sufl'ered ten times as much from grass-sod and other
abuses and neglect as from the test winters. It is, however, rather
fortunate that when such heroic measures shall be resorted to here,
some other cause than arctic winters will be trumped up, for it is hardly
to be expected that the true one will be admitted. In a long strip on
the southern border of Iowa, following very nearly the state line, apples
were almost a total failure the past year, caused mostly by a storm in
the summer, which may never occur again, and if it should, would be
as likely to strike this side of the line next time. But it will neverthe-
less help strengthen the conviction that Missouri is peculiarly favorable
for growing api)les, which we should be ready to admit and protit by.

But when it comes to the northern part of Iowa, and all Minnesota,.
all accounts agree in positive assurance that all varieties are actually
dead, except Oldenburg, Tatofski, Whitney and some other crabs, and
I could not see a single instance from the car window to refute the
assertion. One man, not a member, whom I conversed with at the
hotel, had lost five or six thousand trees of bearing age, totally aband-
oned and grubbed them up, and gone into other business, a share in a
cranberry swamp in Minnesota for one thing. Considering this, and
that a full quota of delegates were from that part of the state, they are
the most hopeful, determined, confident and cheerful people imaginable..
They cannot tolerate any doubt of finding or producing a full assort-
ment of iron clads, fully equal to any we now have. I ventured to ask
a friend privately if he considered it prudent for me to plant 80 acres-
in orchard, with a view to marketing the produce in that region, until
they could produce their own supply, and after some hesitation he ad-
mitted it might be. For my own part, I feel no hesitancy, except as to
facilities. And I could not but imbibe some of their hopefulness.
They have sevei'al hundreds of varieties from Eussia and elsewhere on
trial, most of which may either prove only summer and fall varieties,
or much inferior to our standard, but I firmly believe some will prove
both hardy and desirable.

There is one thing, however, thftt we must take into serious con-
sideration. Our fruit is not esteemed to compare well with Michigan
apples, which are about their only supply. This may be caused by
inconsiderately poor sorting, which we are probably all guilty of, never
having been educated to a proper merchantable standard. For another
thing, our apples have been uncommonly full of codling moths for
several years, which might not occur always, or we must learn to fight
them. But the most generally discouraging cause, in my view, is the

410 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTRAL SOCIETY.

inevitable sod in the orchard, making the largest part of the crop too
small'for market for several years before it disappears entirely. We
must expect to sort better than we have done, and accept lower prices
than Michigan, especially considering that ours will be mostly Ben
Davis, against sorts admitted to be better. Our freights Avould be
lighter, if our railroads carry at the same rate, which I doubt. I aim
to run my cider press oy steam to work up the culls, and try to find
sale for cider and vinegar, but the market is filled with cheap whiskey
and acid immitations, and the competition is not*inviting.

Grapes appear to be fully as successful generally in Iowa as with
us ; but they are generally at least laid down, if not further protected,
wheii they can grow even the tender sorts. Eot was hardly mentioned,
which may be accounted for by frequent dips of the thermometer below
60 degrees at the critical time. Planting twenty inches deep, not only
the tips of the long roots but the crown was strenuously advocated by
some of the most intelligent men. I have learned to not dispute about
methods on so different soils, but 1 could not help thinking " The art
that mends nature" has made considerable progress, if we can instruct
our grapes where to grow their roots on any soil.

Blackberries, even Snyder, sometimes require to be laid down by
turning the roots over and holding with a fork full of soil on the tops,
by that method, better and tenderer sorts can also be grown.

Easpberries and strawberries seem to require little if any more
attention than with us, and every farmer should have an abundance,
but I apprehend the majority are contented without.

Kesolutions were adopted to co-operate with the State Agricultural
Society in holding farmer's instituies and in making exhibits at the
state fairs, and there seems to be a movement on foot for permanently
locating the meeting at Des Moines.

I wish to commend their manner of reporting on orchards by twelve
directors for as many districts, as far more comprehensive than our
committee on orchards, etc. But instead of twelve districts by num-
bers, I would suggest nine — central, south-central, south-west, south-
east, etc., which could be further sub-divided if desired, and their loca-
tion readily recognized, whereas numbers signify nothing and are hard
to remember.

The generous recognition and complimentary membership I re-
ceived, as the humble representative of our State Horticultural
Society; and uniform social courtesies and hospitalities, made my visit
exceedingly pleasant and enjoyable, and I will be anxious to visit them
again when practicable.

KiRKSViLLE, Mo., January 24:th, 1887.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 411

THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

HELD AT CLEVELAND, O., SEPT. 7, 8, 9 AND 10.
•

[From the American Horticulturist.]

It was a body of very substantial appearing- gentlemen that met in
the Board of Trade rooms, Tuesday, Sept. 7, in the city of Cleveland, at
the seventh annual meeting of the American Horticultural Society. This
society is an outgrowth of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society
that was organized seven years ago by the leading fruit and flower
growers and scientists of twenty States. Last year the name was
changed, and the society became national, including in its membership
leading citizens of evory State in the Union and Canada, and for the
first time a northern city was chosen as the place of meeting this year.
They were men of all ages, and a larger number of middle or old age,
with the evidences of health which nature gives those who commune
much with her. They looked independent and well-to-do. Several
ladies were present, and delegates were there from all parts of the
Union. One delegate from Japan was also in attendance.

A paper was read from Mr, George Husmann, of Napa, Cal., on
the past, present and future of grape culture in California.

Mr. Husmann stated that in the infancy of the business, grapes
were grown in the valley, while now vineyards look down from the
mountains, being less susceptible there to the frost. The writer men-
tioned the cosmopolitan state of the grape growing population, Eng-
land, France, Germany and other European countries having furnished
young and energetic grape growers^. The wines of California are now
competing with the best wines of the world, the brandies vie with
French cognac, and the raisins with London layers. The wine yield
this year will reach 20,000,000 gallons. With grape land at $50 to $100
an acre, and with an outlay of $100 more per acre on the land, the
grapes, five tons to the acre, at $20 or even $15 a ton, makes the busi-
ness profitable.

412 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIET^y.

DISCUSSING GRAPE CULTURE.

At the conclusion of the readinf? of the paper an interesting dis-
cussion on grape culture was entered upon by tbe members of the so-
ciety. Mr. C. A. Green, of Kew York, thought the paper solved the
problem of how California grape growers could compete with eastern
growers. It was by employing cheap Chinese labor, and against this
even high freights could not protect eastern growers. Mr. Cushman,
of Ohio, invited the society to visit his vineyard and see what Ohio
grapes were like and how they were cultured. He thought he could
satisfy all that Buckeye soil was fruitful. Mr. F. C. Miller, in speaking
of different varieties of the grapes, said he was of the opinion that the
Worden, a seedling of the Concord, was much superior to the old fav-
orite. He had tried the Worden for the first time this year and was
much pleased with the result. His grapes were not fully ripened, and
he had heard that the Wordens did not hold well to the stems. He
did not know how true this was, and asked for information. Mr. Hub-
bard, of New York, said that he had been traveling for some weeks
among eastern vineyards, and his examinations had been very favor-
able to the Worden grape. All reports he had received had been to
the effect that the Worden clung to the stem. Mr. Hubbard said he
had visited Mr. Worden's vineyard in Oswego, N.Y., and had seen the
original vine that Mr. Worden said had yielded one hundred and ten
pounds of grapes during each of the past three years. The crops this
year were the finest the speaker had ever seen, and there was no rot.
The Concord was not as heavy as last year, but the Delaware and
other grades were doing well. The season was early and the consump-
tion promised to be large. The Worden, Mr. Hubbard said, was a
larger, handsomer and more attractive berry than the Concord and
ripened from a week to ten days earlier. Purchasers tasting it would
call it a first-class Concord. Mr. Hollister, of Missouri, reported that
the grape crop in his State was very short this year and the fruit had
rotted badly. He deprecated growers who raised early grapes and sold
them before they were ripe so as to get high prices for poor fruit. Mr.
Albaugh, of Dayton, in speaking of grape culture, said that a gentleman
in Montgomery county, Ohio, had sown oats between the rows of vines
and in this manner had preserved the grapes from rotting. Mr. Mc-
Kay, the president of the Mississippi Horticultural Society, in response
to a call said that fruit-raising in that State was a new industry. Grapes
had not done well this year. The Concord had done the best, had

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 413

been safer, and had realized more than any other variety. Some
growers like the Ives grape, but it was the general opinion that be-
tween the 30th and 35th degrees of latitude the Concord thrived the
best. The Scuppernong was a grape that never failed, but was not a
good fruit for the market. He thought the rot this year was caused
by excessive rain ; thirty days of constant showers had ruined a prem-
ising crop. He thought that the people of his State should attend to
the drainage of the land, as it was a blue clay soil. Professor McKay,
of the Mississippi Agricultural College, also thought rain had been the
cause of the rot in his State, although in some parts the Delaware suc-
ceeded well. He was of the opinion that trimming helped the fruit,
the berry growing larger and giving a better color. Mr. Miller said he
had accidentally discovered that sulphate of iron was a good rot pre-
ventive.

Mr. Lindley, of North Carolina, in speaking of his State said :
" Grape culture is materially increasing in our State. The State is di-
vided into three sections. The eastern section is the home of the
Scuppernong, and sometimes one vine covers three acres of ground.
In the middle section we grow about seventy-five varieties of bunch
grapes, and I think we grow the finest grapes in the country. Our
best paying fruits are the Ives and Champion. The Worden we call
the best black grape."

Mr. Van Deman, of Kansas, said that the grape crop in his State
was very good this year. The speaker had been through Texas and
Arkansas, and had seen some fine grapes under cultivation that seemed
to stand the drouth finely, and all the common varieties were thriving.
"Mr. Munson, of Texas," said he, "is doing a noble work by sowing the
the seeds of wildlings, and after raising seedlings crossing them with
the choicest varieties of cultivated grapes. Some of the wildlings are
fine grapes, the bunches being a foot in length. This is the first at-
tempt to infuse the blood of these wildlings into domestic grapes, and
the process is only in the first generation. Mr. Munson has some of
the finest, brightest colored grapes I have seen, which he calls 'old
gold.' " President Earle paid a glowing tribute to Mr. Munson, who
has done much in the development of fruit culture. Mr. George ^Y.
Campbell, of Ohio, said: "Central Ohio is not an extensive grape-
growing country, but we have many amateur growers. This year is
the best since 1849. The grapes of both early and late varieties are
ripening near together. The Tolman grape I regard as an abomination,
but some people like it because it colors early, and is sent to the market
so that the grower can get good prices. I was one of the first in Ohio

414 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to raise the Worden grape. It is larger than the Concord, juicer, and
ripens earlier than the Concord, but it has all the faults of that popular
grape, the skin being tender, thus making it a poor shipping grape.''
Mr. Carpenter, of Ohio, spoke of high culture, and said he believed
that it helped produce better fruit and prevented rot. Mr. Tamari, one
of the Japanese Commissioners to the New Orleans Exposition, gave
an interesting account of grape culture in Japan.

]\Ir. C. A. Green, of Rochester, read an interesting paper on the
sensibility of plants. He argued that the fact that they have sexual
characteristics is an indication that they are not like the rocks, without
sensibility. He said that a grape vine will reach out eagerly for an-
other vine, but never for branches of its own growth, and that the
roots of a vine will shoot out toward a well, or a bone, or a manure pile»
like a dog going to its dinner. The blackberry has been crossed with
the raspberry, thus producing a pomological mule. Mr. Yan Deman
said that the peach and plum have also been crossed, and he gave the
resultant mule the same hard reputation that the mule of the animal
kingdom possesses.

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.

The American Horticultural Society began the second day's ses-
sion at the Tabernacle Wednesday morning. The change from the
Board of Trade rooms was made because the headquarters of Tuesday
were found to be too noisy for the successful transaction of the busi-
ness of the association. The change delayed the opening of the ses-
sion, and it was 11 o'clock before President Earle called the convention
to .order. The paper read at the morning meeting took the protection
of crops in time of drouth as a subject, and was presented by Mr. John
M. Smith, of Green Bay, Wis., President of the Wisconsin Horticul-
tural Society. In his address Mr. Smith said: "When God placed
man upon the earth he gave him hands with which to work and brains
to direct his hands. We may justly congratulate our civilization on its

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 415

remarkable progress in horticulture. We have learned some lessons,
but not enough to counteract the effects of serious drouths. We are
too apt to leave our crops in the hands of Providence. This is not
reasonable nor just. The soil is a matter of much importance. I pre-
fer a dark loam with a clay subsoil. The first thing necessary is thor-
ough drainage. My garden has a slight slope, and is arranged in beds
with alleys between them that carry off the surplus water. There is a
tile water course ;below the alleys to carry off" the water that soaks
through the soil. This keeps the roots in good condition through the
season, and will give the plant a chance to grow deep in the soil. We
have just passed through a severe drouth in Wisconsin, with only two
light showers in June. My cabbages ran from eighteen inches to two
feet below the ground's surface. I have never before seen them go to
that depth, but it kept the plants in good condition. Manure is an-
other important adjunct. I believe wood ashes to be a good fertilizer.
I generally put on from thirty to forty wagon loads to the acre. In
dry weather I give extra cultivation. Loose, mellow soil acts as a
mulch to the soil beneath, and keeps the ground damp. I have been
surprised to see what little sprinklings will accomplish. What is the
result of following up this system ! I had two acres of strawberries
this year, which were planted in May, 1885. The land has been ma-
nured for the past six or seven years. This spring I put on wood ashes
and cultivated the ground two or three times. The land was watered
some, but when not watered at all the fruit thrived best. The picking
season was hotter than for years, yet with this hot season, the drouth,
and the remarkable selling prices of berries, I realized over $200 from
my strawberry patch. In my potato patch I placed ashes on part of
the beds and manure from the compost heap upon the other. To my
surprise I found that the best crops came from the beds on which I had
put tue wood ashes. My cabbages are the delight of the city. The
land had been heavily manured, and this year I put 100 bushels of
ashes to the acre upon it. So accustomed to success are we, that we
speak confidently of the extent of our crops. I will not say that we can
make ourselves independent of rain, but I hold that we may carry crops
through a moderately dry season. \Yhen one is so situated that he
can water artificially, it is a fine thing.

I have erected water works on my place, and find it pays to irri-
gate. To merely sprinkle the ground is a drainage, rather than a ben-
efit. A light watering forms a solid, hard crust that sheds the water..
I am not speaking theoretically, but from proven facts. If you water
at all, do it well. No artificial water is as good as rain from the

416 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

clouds. My waterworks cost 81,000, and Liave paid for themselves
several times. If from what I have said some will follow my advice
they will find it more profitable, more beneficial than anything they can
do." Mr. Ohmer, of Montgomery (;ounty, Ohio, said that he wished to
emphasize the importance of discussion on the droughts, and he related
his experience in raising good crops of blackberries in dry weather, re-
alizing $1,000 on a four acre patch. In reply to questions Mr. Smith
said he commenced under-draining twenty-five years ago and it never
failed to work well. He had always fertilized and cultivated well. If
he had to leave off one of these aids in obtaining good crops he knew
not which he would let go. He placed his tiles about three feet be-
neath the surface of the ground. The bottom of the alleys were from
twelve to eighteen inches beneath the surface of the beds and two feet
-wide. In draining orchards, Mr. Smith said, he would place tiles half
way between the rows of trees. A gentleman from South Carolina re-
ported that he drainage had increased Sea Island cotton crops in his
State very materially, and he was assured that it was a benefit to any
kind of crops. Mr. C. A. Green, of ISTew York, spoke of mulch made
by cultivation as being of great benefit to the crops, and wood
ashes used in his State were plowed under the soil without percepti-
ble effect. In reply to a question from Dr. McKay, Mr. Smith said
that the cost of tiling to him was $15 per acre. Mr. Harrison, of
Painesville, O., said that he put in about seventy acres of tile this spring
at a cost of $45 per acre. He put the tiles in two rods apart, using
about eighty rods of tile to the acre. Professor Claypole, of Akron,
said that the carbonate of potash in the ashes absorbed much moisture
from the atmosphere, and would hold this moisture despite the great
heat of the sun. Mr. Smith said he used both bleached and dry ashes on
his farm indiscriminately. Mr. Caywood, of New York, advised that
small tiles be used, on the principle that the smaller the drainage the
better it will be for the grounds. Prof. McKay said he wished to em-'
phasize one feature of drainage that was overlooked. He thought
drainage was a big thing in rainy wea,ther, and the wet weather of his
State had testified to this during the past summer. The wet weather
was succeeded by a dry month, and the tile-drained land did as well in
the latter season as during the wet period. Dr. Townsend, professor
of agriculture in the Ohio State University, was of the opinion that the
smaller the tile, if it will carry the water, the better. His farm was
drained with two-inch tile, with larger ones to drain off all the wa-
ter collected in the smaller drains. Willow trees plugged up drains
very effectually. Peach trees were bad for plugging up drains, but

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 417

apple trees seldom stopped n\) the tiles. Professor Townsend said be
had proved, by experience, that barley on drainage land produced
twice the crop as on other land. The tilage had cost him $22.50 per
acre.

THE EXHIBITION AT THE TABERNACLE.

The exhibition in connection with the Horticultural Society con-
vention opened Wednesday noon and attracted hundreds of visitors
during- the day. The plants, tiowers and fruits placed on long tables
in the old tabernacle took away much of the gloom of the large hall
and transformed it into a beautiful retreat. Messrs. Kendall and Rob-
erts, who arranged the exhibit, did themselves proud. Strings of ever-
green were festooned along the walls and balconies, and the large
stage was transformed into a conservatory tilled with hot house plants.
Nearly 200 exhibits were received at noon, and during the afternoon
many more were placed in the hall. Upon the stage Edwin Geering,
the gardener for Mr. J. H. Wade, had filled the center with fifty vari-
ties of plants that had been gathered from all corners of the earth,
many of them being very rare. David Charlesworth, the Sibley street
florist, also exhibited fifty plants and choice ferns of the finest
kind in competition with ]Mr. Wade's contribution. In floral de-
signs there were two entries. Mrs. Ella Grant Campbell, of the
Jennings avenue greenhouses, showed a dainty white parasol of
carnations with a lining of bright scarlet Lady Emmas. The exterior
was decorated with a drapery of La France roses, and auratum and
candidum lilies softened by a spray of delicate ferns. The whole
was supported by a stand of tropical ferns. The other entry was by
J. M. Gasser, of No. 71 Euclid avenue, who exhibited a large fish made
of vineas, lying upon a huge platter of white carnations. The green
fish and white platter were relieved by a spray of choice roses, the
whole being a work of art. Mrs. Campbell had a fine exhibit in the de-
partment of cut flowers, showing a lot of pansies, rare varieties of the
annual i)hlox and one hundred other choice plants and flowers. Peter
Harkey, of Holmden avenue, had an'exhibition of all classes of astors
and geraniums. Thorpe, the New York florist, had a collection of
about seventy five varieties of gladiolas, which were in competition
with gladiolas entered by Mr. Sked of Cleveland.

H. E.— 27

418 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NUT BEARING TREES.

BY J. T. LOVETT, LITTLE SILVER, N. J.

In concluding the reading of the paper Mr. Earle said that the
subject was one of great importance. The nut-bearing trees were fast
disappearing, and this was especially true as regards the pecan, which
in the South was a paying investment. An interesting discussion upon
nut trees, followed the reading of the paper. Mr. Van Deman, of Kan-
sas, said that the English walnut was a failure in the West, and Mr.
Lindley and others testified to the profitable investments of planters
in the South, in his section the nut paying 300 per cent profit annually
upon the cost of culture and value of land taken up by the tree. Mr.
Albaugh said that the question of nut-growing trees was quite impor-
tant in Ohio, as pecan, hickory and chestnut trees flourish in this Siate.
"The chestnut — not the one the bell rings for — but the sweet American
chestnut, grows well in Miama county," said Mr. Albaugh, "and in the
spring the blossoms cover the foliage, but when the burr comes and
ripens there are no nuts to crack, the burr seems blasted, and the nut
is not inside. I would like to know if we can raise chestnuts in Ohio."
Professor Claypool thought the question an important one, but a dan-
gerous one as well. The Spanish chestnuts and English walnuts in
the experiments made did not seem able to stand the winters of the
North. The filbert he knew nothing of, but would like to ascertain if
the nut-worms would destroy the fruit. The chestnut did not freely
fruit except upon a sandstone or shale soil, and this he thought the
reason for its non-fruiting in certain parts of Ohio. Hickory nuts, he
thought, were the kernels for Americans to make money from, if they
could trim down the shell and enlarge the kernel without losing its
sweetness, so as to make it complete with the imported nuts of Europe.

Mr. Williams, of Lake county, Ohio, said that he had some exper-
ience in nut culture, and found that the soil had much to do with the
growth of trees. He had trees forty years old, and did not believe
that butternuts would grow in northern Ohio, while walnuts would
flourish in this part of the State. One of his neighbors sold many
bushels every year, realizing good profits. Mr. HoUister lamented the
vandalism of nut gatherers who were in the habit of felling trees in

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 419

order to get at the imts. Along the Mississippi river the nut trees had
■suffered much from this cause, but the people of the \Yest were plant-
ing groves of nut trees in many places.

'' Small fruit in New England," was the title of a paper read by J.
H. Hale, of South Glastonbury, Conn. In the course of the address
]\Ir. Hale said : "In New England we have many hilly slopes and sharp
corners to keep clean, yet I think we are producing and eating more
fruit than in any other section of our country. A big plantation with
us would be a ten-acre field. It costs $1.50 an acre to raise straw-
berries. In the 850 paid for fertilizing, I pay $35 for ground bone-dust
and $15 for potash salts, which I regard as the best of manure. Rasp-
berries, gooseberries and currants cost us $75 an acre to produce.
Strawberries are grown in valleys, while raspberries are grown in small
hedge-rows three and one-half feet apart. Blackberries are not planted
to any extent for the market, yet the owner of one acre of blackber-
ries tells me that the sale of berries paid for 560 bushels of corn last
year. One hundred acres would be a liberal estimate for all the cur-
rants cultivated in New England. Gooseberries and grapes are grown
•only in limited quantities, yet tons upon tons of these fruits are
brought in from New York State every fall. In selling the small fruits,
the American square measures are used, fruits being sent out in white,
-clean baskets. Within the last few years a number of us have used a
new crate that will give us more space and keep the fruits fresher and
better than when sold in the small rough crates, such as are found in
the West. We sell our fruits from our own wagons to consumers and
retailers, thus securing better prices than sent by railways to the large
cities. Poor men often buy six or seven quarts of berries to the mil-
lionaire's two quarts, and when we have no more saloons it will be a
millennium for the small-fruit growers. As to varieties, that question,
like the tariff, is a. local issue, and the less said about it, the better.
Half the strawberries grown in New England are Crescents, and the
other half are standard berries. The cherry currant has chietly been
grown for the market. The Downing gooseberry is grown also for the
market. The lucretia dewberry is. proving to be all its Ohio friends
promised. The Worden grape is growing in favor each year. For
family use all but very late ripening fruits are grown in perfection. We
are making all the use we can of these staple luxuries that are becom-
ing so popular for summer foods. If we can scatter horticultural seeds
in the minds of the people we shall have brighter homes, and this so-
ciety will have done a great and noble work. The president announced
that in the discussion following the reading of the paper on small

420 MISSOUEI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fruits, strawberries would be first taken up, and Mr. C. A. Green, ob-
taining the floor, spoke upon the new varieties of that fruit. "It was
true," he said, " that it took hundreds of years to raise the strawberry^
and now, in a lifetime, more had been done than in centuries before in
cultivating that fruit." Mr. Albaugh said that ni Barnes ville, O., a few
years ago the residents stopped cultivating tobacco, and now grew
strawberries on the hill method. The runners were systematically cut
off", and it was claimed that the Shar]iless was the best market berry
to raise. "They make an effort," said the speaker, "to never ship a
bad berry from their place, and endeavor to get as big strawberries at
the bottom of the basket as at the top." Mr. Albaugh spoke of the
Ohio strawberries that were as large as hen's eggs, and that wheif any
man tried to beat the strawberries raised in Barnesville, O., he wound
have to get up early and hustle. The people of Barnesville show what
can be accomplished where an effort is made, and the Ohio people are
proud of the cultivators on the hills of a town where wheat cannot be
raised. Mr. McKay, of Mississippi, said that for a long while in that
State it was thought they could grow nothing but Wilson's Albany
strawberry but of late they had changed their minds. In the southern
soil it was common to lose plants rather than grow them, by spread-
ing, especially after an open winter. The Wilson did not give live run-
ners but once in three years. The Cumberland Triumph was the best
berry raised in the South. The Southern raisers cultivated berries for
the North, and their methods of cultivation were necessarily different
from what they would be if local markets were supplied. President
Earle said that he had shipped long distances, with great success, many
of the most delicate varieties of berries. The discussion had not con-
cluded when a recess was taken for supper, and it was decided to take
up the subject of other small fruits at the evening session.

The small fruit discussion was reopened by Mr. Mathew Crawford^
of Cuyahoga Falls, O., who related some of his experiences in growing-
strawberries. Prof. Green, of the Agricultural experiment station at
Columbus, O., described a number of new varieties of strawberries.
The Jewel, he thought, was not a vigorous plant, but the fruit was all
right. The Summit and Buback varieties were new and promising,
The Jessie was also very vigorous and healthy, and the fruit large,
good in color, and of excellent flavor. The May King was very promis-
ing and ripened about the same season as did the Crescent. Covill's
early berry ripened earlier than the Crescent, but the fruit was small,
rather too small for the markets. The Ontario plants were vigorous,

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 421

the fruit large and of good quality, but the Professor was in doubt re-
garding its fruitfulness. Mr. Smith, of Wisconsin, said that the State
Society of Wisconsin had examined the Jessie and the members were
very enthusiastic in praise of the new fruit. The plants run well and
the berries are large. Some of the berries were from seven to nine
inches in circumference and Mr. Smith was sure that, if they did as
well upon foreign soil as upon native ground, they would prove* a
popular fruit. Mr. Crawford said that he had cultivated the Jessie for
two years, and was assured that it was the best berry in the market.
]\[r. Albaugh spoke of a new Ohio strawberry called the Western Union.
The foliage was large, strong, and very heavy, and the fruit was about
the size of the Cumberland Triumph.

President Earle asked for information concerning the tarnished
plant bug, an insect which feeds upon vegetation, and was ruining the
strawberries of Illinois. This bright green bug sucks the juice from
the berries, and in some years has destroyed from one-half to three-
quarters of the crop. Mr. Earle asked if there was a remedy against
the encroachments of the insect. Mr. Wood, of Akron, O., reported
that the same bug had attacked the currant bushes in this State. Mr.
Smith, of Wisconsin, said that in early years insects and bugs had
ruined his strawberries, but during the past fifteen years he put the
berry plants on cultivated ground where bugs could not live, and after
picking the first crop he turned the plants under the surface. This
plan has succeeded well, and in the years he did not act in this manner
he was bothered with insects. Mr. IMyrick said that in Massachusetts
it was customary to dip the roots of plants into a weak solution of pot-
ash, and this killed the bugs. The subject of currants was taken up,
and the Fay and cherry currants were highly praised. Mr. Albaugh
said his brother in Covington, O., was the originator of the Lucretia
Dewberry, the best blackberry in the market. Mr. Caywood said the
Lucretia was a wonder, the finest berry in the world, larger, earlier, and
yielding greater crops than any other. Mr. Crawford had ascertained
that the Lucretia grew from root-cutting, although without sending up
suckers when the roots were not cut. Mr. Crawford had raised vines
that ran along the ground for eighteen feet. Mr. Van Deman described
a new blackberry hailing from Dallas, Texas, that was very popular, and
was the finest of the blackberry species growing in that State. Mr.
Van Deman thought the Dallas berry was a cross between the black
and dewberry. Mr. Caywood said he had originated a new berry, its
hardiness being equal to the Snyder, and it was as large as the largest

422 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of berries. He would like the experts to examine it, as he claimed!
there was no other blackberry that would equal it. The Minniewaski
was the name given the new berry. Mr. Green, of Xew York, said he-
had examined the Minniewaski berry, and was much pleased with it.

THIRD DAY'S SESSION.

The American Horticulturists elected otticers and transacted con-
siderable business Thursday morning, the third day's session. A paper
was also read and discussed before the noon recess.

The nominating- committee recommended that the time of the next
meeting should be February, 1888, and some point in California the
place, provided suitable rates from the railroads could be secured. It
was decided to discuss the location at a future session, and Mr. Camp-
bellthen presented the following report of the committee on the presi-
dent's annual address :

There were several points in the president's address which the^
committee deem of special importance, and worthy of extended notice,
and perhaps of further discussion by the society. These points are as-
follows :

First — The establishment of a bureau of pomology in connection
with the Department of Agriculture at AYashington.

Second — The creation of a commission of pomological experts to
investigate the fruits and culture of foreign countries, especially the
interior region of Europe and Asia, with the view of obtaining valuable
products suited to the wants of tliis country.

Third — The endowment of experimental stations in connection with
the agricultural colleges of the country.

Fourth — To call the attention of our people and their legislators to
the overshadowing importance of some practical methods by which the
cultivation of our remaining fruits may be attained and their destruc-
tion prevented, as well as to the needs of common systems of planting-
for the future.

Fifth — The devising of some practical method for the better and
more equal distribution of fruit crops to all parts of the country.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 423

The committee, after consultation, decided that the important and
valuable suggestions of the address would render desirable the publi-
cation of the paper in pamphlet form for general distribution, to be sent
to the leading agricultural papers of the country, and to such persons
as might be benefited and instructed thereby, thus increasing interest
in the society and its work. The report gives a plan for raising publi-
cation money. The report of the committee was adopted, and two
thousand copies of the president's address were ordered published.

"the press and horticulture"

was the title of a paper read by Mr. Herbert Myrick, of Massachusetts,
who said: ''The press has done much to encourage the fruit-growing
for the home, but it has done little toward telling how to sell fruit. The
space between the producer and the consumer is too wide. The fruit-
grower wants the press to aid him in co-operative selling. The press
may also be used to discover new markets in this and other countries.
Reports of fruit crops have been generally neglected, but these reports
should be looked after. The reports should cover the whole country.
If the press had done its whole duty toward horticulture. Congress ere
this would have passed the Hatch experimental station bill, which ap-
propriated 6lo,000 to every State Agricultural College for the founding
of the stations. The press and farmers have been very silent regard-
ing the passage of this bill. Many papers refuse to notice new fruits
and patented inventions for fear of advertising some one. The sub-
scriber wants his journal to describe new fruits before the news is
stale. The dealers and nurserymen's papers are good, although they
are generally advertisements for the proprietors. The horticulturists
should write for the press. These writers are few. Men who have
never written for the press sometimes send the best of news founded
upon experience. Local horticulturists should keep local papers in-
formed of their proceedings."

At the opening of the afternoon session Professor Lazenby, of the
Ohio State University, delivered an address on the comparative growth
of trees, illustrating his lecture with specimens from the experimental
station. "Our State is divided into four agricultural divisions," said
Professor Lazenby, "one the grass and grain growing section, another
small fruits, the third vegetables, and the fourth trees. There are few
States where the area of forest is so small in comparison with the tilled
land as in Ohio. I desire this afternoon to discuss the comparative
growth of trees. I have made experiments with a number of common

424 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trees. Tlie seeds were sown in the spring of 1881. Our locust and
catalpa trees are fast growers and make good wood to cultivate for
profit. For fence posts and like use the locust is much superior to the
catalpa. I think that for profit the ash is one of the most promising
and most thrifty trees. The rows of ash trees grew with great regu-
larity and stood crowding better than any other tree we have culti-
vated. There is great demand for young ash as well as old ash. The
soft or red maple grows more rapidly than the sugar maple, but I no-
tice that the sugar maple grew well the third year. On the bottom
lands of Ohio the chestnut will not grow naturally and hence cannot
be raised for profit. Our soil does not take kindly to it and our
chestnut trees are dwarfed. I believe that the time has come for us
to give more time to the culture of trees. I urge this upon the ground
that timber culture pays. I do not think that we should gain much by
calling for forests on account of the climate. Cultivate for the money
that is in the timber, and if the forests help the climate so much the
better. If you have land you don't cultivate, utilize it for timber.
Plant seeds in the winter and let healthy young trees take the place of
unprofitable timber, that should be cut from the woodland. We should
also make it a law never to allow stock to enter woodland for pastur-
age. AVe should also guard, with more care, against fires. The loss
by fire is not in the timber destroyed alone, but it unfits to a degree
the land for the growth of trees in the future.

Mr. Cushman asked if it would not be well to memoralize State
legislatures asking that some effective inducements be offered by the
States to stop the ravages of fire in forests, and for the preservation of
woodland, such as giving exemption of taxes for timbered land.

Several hundred people visited the exhibition during the supjter
recess last evening, and the large crowd did not diminish in number
when the president rapped for order. Professor McKay, of Missis-
sippi, opened the session with a talk on agricultural colleges of the
south. In the course of his remarks Mr. McKay said : "Until within
a few years it was thought that nothing could be raised in Mississippi.
Cotton was king. Since the war a few have gone into the cultivation
of fruits and vegetables, and by the side of the cotton gin we see fields
of grain, large herds of stock and fine gardens. Horticulture is still in
its infancy, but already we see berries going from Mississippi by the
car load, and peaches, apples and vegetables are all doing well in our
State. Our interests are increasing rapidly and the railroads offer us
every facility. We are working on a system that gives us cheap boxes
for shipping and fast trains. Our college is in the eastern part of the

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 425

State. Our college farm lias nearly 2,000 acres of land. We have a
laboratory. We have a fine herd of blooded stock on the farm and are
now on a firm footing. We give students the best of school educa-
tions outside of languages, and give them every advantage to become
agriculturists and horticulturists. We hold that it requires as much
education to become a farmer as a member of the learned professions.
Every horticulturist should understand the sciences that have to do
with his work. \Ye believe we are doing a good work. Our students
are interested, and the State is interested in our work. The first year
our college was full, and the attendance is still good and increasing.
Our instruction, we think, is as good as in any scientific institution of
the country. We had four hundred students registered last year, but
the capacity is 350. A number of students are twenty-five years of
age. The college is co-educational, ladies being admitted. The pupils
are obliged to work a number of hours per day, and they are paid eight
€ent8 per hour, this money being deducted from their board bills. Last
year many of the students paid their entire expenses."

Dr. Samuel Hape, of Georgia, presented a paper on "Horticulture
in the mountain regions of the south." President Earle read the paper,
a synopsis of which is as follows : "We have three regions for fruit
raising in the south — coast, middle and mountain. The differences in
small fruits in the three regions are very striking. In the apples of
Georgia we have only five varieties that are common in the three re-
gions ; of peaches, two ; of pears, four ; of plums and grapes, three.
Some southern fruits, such as figs, do not grow on the mountains at
all. The mountain winter apples are much superior to those of the
other regions. This is an important fact in southern fruit growing, the
northern producers hitherto finding markets for winter apples in the
south. The mountains are less subject to heavy dews than the low
lands, and the vine will grow better. Grape culture is a new industry,
but growing. In peach culture it has been shown that certain eleva-
tions are comparatively free from frost, and situations for orchards
are eagerly sought after. All have heard of a mystical belt or zone
situated in the mountains that is free "from frost and this belt all try to
find. On the mountains sheltered lands at the base are protected from
frosts. Favorable locations for orchards are found on mountain slopes
in north Georgia and high hills in southern Georgia. The mountains
of Georgia are particularly adapted to the cultivation of fruits, the one
great drawback being the distance from railroads, but ere long we
hope to have this difficulty overcome."

426 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ANSWERING INTERESTING QUESTIONS.

The closing hour of the session was taken up in answering ques-
tions that had been handed the president during tlie day. The Brighton
grape in the east was well spoken of, but in the Central States it had
mildewed to some extent. In the west and northwest it was doing
fairly well. The Duchess grape was doing well in the east and in Ohio.
Mr. Green thought the vine a little tender. Ohio growers spoke of the
Pocklington as the best white grape of recent introduction, though a
slower grower and requiring rich soil. The Early Victor grape was not
a victor in l^ew York, and was called a poor grape. In Ohio it was not
looked upon with favor. In Arkansas it was small, but early and sweet.
The Jefferson grape lost its foliage about ripening time in Indiana,
and was too ].ate for Xew York.

The Wyoming Red was of ordinary (juality, but grew in fine clus-
ters in I^ew York. It was liked in Ohio, where it was profitable, be-
cause early. It needed long pruning and wanted plenty of wood. The
Virgin grapes lost their foliage in Ohio, a bad habit. Mr. Green said
the Virgins were doing well in New York. Moore's early grape was not
one of the best of early groweis. The Centennial was a small grape,
sweet in taste and a fair grower. Jessica was an early grape in Ohio,
a good-sized berry in large clusters.

President Earle, in concluding the discussion, said that the only
remedy known to him for protecting the fruit from rot was by bagging
the grape. This plan had been pursued by the growers in southern
Illinois, and it was the only method by which they could raise grapes
for home use. •

FRIDAY, THE FOURTH DAY.

The members of the American Horticultural Society were the
guests of the Eastern Cuyahoga Horticultural Society, and were roy-

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS: 427

ally entertained in the villafi^e of Euclid, where the morning was spent
in visiting the vineyards, and the afternoon in feasting. At 8 o'clock
in the morning about seventy-five of the visitors went to Lake Yiew
Cemetery, where the tomb of Garfield and the monument were visited,
and an hour spent in looking over the grounds. The 9:30 train on the
Nickel Plate road had attached a special cai- for the delegates, and at
10 o'clock the car was boarded at the Euclid avenue station. At Dun-
ham's crossing the passengers disembarked and found carriages in
waiting to convey them through the suburban farms. The hill was
climbed and in a few moments the guests stood in the midst of the
trellised vines in the oldest vineyard in the State, the property of Mrs..
M. E. Dunham. The north side and summit of the hill was com-
pletely covered with rows of grapevines, upon which hung tempting
clusters of Concords, Delawares, Catawbas, Isabellas, Hartfords, Em-
pire Siate, and other varieties of luscious fruit. The first vines were
planted in the vineyard thirty-one years ago, and on these same stems
fine clusters of Concord grapes still grow. From the summit of the
hill a splendid view of the Euclid vineyards was obtained. Stretching
from the north lay a level plain, dotted here and there with foliage
until the land met the lake at [N'ottingham. For four miles to the east
and two to the west the side hill and table lands seemed to be one vast
garden of grapevines. There are nearly five thousand acres of vine-
yards in this vicinity. All admired the beauty of the scene, and it was
with deep regret that the hilltop was deserted for a nearer view of the
table land below. The second halt was made at the farm of Mr. O. F.
Powers, where a new style of packing and a fruit house were examined
and the Niagara grape vineyard visited. At Mr. H. Avery's place some
fine varieties of the popular Catawba were found and the party then
went to the farms of Mr. Grant Borce, Mr. H. Avery, Mrs. J. Haskell,
Mr. Hunt and Mr, Harmes, and from Lis vineyards the delegates were
escorted to the lawn of Mr, H. Bushnell, where a pretty scene greeted
the eye. The home of Mr. Bushnell is on the Euclid road, the com-
modious brick farmhouse being set back about two hundred feet. The
lawn is well shaded with a group of fine maples, and the driveways are
bordered with beds of bright flowers that attest the artistic tastes of the
inmates. Under these trees were four or five large tables covered with
white cloths and heaped with every viand that deft fingers can make
and fruitful vinevards grow. All Euclid had turned out to welcome
the horticulturists and everybody was in holiday dress. Under a tree
was stationed the Euclid Cornet Band in their neat uniform of blue and
gold, and music enlivened the scene. The guests wasted no time in

428 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

finding seats at the tables where they were cared for by a number of
the charming- young ladies of the village. Dinner over, the seats were
arranged before the door of the house and President Earle was es-
corted to the entrance and introduced as toast-master. After a few
words of thanks for the reception the president introduced Kev. Mr.
Webster, of Euclid, who related some of the history of the county society,
and in its behalf welcomed the members of the American organization.
The first toast read by the president was, "Horticulture — It is a good
thing — good for the young as it keeps them busy, and good for the old
folks, for they grow old handsomely." Mr. J. M. Smith, of Wisconsin,
was called on for a response, and said : "I was afraid until about two
minutes ago that I would not respond to this toast as I feared the good
people of Euclid were trying to kill us by overfeeding. I wish to say
right here that I had heard there were some large vineyards in Ohio,
but had I known of these extensive farms in the vicinity of Cleveland
I would not have attempted to enlighten them on grape culture. From
the examination of your fruits I am prepared to maintani that the Buck-
eyes know how to farm, and it would be poor taste for me to address
them upon agriculture. The toast says that horticulture keeps the
young busy. It does. It makes a pleasant work for boys and girls.
I know of no other occupation more ennobling, and so productive of
o'ood results. I have often wondered if a wicked man could be a hor-
ticulturist and go about his work without feeling out of place. I know
of no profession so conducive to longevity as the study of horticulture.
It is a refining study and the student cannot but become educated in
the science."

Professor Lazenby, of Columbus, responded to the toast : " Hor-
ticulture as a profession as well as an art and as business." The pro-
fessor said : " Horticulture is a fine art. This is especially true of the
branch known as floriculture. As a business some object to horticul-
ture on the ground that it does not pay. I believe it does pay. We
speak of failures and think of untimely frosts, and rots, and nests, and
mildew and bugs, and then realize that there are great risks to run in
horticulture. But there are risks to run in other professions, and it
takes years to climb to the top in any business. When Herbert Spen-
cer was in this country he was asked what feature of American life he
would criticise, ^nd in reply said that in America life was for work and
study when work and study should be for life. So it is that our work
and study give us the pleasure that makes life worth living. Horticul-
turists deal with nature. We cannot sow figs for thistles and we must
reap as we sow. Horticulture provides us a luxury by giving us

:\IISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 429

health. Let us look at horticultare as a science. I will illustrate my
ideas by a wheel. The hub is the common school education from v\iiich
the spokes spring- out. The spokes are the sciences, and the rim that
receives all the spokes is horticulture. It has something taken from
every science and depends upon them all."

Mr. L. B. Pierce, of Tallmadge, O., was called upon to respond to
the toast " Our American homes — we love the horticulture that makes
them beautiful outside, and our wives, mothers and daughters who fill
them with joy inside." In reply he said that he thought the sentiment
expressed completely all that was worth saying. If the home was
beautified both outside an in, there was nothing left to desire. " What
can be more beautiful," asked Mr. Pierce, "than to see a home sur-
rounded by green lanes, shady trees and bright flowers?"

Mr. A. C. Green, of Rochester, iN". Y., editor of Green's Fruit Ee-
corder, responded briefly to the toast, '• The Press — It is like a great
tree whose roots extend into all the relations of life ; and whose
branches, spreading wider and wider, shelter a free, happy and pros-
perous people."

In responding to the toast "Horticultural Societies — They can no
m.ore be run without a good secretary than a kite can fly without a long-
tail," Secretary Ragan thanked the press for the reports of the con-
vention, and said the annual reports of the society would be largely
made up of the newspaper accounts of the proceedings. " Horticul-
ture at the south — it is aspiring like her mountains ; it is widespread
like her plains ; its harvests are golden and sweet like her peaches and
oranges," was responded to by Mr. Boggs, of North Carolina, who be-
gan his remarks by saying: " I have been greeted with bullets to-day ^
and was chased by the bullets of some boys from your section about
twenty-five years ago. I believe I prefer the present kind of gr^et-
i'^g." Mr. Boggs then said that horticulture in the south was in its in-
fancy, but there was a bright future before it since the people had be-
gun to divide labor. Mr. John Little, of Ontario, was called upon to
reply to "The Dominion to the north of us— its vigorous climate makes
a vigorous horticulture. We invite the fullest co-operation of our
northern neighbors in our American society, which is as much theirs
as our own." Mr. Little, in an eloquent speech full of feeling, spoke
of the hospitable reception given him in this State, and proceeded to
discuss the science, compared the horticultural beauties of the earth
with Zion's Hill, where he hoped to meet all present, as they, he said^
would never hear his voice again on this shore. " The ancient empire
of Japan, she has sent us her fruits and her flowers, and now she is

430 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sending us her horticulturists, whom we welcome," was the sentiment
responded to at some length by Kizo Timari, of Japan. Mr. Cushman
replied to the toast, "The Vineyards of Euclid — they look as healthy
and handsome as their owners — may they feed their owners as sump-
tuously as their owners have fed us," in a modest manner, but with
much humor. ''The Department of Agriculture — we give all honor to
its noble chief, and recognize his vigorous efforts to advance the cause
of horticulture," was responded to by Mr. Van Deman, of Kansas,
United States Pomologist. The last toast was fittingly replied to by
Mr. W. ISr. Cook, of Michigan. Tiie sentiment elicited storms of ap-
plause, and was as follows : " Among the sweetest blossoms of horti-
culture IS hospitality, and the neighborhood of Euclid appear to be in
full bloom."

The following resolutions were presented and adopted, after which
the meeting adjourned :

Resolved, That we extend to the local committee and citizens of
Cleveland, to the State Horticultural Society, and to the Eastern Cuy-
ahoga Horticultural Society an acknowledgment of our appreciation of
their efforts and of the successful management of the fruit exhibition,
and for the liberal premiums awarded.

Resolved, That we thank the local press for the enterprise it has
shown in publishing s ■ fully the reports of our convention, and to the
"American Horticulturist," and the horticultural press of the country,
who were represented, for the interest taken in our meeting.

Resolved, That we also offer our thanks to the Board of Trade for
the use of their rooms, to the Forest City House for reduced rates, to
Mr. A. C. Kendall and E. H. Cushman and the good people of Euclid
for their hospitable treatment.

Shortly after 5 o'clock the visitors left the grounds for the depot
and returned to the city. A number of the delegates left for their
homes that evening, but a few remained to visit points of interest in
Cleveland, and the seventh annual meeting of the American Horticul-
tural Society will long be remembered by those in attendance as a
^' red letter" dav.

SECRETARY'S BUDGET.

Owing- to the delay in getting our report out "Our Budget" will
be omitted until next year.

L. A. GOODMAif,

Secretary.

insTHDEx:

PAGE

Amendment to Constitution 255

Apples New 75, 226

Twelve best 170

New Seedlings 206

ADDRESSES OF WELCOME :

W . W. Anderson ^^

Dr. W. A. Gordon 12(>

Mr. Hall 121

President ^^

Response, Z. S. Ragan 36

Geo. Hussman ^^

BOTANY OF OUR FLOWERS :

L. A. Goodman ^^2

COMMITTEES :

Fruits , Flowers, etc 32 , 122

Standing 7

Constitution ^

DISCUSSIONS:

On Orchards 41, 14, 46, S6, 87, 144, 149, 167

On Small Fruits 49, 180, 1S2

On Flowers 52

On Stone Fruits • 60

On New Fruits 65, 241

On Exhibition of Fruits .^. 85

On Entomology 100

On Land 129

On Ornamental 136

On Vineyards 174

On Transportation 189

On Ornamenting School Yards 212

On our Society 220

On Vegetables 224

On Birds 292, 3-21

IT INDEX.

PAGES

On Fungi 301

Election of Officers 259

Expenses .' 77, 255

Delegates 1G7

ESSAYS :

Benefit of Peach Trees , Henry Speer 43

The Adornment of Home, Mrs. Nellie McVey 54

Horticulture, L. Geiger 81

Injurious Fungi. B. T. Galloway S9

Ornamenting, M. G. Kern 94

Ornamental, Z. S. Ragan 104

Farmers' Wives as Florists, Mrs. Mary Rodemyer 107

Evergreens, Chas. Patterson 109

Our Homes, Mrs. E. D. Pearson 112

Nursery Business, Phil. Pfeiffer 117

Tenure of Land, G. F. Maitland 128

The Red Oaks of the Loess Hill, W. R. Laughlin 130

The Use of the Beautiful, Mrs. Nellie McVey 133

What I Know about Fruit Farming, Dan Carpenter 137

Life of an Apple Tree , Chas . Teubner 151

Orchard Lessons of the Past Year, N . T . Murray 155

Where Shall we Plant our Orchards, J. A. Durkes 160

The Most Desirable Apples, P. M. Keily 165

Grape Culture, Jacob Rommel ; 172

A Tree Wash, Jacob Faith 178

Transportation , Clarke Irvine 182

Soil Cultivation. Nat. Stephens 190

Language of Flowers, Mrs. Dr. A Goslin 197

Ornamentation of School Yards , C. C. Bell 207

What the State owes to Horticulture, Levi Chubbuck 213

Birds and Agriculture , Clarke Irvine 287

Diseases of the Apple caused by Fungi, B. T. Galloway 293

Insects Injurious to the Apple, Mary E. Murtfeldt 307

A Plea for our Birds, Theo. G. Lemmon 315

Utility not the only Requisite , Prof. G. L. Osborne 322

Waste Places, Mrs. A. C. Skinner 325

Public Parks, Z. S. Ragan 326

Mulching, Z. T. Russell 332

Invitations to the Society 258

LETTERS :

Mrs. Marie Rodemyer 58

Miss Mary E. Murtleldt 58, 124

Prof. G. L. Osborne 58, 123

J. B . Wild Bros 59

Prof. Wm. Trelease 59, 124

T. T. Lyon 59

St. Louis Fair 69

INDEX. Ill

PACK

Worlds Fair 71

Hon. N. J. Colman 122

Sam'l. Bernard 123

A. C. Hammond 123

Sam'l. Miller 123

C. W. Garfield .125

J. A. Bayles .' 144

M. G. Condon 145

G. E. Meissner 174

J. S. Drummond 281

John Hornback 282

E. J. King 283

J. A. Trail 284

F. J . Sbatz 285

3IEMBERS :

Adair county society 10

Bates county society 11

Greene county society 17

Henry county society 18

Bolt county society 19

Mound city society 19

Howell county society 20

Jasper county society 21

Lafayette county society 22

Linn county society 23

Montgomery county society 24

Vernon County Society 28

Missouri Valley Society 29

Central Missouri Society 30

Officers 6

OflScers elected 259

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS :

Flowers, Miss Mamie Trotter 394

Farm for Young Men, James Parton 397

Trees, G . C. Broadliead ' 403

Iowa State Society, Chas. Patterson 408

Annual Meeting of American Society . ' 411 to 430

OUR FLOWERING PLANTS:

Miss Mary Holsinger 346

PROTECTION OF F^.UIT TREES :

J. A. Bayles 144

M. G . Condon 145

IV INDEX.

PLANTING AT WARRENSBURG:

PACK

Trees furnished by C. H . Fink * Son 73

W, A. Workman 73

D. S. Holman 73

Chas. Patterson •. 73

G. Van Houten 73

J. B. Wild &Bros 74

Stark Bros .* 74

PAPARS READ BEFORE MISSOURI VALLEY SOCIETY:

South Missouri, G . W. Hopkins 339

PAPERS READ BEFORE BATES COUNTY SOCIETY:

Inaugural, C. I. Robards 351

What benefit shall we derive from planting new varieties of grapes, O. J.

Weltom 353

Woman's work in Horticulture, Miss Ida Crume 355

Our birds, A. C. Skinner 357

Early and late cultivation of trees and plants, John B. Innis 359

Marketing small fruits, C. I. Kobards 362

Will it pay to i)lant peaches ? 364

Varieties of apples to plant for profit, G . W. Johnson 366

PAPERS READ BEFORE HOLT COUNTY SOCIETY^ :

Planting and pruning, Mr. Brodbeck 369

Small fruits, N. F, Murray 372

Pruning fruit trees, W . R. Laughlin 374

PAPERS READ BEFORE GREENE COUNTY^ SOCIETY:

The last month of winter. Jot 377

New apples, M.J, Rountree , 379

Woman's Mission in Horticulture, Mrs. Wade Burden 380

Cultivation of the Strawberry, John Daily 382

PAPERS READ BEFORE LAFAYETTE COUNTY SOCIETY:

Management of the Apple Orchard, James Aull 383

Grape Culture, Chas. Teubner 387

Central Missouri Society 390

Questions and answers 304

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ORCHARDS:

D. S. Holman 39, 146

Chas Patterson 40, 148

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SMALL FRUITS:

Samuel Miller 48, 175

W. M. Hopkins 179

Best strawberries ISO

INDEX.

RERORT OF COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS :

TAGB

Mrs. Wade Burden 51 , 194

Hans Nielson 195

REPORT OF COMMIT'f"EE ON NEW FRUITS:

F. Lionberger 63, 227

W. R. Laughlin 228

W. P. Stark 229

C. I. Robards 240

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES :

Prof. L. R. Taft 221

J. N. Menifee 222

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE :

T. W. Gaunt 225

A . A mbrose 226

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY :

Mary E. Murtfeldt 307

REPORT OF SECRETARY :

Serai-annual 67 to 76

Annual 242 to 255

St. Louis Fair 243

World's Fair 244

Experiment stations 247

Condition of fruits 247

' 'Our report" 248

"Our society" 248

Our membership 249

County societies 249

Missouri fruit show 250

Fruit statistics 250

State Entomologist 251

Sister societies 251

Apple list revised T. 252

Rules to govern judges 253

An amendment .• 255

Ornamenting school yards 255

Expenses 255

REPORT OF TREASURER :

Semi-annual , 77

Annual 256

VI INDEX.

.REPORT OF COMMITTEES :

PAGE

On fruits exhibited 101 , 202

On flowers exhibited 101 , 201

On final resolutions 102, 325

REPORTS OF COUNTY SOCIETIES:

Bates county 79, 263

Greene county 80, 2G1

Lafayette county 260

Montgomery county 2G4

Holt county , 267

Central Missouri 270

Jasper county. 271,272, 282

Linn county 274

Andrew county 276

Buchanan county 277

Vernon county 278

Franklin county • 284

Cass county 285

Missouri Valley Society 339

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SECRETARY'S REPORT :

S. M. Tracy and Z. S. Ragan 305

IREPORT ON ILLINOIS STATE MEETING :

Chas. Patterson 329

New York Botanical Garden Library

3 5185 00259 0659

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